作者：林純正CJ.Lim

倫敦大學(xué)巴特萊特學(xué)院建筑與城市學(xué)教授

海面上的兩萬(wàn)條"魚"

作者：林純正CJ.Lim

倫敦大學(xué)巴特萊特學(xué)院建筑與城市學(xué)教授

“橫跨大西洋40年后，建筑師／救生員最終到達(dá)目的地——漂浮游泳池。然而，游泳池水體特殊的運(yùn)動(dòng)形式——對(duì)劃水動(dòng)作的反應(yīng)，即當(dāng)他們想要游離某處時(shí)，得朝著該處游動(dòng)，而當(dāng)他們想要游向某處時(shí)，得朝反方向游動(dòng)，使他們幾乎未能發(fā)現(xiàn)漂浮游泳池”——雷姆?庫(kù)哈斯《游泳池的故事》（1997年）

‘Arrival of the Floating Pool after 40 years of crossing the Atlantic, the architects/lifeguards reach their destination. But they hardly notice it due to the particular form of locomotion of the pool – its reaction to their own displacement in water – they have to swim toward what they want to get away from and away from where they want to go.’ – Rem Koolhaas, ‘The Story of the Pool’, 1977

在喬納森?斯威夫特和儒勒?凡爾納的科幻小說中經(jīng)常會(huì)看到這樣的橋段：俄國(guó)現(xiàn)代主義建筑師利用移動(dòng)式游泳池設(shè)施逃離蘇聯(lián)壓迫，成功逃往雷姆?庫(kù)哈斯在《癲狂的紐約》（1978年）中描述的美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)。與之相反，Brodsky和Utkin卻選擇留在俄國(guó)，制定“富有想象力的建筑計(jì)劃，試圖改變俄國(guó)毫無生機(jī)、模式化的建筑風(fēng)格，即隨處可見粗糙和設(shè)計(jì)拙劣的建筑，官僚階層的染指讓原本粗糙的建筑更加低劣，再加上劣質(zhì)的建筑材料……（只有）逃入想象中的王國(guó)才能擺脫病態(tài)社會(huì)和物質(zhì)現(xiàn)實(shí)，才能治愈社會(huì)和物質(zhì)現(xiàn)實(shí)中的弊病”1。1984年，Brodsky和Utkin在 “建筑+都市主義”概念設(shè)計(jì)競(jìng)賽中展示了作品“漫步的海龜”，由一大堆看似自由搭配的部件拼接而成，作品底部是多個(gè)大小不一的車輪，方便“海龜”在街頭走動(dòng)。走近觀察，“海龜”內(nèi)部是一個(gè)大型“城市迷宮”，由風(fēng)格迥異、手工建造的智能樓宇組成，仿佛從天而降至原本平淡無奇的城市環(huán)境之中，被設(shè)計(jì)師用于隱喻“特洛伊木馬”。

選擇遷居他國(guó)或堅(jiān)守故土都是人的基本權(quán)利，同樣也可以用作應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化時(shí)的適應(yīng)性策略。未來數(shù)年，大規(guī)模的人口遷移現(xiàn)象預(yù)期將會(huì)加劇，這通常是復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和政治因素綜合作用的結(jié)果，但愈發(fā)難以預(yù)測(cè)的環(huán)境狀況會(huì)加劇人口遷移。氣候移民的遷徙模式多種多樣：洪水、海嘯或地震等無法預(yù)知的重大災(zāi)害可能導(dǎo)致人類被迫遷離，而干旱等長(zhǎng)期持續(xù)性影響可能導(dǎo)致漸進(jìn)式遷移過程。2根據(jù)《2006年斯特恩全球氣候變化經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)估報(bào)告》推測(cè)，到2050年因氣候變化而導(dǎo)致永久遷移的人數(shù)將達(dá)到約2億人。3

