作者：林純正CJ.Lim

倫敦大學(xué)巴特萊特學(xué)院建筑與城市學(xué)教授

倫敦被淹沒了？

作者：林純正CJ.Lim

倫敦大學(xué)巴特萊特學(xué)院建筑與城市學(xué)教授

“鬣蜥棲息在寫字樓和百貨商店的玻璃窗上，凍僵的腦袋生硬地擺動，鏡中同伴在四處爬行。如果沒有這些爬行類動物，淹沒過半的寫字樓四周的瀉湖和河灣本應(yīng)是一道另類的、夢幻般的風(fēng)景，但鬣蜥和皇冠鬣蜥的存在瞬間將人們從夢幻之中帶回現(xiàn)實。隨著鬣蜥端坐在廢棄的會議室內(nèi)，倫敦已被爬行類動物占領(lǐng)。”——詹姆斯?巴拉德《沉沒的世界》（1962年）

Perched in the windows of the office blocks and department stores, the iguanas watched them go past, their hard frozen heads jerking stiffly. Without the reptiles, the lagoons and the creeks of office blocks half-submerged would have had a strange dream-like beauty, but the iguanas and basilisks brought the fantasy down to earth. As their seats in the one-time board-rooms indicated,the reptiles had taken over the city.’ – JG Ballard, ‘The Drowned World’, 1962

巴拉德筆下的倫敦進入了新的三疊紀，面臨環(huán)境壓力，人類思維開始退化。冰蓋消融導(dǎo)致西方國家變?yōu)闊釒a湖國家，而隨著城市部分被海水淹沒，人類開始進入極端反烏托邦社會。海盜疏浚了瀉湖，大肆搶奪往日的財寶，部分人類占領(lǐng)了露出水面和植被的高層建筑。1作家威爾?塞爾夫認為，巴拉德的童年在上海度過，在上海巴拉德親身經(jīng)歷了多次洪災(zāi)；二戰(zhàn)期間，日本入侵對巴拉德性格形成產(chǎn)生影響，乃至造成如同世界末日般的體驗，“盡管巴拉德無意構(gòu)建一個生態(tài)寓言，但這是他的沃土，他情不自禁地塑造了一個生態(tài)寓言?！?小說的多個版本通常采用淹沒過半的倫敦這一令人震撼的景象作為封面，圖中圣保羅大教堂、倫敦塔橋等倫敦地標式建筑藏身于繁茂的藤蔓（由熱帶植被的枝葉組成的林冠）之中，借此反映浸泡在污水中破敗不堪的建筑。

“倫敦已經(jīng)深受氣候變化的影響。倫敦計劃中指出倫敦極易遭受洪水、地面沉降、高溫和供水短缺的影響?！?焦慮已經(jīng)蔓延至全球多座城市；當冰蓋融化時，不僅僅只有倫敦會被海水淹沒。海平面上升后，弱勢居民將受到何種影響？城市現(xiàn)有基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施又將受到怎樣的破壞？有哪些切實可行的措施可以保護和改造現(xiàn)有的防洪墻、岸堤和水閘，又有多少時間可用于興建新型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施？面對洪災(zāi)，是撤離，迎擊，還是防御？4

1928年，倫敦泰晤士河發(fā)生洪災(zāi)，殘留在人們腦海中的記憶造成的恐懼和懷疑仍在延續(xù)；洪水漫過泰晤士河河堤，多名民眾溺水身亡，數(shù)千人無家可歸。泰晤士河河口的水位在海平面上升、春潮高漲、風(fēng)暴潮等因素的共同推動下上漲。當時正在進行的基建疏浚工程使得海水可以輕易地在滿潮時倒灌入泰晤士河。1953年冬，北海洪災(zāi)發(fā)生后，泰晤士河水閘修建計劃迅速啟動。北海洪災(zāi)導(dǎo)致從蒂爾伯里到倫敦東區(qū)沿線的多間工廠、煤氣廠和發(fā)電站嚴重受損。5

