藏于民間的“豪門”遺存

REMAINS OF DISTINGUISHED FAMILIES HIDDEN IN FOLK SOCIETY

○雪后的魏氏莊園沉靜祥和。圖／張磊Wei’s Manor appears quiet and harmonious after snow.

魏氏莊園位于山東省惠民縣魏集鎮(zhèn)，是全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位，與煙臺(tái)牟氏莊園、四川劉文彩莊園并稱為“中國(guó)三大莊園”，是國(guó)內(nèi)現(xiàn)存唯一的城堡式莊園。

魏氏莊園建于清代光緒年間，是縉紳地主魏肇慶的宅第。魏氏家族曾是魯北地區(qū)的名門望族，家族中有20多人相繼在朝為官或被皇廷封贈(zèng)為官，任通奉大夫、朝議大夫、奉政大夫、戶部郎中、刑部員外郎、內(nèi)閣中書等職。延續(xù)到修建莊園的魏肇慶，已是第十代了。彼時(shí)，魏氏家族已發(fā)展到鼎盛時(shí)期，不僅在仕途上官運(yùn)亨通，在經(jīng)濟(jì)上也是富甲一方。在北京、天津、濟(jì)南、青島及惠民各地開設(shè)了十余家錢莊當(dāng)鋪，還開設(shè)了規(guī)模大小不等的手工作坊，僅在魏集老家就置有良田3000畝。相傳家中更是重金打造了棵金白菜，為后代祈祥納福。但自魏肇慶始，家族逐漸凋零，直至人去樓空。雖然今天魏氏家譜已佚散，但留下的莊園卻成為中國(guó)古代建筑的一顆明珠，也是魏氏族人留給世人的一筆珍貴財(cái)富。

魏氏莊園由樹德堂、徙義堂、福壽堂三組建筑組成，規(guī)模宏大，建筑精良，占地面積32543平方米，現(xiàn)有房屋近百間，距今已有百余年的歷史。其中樹德堂最具特色，建于清代光緒十六年，由宮廷營(yíng)造社大師設(shè)計(jì)。不同于一般民宅，魏氏莊園因其濃郁的軍事防御色彩而著稱，將城垣建筑運(yùn)用于傳統(tǒng)民居之中，是孫子兵法在民居中應(yīng)用的典范。既承襲了北方建筑的對(duì)稱、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、雄厚之風(fēng)，又體現(xiàn)了南方建筑空間靈活多變之勢(shì)。徙義堂與福壽堂做工精細(xì)，風(fēng)格亦各有千秋，帶有明顯的地域色彩。

魏氏莊園具有深厚的文化底蘊(yùn)，體現(xiàn)了高超的建筑藝術(shù)與中華民族文化的博大精深。近年來，隨著維修、開發(fā)力度加大，內(nèi)部陳列的充實(shí)，莊園恢復(fù)其往日風(fēng)彩，成為人們感受魯北民俗文化絢麗多彩的好場(chǎng)所。

（濱州市旅游發(fā)展委員會(huì)供稿）

編輯／王雪芃

○百年莊園歷經(jīng)滄桑，見證了豪族興衰。圖／魏文靖The century-old manor has gone through the vicissitudes of life, and witnessed the ups and downs of a family.

○魏氏莊園將城垣建筑運(yùn)用于傳統(tǒng)民居之中，是孫子兵法在民居中應(yīng)用的典范。In Wei’s Manor, the city wall building techniques are used in traditional dwellings. It is a model of application of the Art of War to dwellings.

Located in Weiji Town, Huimin County,Shandong, Wei’s Manor is a national key cultural relic protection unit. Known as one of the “Three Manors of China” together with Mou’s Manor in Yantai and Liu Wencai Manor in Sichuan, it is the sole extant castle-style manor in China.

The Wei family was a distinguished family in North Shandong. More than 20 members of the family served as officials of the imperial court or received official positions from the court. Besides,the family was fabulously wealthy.

Wei’s Manor has profound cultural deposits,and embodies superb architectural art and extensive and profound Chinese culture. In recent years, with the increased effort in maintenance and development,the people strive to restore the past glamour of the manor, and enable it to become a good place for people to feel the gorgeous folk culture of North Shandong.