In the tradition of the science fi ction (SF) tropes of Jonathan Swift and Jules Verne, the Russian modernist architects used a portable pool infrastructure to escape Soviet oppression to the United States of America in Koolhaas’ ‘Delirious New York’ (1978). Meanwhile, Brodsky and Utkinopted instead to remain in Russia to produce ‘visionary schemes in response to a bleak professional scene in which only artless and ill-conceived buildings, diluted through numerous bureaucratic strata and constructed out of poor materials… [it was] an escape into the realm of the imagination that ended as a visual commentary on what was wrong with social and physical reality and how its ills might be remedied’.1Their ‘Wandering Turtle’ for the 1984 ‘Architecture+ Urbanism’ ideas competition shows a large pile of seemingly ad-hoc elements being pushed through the streets; there are numerous wheels of different sizes that provide mobility. On closer inspection, the ‘Turtle’ is ‘a(chǎn) maze of a big city’ comprised of a diverse collection of crafted and intelligent buildings, presumably being smuggled into the banal urban context, making metaphoric reference to the ‘Trojan Horse’.

Both the decisions to migrate or to remain on-site are basic human rights, and can be applied as adaptation strategies in the face of climate change. Over the coming years, large-scale human displacements are expected to intensify – often the amalgamation of complex economic, social and political drivers, which are exacerbated by increasingly unpredictable environmental conditions.The movement patterns of climate migrants vary: forced migration might result from an unforeseen catastrophe such as floods, tsunami or earthquake, while slow persistent effects of drought on agriculture could cause a gradual migration process.2According to the 2006 Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change, around 200 million people will be permanently displaced as a result of climate change by 2050.3

“為了在極端氣候環(huán)境下生存，人類需要找到合適的庇護(hù)場(chǎng)所，搭建一個(gè)便攜式臨時(shí)庇護(hù)所是謀求生存過程中的一項(xiàng)重要的人為因素”， Robert Kronenburg如是認(rèn)為。4供生存使用的建筑物必須具備適應(yīng)環(huán)境、便于單人或團(tuán)體攜帶和可就地取材的性能。在《可移動(dòng)建筑》一書中，Kronenburg記錄了可移動(dòng)建筑的歷史，并確認(rèn)“諾亞方舟”是首個(gè)有史可考的可遷移基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。5

近代，同類型的設(shè)施當(dāng)屬避稅天堂——“自由之艦”，這是一座可容納50 000人生活、工作、度假和享受退休生活的漂浮城市。這一移動(dòng)式基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施每三年可繞地球航行一圈，除免稅商場(chǎng)、銀行、酒店、餐廳、娛樂設(shè)施、娛樂場(chǎng)、辦公室、倉(cāng)庫(kù)、輕工制造及組裝企業(yè)外，還提供住所、圖書館、學(xué)校及一流的醫(yī)院。為確保一流的交通運(yùn)輸條件，“自由之艦”頂層甲板設(shè)有機(jī)場(chǎng)，可供私人飛機(jī)和小型民用飛機(jī)起落。“自由之艦”高107米、寬230米、長(zhǎng)1 370米，體型是“瑪麗皇后號(hào)”的4倍以上。6

船上并未設(shè)置寬敞和奢華的住所，而是提供方便遷移的移動(dòng)式房屋、巡回馬戲團(tuán)、印第安人帳篷和蒙古包用于居住。歷史上，蒙古牧民每年都會(huì)搬遷三至四次。蒙古包便于搭建和拆卸，當(dāng)季節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)變或別處牧草繁盛時(shí)，只需少數(shù)畜力，便可將整個(gè)打包好的帳篷遷離。與人類的陸地和海洋上的遷移不同的是，大型飛艇“興登堡號(hào)”和“梅肯號(hào)”遭遇巨大災(zāi)難，此后人類甚少進(jìn)行航空遷移探險(xiǎn)活動(dòng)。然而，近期法國(guó)建筑師Giles Ebersolt創(chuàng)造性使用飛艇在熱帶雨林林冠層創(chuàng)建可供人類生存的居住環(huán)境?！癛adeau des Cimes” (1989)是一艘漂浮于森林林冠層的充氣艇，猶如在水面上航行的船只。充氣艇使用輕質(zhì)材料制成，表面積巨大，以確保穩(wěn)定性，充氣艇提供了此前無法想象的感受熱帶雨林環(huán)境的方式。