泰晤士河水閘是世界上最大的可移動防洪設(shè)施之一。一排科幻小說式的迷你防水橋墩和銀灰色容器橫跨寬520米的河面，可使倫敦免受潮水洶涌和暴風(fēng)雨的侵害。水閘使用的頻率雖然相對較低，但其作用卻不容小覷。盡管20世紀80年代至21世紀00年代期間只用過114次，但2010年至今已用過65次，表明使用頻率正在飛快上升。6水閘以及350公里的防洪墻、防洪堤、小型水閘、抽水站、防洪閘建設(shè)年限已逾30年，當時工程師以海平面平均每年上升8毫米設(shè)計。然而，本世紀泰晤士河入海口海平面上升的高度可能超過20厘米。7盡管到2070年，現(xiàn)有的防洪系統(tǒng)不會做出重大調(diào)整，但英國環(huán)境署正在研究《泰晤士河入?？?100年規(guī)劃》(TE2100)提出的短期、中期和長期更換和維修建議。由于倫敦此前已遭遇過多次洪災(zāi)侵襲，有關(guān)海平面上升的報道毫無疑問會引起倫敦市民的焦慮和不安。

“幻想之城”的設(shè)計理念三分之一致敬巴拉德，三分之一推測自然危害和城市的復(fù)原能力，三分之一大膽重構(gòu)對“災(zāi)難”的認知。這一新型居住設(shè)施可立即保護部分城市建筑，同時保護倫敦居民的住房權(quán)益。洪水臭名昭著的一大原因是貧困人群受洪水影響尤其明顯，正如瑪吉?季的科幻小說《洪水》（2004年）一書所描述，當開放社會中的所有民眾受洪水再三侵襲和敵對政治環(huán)境的影響時，只有最富有的居民由于居住在地勢較高地帶才得到保護。正如2005年新奧爾良市遭遇的卡特里娜颶風(fēng)災(zāi)難所證實，居住在破舊房屋中的弱勢群體受颶風(fēng)的影響最大。由于氣候問題已上升到影響全民安全的重要級別，倫敦市民不得不采取過度保護措施，從而保衛(wèi)來之不易城市居住地。在焦慮、恐懼與幾十年內(nèi)將發(fā)生大洪災(zāi)的憂慮驅(qū)使下，人們開始修建三座多用途基礎(chǔ)“城堡”，供居民棲身并使居民和城市的核心機構(gòu)不被洪水淹沒。城堡讓人聯(lián)想到由人類共同建造并希望能通往天堂的“通天塔”8。倫敦戲劇性轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樽o城河環(huán)繞和城堡林立的城市，城內(nèi)居民由相對低矮的房屋內(nèi)遷入集中的摩天樓內(nèi)。倫敦需保護的遺產(chǎn)和精神分為三塊：“女王”、“經(jīng)濟”和“知識”。

女王城堡——倫敦是英國政府所在地和議會活動的聚集地。 可居住的“女王”城堡起到保衛(wèi)白金漢宮、議會大廈和英國民眾精神的作用。在1236年發(fā)生特大洪災(zāi)后，許多英國民眾不得不劃船聚集在議會大廈大廳附近。如果再次發(fā)生罕見的大洪災(zāi)，而且未修建女王城堡，政府大臣可能需要撤離議會大廈，只能對倫敦市區(qū)和其市民遭受的苦難束手無策。城堡由多個保護層和保護裝置組成。城墻內(nèi)設(shè)有鉤連塊體、混凝土防波堤單元，可共同減弱洪波的強度。防波堤同樣可充當北半球南遷候鳥的中途停留地，供其“筑巢”。鉤連塊體的頂部是充滿生機的垂直花園，當洪水來襲時，花園將從墻面上剝落，成為充氣式水草漂浮物。由數(shù)只戰(zhàn)船組成的艦隊被戰(zhàn)略預(yù)見性地懸掛在城墻上方的拱門內(nèi)，像鐘擺一樣在風(fēng)中擺動。戰(zhàn)船不僅僅用作進一步的預(yù)防措施，而且時刻提醒著倫敦市民洪災(zāi)隨時可能發(fā)生。作為英格蘭、蘇格蘭、威爾士和北愛爾蘭的立憲制君主，英國女王起到增強國民身份認同和促進國家團結(jié)的作用。女王城堡如同英國女王一樣，傳遞著積極與自豪的精神，賦予英國民眾集體歸屬感，忠誠地守護著英國倫敦，使其遠離“破碎倫敦”的怪談。