遷移并非是面臨氣候變化時(shí)唯一的應(yīng)對(duì)策略；不可否認(rèn)的事實(shí)是，許多無家可歸的人員可能會(huì)選擇留在原居住地，努力適應(yīng)自然環(huán)境的變化。相應(yīng)地，政府應(yīng)帶領(lǐng)城市設(shè)計(jì)師和建筑師構(gòu)想出新的建筑環(huán)境去接納氣候變化，利用可適應(yīng)的、不確定性的靈活體系和移動(dòng)式基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施增強(qiáng)整個(gè)社會(huì)的恢復(fù)能力，而非“對(duì)抗”氣候變化，從而減少流離失所和遷移的人群——?dú)夂蜃兓仁菣C(jī)遇，又是挑戰(zhàn)。Kronenburg列舉出阿基格拉姆學(xué)派、Cedric Price、Future Systems和Lebbeus Woods，他們的設(shè)計(jì)理念已經(jīng)開始影響建筑和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的設(shè)計(jì)（通常是在設(shè)計(jì)方案需要兼顧必要性、創(chuàng)造性思維和透徹理解現(xiàn)實(shí)問題時(shí)）。7

隨著海平面上升，馬爾代夫群島面臨被吞沒的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。2008年，馬爾代夫總統(tǒng)當(dāng)選人默罕默德?納西德提出一項(xiàng)計(jì)劃，即利用旅游收入設(shè)立“主權(quán)財(cái)富基金”，購(gòu)置海拔更高的土地，確保30萬(wàn)島民的后代可在別處重建家園。納西德向媒體宣稱馬爾代夫民眾不希望“人間天堂淪為氣候難民營(yíng)”。8到2100年，海平面預(yù)期將上升10至100厘米，馬爾代夫乃至其首都馬累都將被海水吞沒。馬爾代夫全國(guó)多地勢(shì)低洼的群島，領(lǐng)海面積多于陸地面積，是全世界最平坦和地勢(shì)最低的國(guó)家。

除購(gòu)置地勢(shì)更高的土地外，“海面上的兩萬(wàn)條魚”或許是馬爾代夫等面臨淹沒或成為氣候移民的島國(guó)的另一條出路。魚實(shí)為浮動(dòng)式基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，具備可移動(dòng)、輕質(zhì)和可持續(xù)性的特點(diǎn)，主張三條行動(dòng)原則：保護(hù)，供給，鼓勵(lì)參與環(huán)境災(zāi)難預(yù)測(cè)或承擔(dān)后果。魚型建筑在彼得庫(kù)克／阿基格拉姆學(xué)派的“速生城市（1971年）”的思辨?zhèn)髡f中切實(shí)存在，在每個(gè)階段魚型建筑都基于當(dāng)時(shí)的技術(shù)應(yīng)用。魚型建筑由多件不同的人工制品和系統(tǒng)組成，有關(guān)制品和系統(tǒng)至今仍然作為單獨(dú)的機(jī)械、外殼或?qū)嶒?yàn)用具。

對(duì)于選擇留在原居住地的人而言，外觀奇特的魚型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施配備富有創(chuàng)造力的多用途改裝配件。魚型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的主要用途是及時(shí)提供有效保護(hù)，讓人們處于安全的環(huán)境中，從而防止出現(xiàn)人員傷亡。每條“大魚”腹中可供500人躲避，魚腹中的每間小型預(yù)制住房單元均配備彈出式治療室。整體而言，這一新型人道主義居住點(diǎn)將提供潔凈水、衛(wèi)生設(shè)備、食品和衛(wèi)生保健等生活必需品。當(dāng)發(fā)生災(zāi)難時(shí)，魚型主體基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施會(huì)向受災(zāi)地區(qū)派遣救生船營(yíng)救流離失所的人員、被困人群、歷史文物和當(dāng)?shù)貏?dòng)植物群。

從抵達(dá)那一刻起，魚型艦隊(duì)將自動(dòng)重組——魚尾翻轉(zhuǎn)為垂直狀，用于吸收風(fēng)能和太陽(yáng)能，魚頭設(shè)有海水淡化和過濾設(shè)施。過濾后的飲用水儲(chǔ)存在魚型建筑中空的結(jié)構(gòu)框架內(nèi)，供日常飲用。提供能源是人道主義援助的重要部分，十分有助于環(huán)境的轉(zhuǎn)變。來自海地的國(guó)際生命線基金（International Lifeline Fund）的Raffaella Bellanca認(rèn)為：“人們可以將營(yíng)地想象成普通的城鎮(zhèn)，城鎮(zhèn)內(nèi)的生活按照商品交換和服務(wù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)經(jīng)濟(jì)原則運(yùn)行。城鎮(zhèn)需要能源維系鎮(zhèn)民的生活。城鎮(zhèn)獲得的能源越多，鎮(zhèn)民過上豐富生活的可能性就越大，城鎮(zhèn)日后重新融入社會(huì)的可能性也越大，鎮(zhèn)民越不需要依靠他人捐助，也就越有可能有尊嚴(yán)的生活”。9安全獲取燃料和能源計(jì)劃已吸引聯(lián)合國(guó)多個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)、維和部隊(duì)和非政府組織參與能源問題，關(guān)注如何以最優(yōu)的方式實(shí)現(xiàn)“綠色”獲取。10

鑒于受影響環(huán)境中缺乏干燥或安全的土地，每條魚都攜帶可提供結(jié)構(gòu)性自我修復(fù)技術(shù)的工具。魚鱗狀面板形成新的地基，可移動(dòng)的漂浮面板鋪設(shè)在水面上，提供緊急漂浮表面。魚型建筑可進(jìn)一步轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤白越ㄍ恋亍?，近似于的的喀喀湖面上漂浮著的“蘆葦島”，當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窦韧ㄟ^參與土地建設(shè)謀生，又有助于以可持續(xù)性方式管理自然資源。一部分居民負(fù)責(zé)種植和收割蘆葦，另外一部分居民負(fù)責(zé)制作手工編織的地面。該項(xiàng)目十分倚賴所有相關(guān)人員的參與和合作。

最后，魚型建筑注重培養(yǎng)難民的才能、技術(shù)和理想；建筑內(nèi)部空間鼓勵(lì)多功能使用，包括露天平臺(tái)和漂浮平臺(tái)上的社區(qū)大廳、學(xué)校和運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)。魚鰭狀天線充當(dāng)臨近社區(qū)通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò)，同時(shí)起到連接魚型艦隊(duì)的作用。

無論當(dāng)?shù)鼐用襁x擇留下或遷移，在氣候變化和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的背景下，“海面上的兩萬(wàn)條魚”為全球范圍內(nèi)的難民提供了寓言式、可改裝的“諾亞方舟”。雖然聽起來像科幻小說，但隨著海平面上升日漸威脅到全球地勢(shì)低平國(guó)家的生存，魚型建筑可能會(huì)更加常見。一個(gè)有效及時(shí)的人道主義救援設(shè)施可拯救成千上萬(wàn)的生命，想象力是其可適應(yīng)性和多功能性的唯一限制因素。

‘Humans require shelter in order to survive the extremes of the world’s climate, the ability to create a portable or temporary shelter is one of if not the most important human-made factor in their survival’,argued Professor Robert Kronenburg.4Architecture for survival needs to be adaptable, easily transported by individuals or by a community, and if applicable, utilize indigenous materials. In his book‘Architecture in Motion’, Kronenburg chronicled the history of portable architecture and identified the first recorded infrastructure of migration to be ‘Noah’s Ark’.5

In more recent times, there is of course the tax haven ‘Freedom Ship’ – a floating city for 50,000 people to live, work, vacation and enjoy retirement. The proposed portable infrastructure would continuously circle the globe every three years, with the intention to o ff er residential space, a library, schools, and a first-class hospital in addition to duty-free shopping mall, banks, hotels, restaurants, entertainment facilities, casinos, offices, warehouses, and light manufacturing and assembly enterprises. To ensure first class accessibility, there is the airport on the ship's top deck to serve private and small commercial aircraft. The community on the sea measures 107 meters in height, with a width of 230 meters, and a length of 1,370 meters, more than 4 times longer than the RMS Queen Mary.6