經(jīng)濟城堡——倫敦是全球主要的金融中心之一，每年為英國經(jīng)濟貢獻約2 500億英鎊。根據(jù)英國保險業(yè)協(xié)會和英國環(huán)境署數(shù)據(jù)顯示，自2000年以來發(fā)生的大洪災(zāi)包括2007年夏季洪災(zāi)（保險公司賠款30億英鎊）、2005年卡萊爾洪災(zāi)（損失金額達2.72億英鎊）和2009年11月發(fā)生的坎布里亞洪災(zāi)（損失金額達1.74億英鎊）。9“經(jīng)濟”城堡旨在使倫敦金融城（倫敦管理金融、控制穩(wěn)定性的中央機構(gòu)）持續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)。有序排列的城堡讓人聯(lián)想起如今的銀行摩天大樓，它們表面平和，實則堅韌不拔，整齊排列形成洪水無法穿過的墻體，保護英國金融架構(gòu)和軟基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施中最重要的部分——倫敦金融城、英格蘭銀行（創(chuàng)辦年份排名全球第二的央行和排名全球第八的銀行）和整個金融區(qū)。經(jīng)濟城堡同樣象征著英國在“財政緊縮時期”和2016年“英國脫歐運動”等困難時期，始終保持著財政獨立和自信。盡管英國在經(jīng)濟上始終與歐洲其他國家保持著獨立關(guān)系，但保護英國利益的經(jīng)濟城堡的建造究竟會增強英國的經(jīng)濟獨立性，還是會令英國自我封閉從而錯失發(fā)展機遇？

知識城堡——“知識”城堡無畏地保護著大英圖書館、大英博物館和倫敦大學(xué)，形成保護知識和文化的避難所。城墻將迎面涌來的洪水阻擋在外，保護珍貴文物、手工藝品、古書籍不被損壞，保留最真實、原始和可靠的英國知識和手稿遺產(chǎn)。在信息爆炸和實時電子通訊的年代，信息的“數(shù)字洪流”同樣是一種威脅。保留實體書籍意味著保護知識的實體感和對信息的探索。“知識”城堡由英國市民人工挖掘的黏土砌筑而成，因此被市民親切地稱作“人民之墻”。形似階梯井的開挖區(qū)被改建成農(nóng)牧業(yè)合作中心。墻面和屋頂?shù)牧⒎襟w狀容器內(nèi)供人類居住，神像和宗教信物開始聚集，居民相信“神靈”會驅(qū)散入侵的洪水。

城墻之外的不同城堡之間，纜車系統(tǒng)將城市中庭與空中街道、冥想場所和能源中心相連接，以促進知識、商品和服務(wù)的交易。運輸系統(tǒng)被視作一種冷靜機制，能夠使鄰近地域保持一致的步調(diào)。在所有居民遷入三座城堡后，位于保護設(shè)施外圍的倫敦將被遺棄。

在可能被視作反烏托邦的社會中，一種新型生態(tài)將戰(zhàn)勝曾經(jīng)的人造城市，在草木叢生的都市風(fēng)光中繁榮發(fā)展，提供可持續(xù)性狩獵和耕種多樣天然產(chǎn)品的機會。倫敦古老的文物和傾塌的標志性建筑物被藤蔓所包圍，銹跡斑斑的自行車和其他機器棄置于倫敦街頭，曾經(jīng)的倫敦只殘存于腦海之中。通過自然的修復(fù)、重建和有機更新，森林將現(xiàn)有的多個“城市綠肺”——肯辛頓花園、攝政公園、格林公園、維多利亞公園和數(shù)以千計的小型公園連接在一起，幫助恢復(fù)和保護這座曾經(jīng)被污染城市的空氣質(zhì)量。新建的綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施包圍著三座城堡，有望在泰晤士河決堤之際保護倫敦市。樹干從地面吸收水分可降低洪水的整體高度?，F(xiàn)有植被粗壯的樹根纏繞著河岸和斜坡，能有效減少河岸倒塌和山體滑坡事件的發(fā)生。

英國環(huán)境署和英國多所院校已對其可行性開展廣泛的研究。10因此，無需驚訝政府將會在鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)大范圍植樹造林，而非裝飾性修剪樹籬。前環(huán)境大臣Lord Rooker哀嘆到，我們（英國政府）僱傭農(nóng)民砍掉樹木和樹籬，將山坡上種滿肥沃的牧草并飼養(yǎng)羊群，保留美麗的景觀，然后又來責(zé)問為何英國頻遭洪水侵襲。11