At the opposite end of scale and luxury, mobile homes, the travelling circus, the Native American Tipi and the Mongolian Yurt have provided the necessary facilities and freedom to migrate. Mongolian nomads historically moved three to four times a year. A yurt is easy to set up and take down; and with a few animals, the entire packed dwelling can be transported from one place to another as seasons change or as pastures become greener elsewhere. In contrast to mankind’s migration on land and water, expeditions by air have been rare after the catastrophic disasters that befell the giant airships‘Hindenburg’ and ‘Macon’. Dirigibles, however, have more recently been used to ingenious e ff ect by French architect, Giles Ebersolt, to position living environments on the treetop canopies of tropical rainforests. The ‘Radeaudes Cimes’ (1989) is an in flatable raft that fl oats on the forest canopy like a boat sailing on the waves. Constructed out of lightweight materials with a large surface area to maximise stability, the raft provides previously unimaginable access to the forest environment.

Migration is not the only response strategy to climate change; it is widely agreed that many displaced are likely to remain in their communities and seek to adapt to nature’s impacts. Correspondingly,rather than ‘fighting’ climate change, governments together with planners and architects need to envision built environments that embrace the enemy; strengthening community resilience with flexible systems and portable infrastructures that are able to adapt in uncertainty can reduce displacement and relocation – this is both an opportunity and a challenge. Kronenburg singled-out Archigram, Cedric Price, Future Systems and Lebbeus Woods, who have come to in fl uence the design of architecture and infrastructures ‘usually in situations where necessity, imaginative thinking and a consummate understanding of the issues have been factors in the generation of the solution’.7

In 2008, the then President-elect of the Maldives, Mohammed Nasheed, announced a plan to create a ‘sovereign wealth fund’ using tourism revenues to buy higher land so that the future descendants of the 300,000 islanders will have somewhere to rebuild their lives as sea level rise threatens to drown the archipelago. Nasheed told the media that Maldivians do not want to ‘trade a paradise for a climate refugee camp’.8With future sea levels projected to increase in the range of 10 to 100 centimeters by the year 2100, the entire country of the Maldives, including its capital city Malé, could be submerged.A series of low-lying archipelagos with more territorial sea than land, the islands are the fl attest and lowest country in the world.

As an alternative to buying higher land, ‘Twenty Thousand Fish Above the Sea’ might be the solution for island nations like the Maldives facing the choice of either taking to the water or becoming climate migrants. Portable, lightweight, and sustainable, the Fish is a fl oating infrastructure that advocates three principles of action: to protect, provide and encourage participation in the anticipation or the aftermath of an environmental disaster. The Fish, in the speculative tradition of Peter Cook/Archigram’s‘Instant City’ (1971), is a practical reality since at every stage it is based on existing techniques and their application. There is a combination of several different artifacts and systems, which hitherto remained as separate machines, enclosures or experiments.

For many who chose to remain in their community, the alien infrastructure offers an imaginative multiuse adaptation kit. The primary aim is to prevent human casualties by making available immediate protection in a safe environment – each large Fish is big enough to shelter 500 people, and the smaller modules are equipped with pop-up medical surgeries. Collectively, the new typology of humanitarian outpost provides access to the essentials of clean water, sanitation, food, and health care. Lifeboats,from within the main Fish infrastructure, are dispatched to affected communities, in hope of rescuing dislocated individuals and isolated groups as well as heritage artifacts, and native fauna and flora.

From the moment of arrival, the armada of Fish deconstructs – the tail flips into a vertical position to harvest wind and solar energy, while its head has the facility to desalinate and filter seawater. Filtered potable water is stored in the hollow structural framework of the Fish for everyday consumption.Provision of energy is a crucial part of humanitarian response and can contribute substantially to the transformation of the affected environment. Raffaella Bellanca, of the International Lifeline Fund in Haiti argues that ‘camps can be imagined as ordinary towns that function on the standard economic principles that regulate the exchange of goods and services. These towns need energy to maintain the life they host. The greater the access to energy, the more opportunities there is for a meaningful life, for reintegration into society afterwards, for less dependence on donors and for a chance to live with dignity’.9The Safe Access to Fuel and Energy (SAFE) initiative has secured the participation of many UN agencies, peacekeeping forces and NGOs in energy issues and focus on how best to ‘green’procurement.10

In view of the shortage of dry or safe ground in affected environments, each Fish carries tools to provide the technology of structural self-replication. The fi sh scale-like panels form the foundations of the new ground; the portable and buoyant panels are tiled over water to provide an instant emergency floating surface. The kit has a further adaptation opportunity to ‘make-your-own-land’, akin to the reed-woven floating infrastructures on Lake Titicaca. Local participation in land fabrication can create livelihood opportunities and help manage natural resources in a sustainable manner. Some within the community are responsible for cultivating and harvesting the reed, while others participate in crafting new ingenious woven-ground. The program relies heavily on partnership and collaboration of all stakeholders.

Finally, the Fish recognize the importance to nurture talents, skills, and aspirations of the displaced;spaces within the infrastructure that encourage multi-use participation including community halls,schools and playgrounds on open platforms and floating terraces. Fin-like antennas connect the armada of fi sh whilst servicing communication networks between neighboring communities.

Whether communities opt to remain or migrate, the ‘Twenty Thousand Fish Above the Sea’ offers an allegorical adaptable ‘Noah’s Ark’ to the globally displaced in the context of climate change and sustainability. It may seem like SF, but as rising sea levels threaten low-lying nations around the world, communities like the one in Malé may become more common. An effective and timely humanitarian relief infrastructure has the capacity to save thousands of lives – its adaptability and multi-use is limited only by the imagination.

注釋：

1 LE Nesbitt, ‘Brodsky & Utkin: The Complete Works’, Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 2003, pp.28-29

2 The Science Communication Unit UWE, ‘Science for Environmental Policy: Migration in response to environmental change’, The European Commission DG Environment, issue.51,September 2015, p.3

3 N Stern, ‘2006 Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change’, HM Treasury, London,2006, p.vi

4 R Kronenburg, ‘Architecture in Motion: The history and development of portable building’,Routledge, New York, 2014, p.7

5 R Kronenburg, ‘Houses in Motion’, Academy Editions, London, 1995, p.21

6 ‘City At Sea’, Freedom Ship International [http://freedomship.com], retrieved 3 August 2016

7 R Kronenburg, ‘Houses in Motion’, Academy Editions, London, 1995, p.133

8 J Vidal, ‘Global Warming Could Create 150 Million Climate Refugees by 2050’, The Guardian: Climate Change, 3 November 2009

9 R Bellance, ‘Sustainable Energy Provision Amongst Displaced Populations: Policy and practice’, The Royal Institute of International A ff airs (Chatham House): Energy, Environment and Resources, December 2014, p.42 [https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/ fi les/chathamhouse/ field/ field_document/20141201Energy Displaced Populations Policy Practice Bellanca.pdf], retrieved 11 June 2016

10 R Bellance, ‘Sustainable Energy Provision Amongst Displaced Populations: Policy and practice’, The Royal Institute of International A ff airs (Chatham House): Energy, Environment and Resources, December 2014, p.2 [https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/ files/chathamhouse/ field/ field_document/20141201Energy Displaced Populations Policy Practice Bellanca.pdf], retrieved 11 June 2016

Twenty Thousand Fish above the Sea

Author: CJ Lim

Professor of Architecture and Urbanism at The Bartlett,UCL Design team: CJ Lim with Eric Wong, Steve Mc Cloy, Jason Lamb

"Inhabitable Infrastructures: Science fiction or urban future?" ,Published by Routledge,2017 ISBN 978-1138119673

設(shè)計(jì)小組: CJ Lim, Eric Wong, Steve McCloy, Jason Lamb《宜居基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施：科幻還是未來？》,勞特利奇出版,2017 ISBN 978-1138119673