大洪災(zāi)的征兆是諾亞修建諾亞方舟的靈感來源，在長達“120年的時間里”，諾亞執(zhí)著的等待著雨水的降臨，不斷種植樹木，為巨輪的修建供應(yīng)木材。很多人一定認為諾亞過于偏執(zhí)或心存妄想。然而，隨著古老傳說的代代相傳，諾亞聽從神圣召喚的舉動被認為十分明智：籌建諾亞方舟、帶上地球的動物，從上帝因故而造的洪災(zāi)中順利存活。在幻想之城，人類被迫拋棄原有家園、在驚恐和憂慮的影響下，寄居在保護性基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施——三座城堡內(nèi)。在城市的新秩序下，動植物群重新找回屬于自己的領(lǐng)地，而在城堡之外的人群只能坐以待斃。

Ballard’s London is subject to a new Triassic age, under the environmental force even the human mind begins to regress. Melting ice caps have caused the cities of the west to plunge into a tropical lagoon-like state, and with that submersion came a rising dystopia. Pirates drain the lagoons and loot treasures from the past, whilst others occupy the upper floors of buildings which emerge from the water and vegetation.1Writer Will Self argues that given Ballard’s childhood in Shanghai where he had experienced regular events of flooding, and the formative and perhaps apocalyptic experiences of the Japanese invasion during World War II, ‘while he may not have consciously been constructing aneco-parable, such was the fertility of Ballard’s imagination he couldn’t help giving birth to a thriving example of the genre.’2Editions of the novel often have striking visions of a semi-submerged London as the cover image, London landmarks such as St.Paul’s Cathedral or Tower Bridge can be seen emerging from thick vines, a canopy of tropical eaves and a re flection of the dilapidated structures in the murky waters of the flood.

‘London is already feeling the effects of climate change. It is particularly vulnerable to flooding,subsidence, overheating and to water supply shortfalls notes the London Plan.3Understandably, the anxieties extend to very many cities and not just London that would be underwater when ice caps melt.How will sea level rise impacts the vulnerable inhabitants as well as the wealth of existing infrastructures in the cities? What are the viable measures to protect and adapt existing fl oodwalls, embankments and barriers, and also the time scales to implement new infrastructures? Retreat, attack or defend?4

Apprehension and scepticism caused by our remnant understanding of the 1928 Thames flood in London is still on-going; people drowned and thousands were made homeless when flood waters poured over the top of the Thames Embankment. The rising sea levels at the time coincided with a high spring tide as well as a storm surge that raised the water levels in the Thames Estuary. The situation was worsened by capital dredging which made it easier for sea-water to fl ow up the Thames during high tide. Plans to build the Thames Barrier began soon after the North Sea Flood disaster of winter 1953; the disaster caused substantial damage to factories, gasworks and electricity generating stations from Tilbury all the way to the East End.5

The Thames Barrier is one of the world’s largest movable flood resistant infrastructures – the row of science fiction-like mini-piers and silver pods that spans 520 meters protect London from tidal surges and storms. The barrier although fairly dormant is a powerful assurance. Having only been deployed 114 times between the 1980s and 2000s, there have been 65 closures since 2010, suggesting a strong,overall upward trend.6The barrier, together with 350 kilometers of flood walls and embankments, smaller barriers, pumping stations and flood gates, were constructed more than 30 years ago, when engineers planned for sea level rise of eight millimeters a year. However, the sea level rise in the Thames estuary over this century could be over 20 centimeters.7Although there will not be major adjustment to the existing system of defences until 2070, the UK’s Environmental Agency are now looking into the short,medium and long term recommendations of replacements and repairs made by the Thames Estuary 2100 Plan (TE2100). With such unfortunate sequences of events in the city’s past, it is no wonder that current news of rising sea levels play on Londoner’s anxieties and uncertainties.

‘The Paranoid City’ is one-third homage to Ballard, one-third speculation into the threat of nature and the resilience of cities, and one-third a provocation exercise in re-interpreting the notion of a ‘disaster’.The new inhabitable infrastructures, at once, protect parts of the urban fabric; and also safeguard the housing welfare of London’s inhabitants. Flooding has a bad reputation for targeting the poor, a major theme of Maggie Gee’s SF novel ‘The Flood’ (2004) which sees an open society threatened when repeated floods and hostile political situation eradicate all except the richest inhabitants who are, of course, protected by their higher position geographically. As evidenced in New Orleans with Hurricane Katrina in 2005, helpless demography that occupy susceptible topography and have poor infrastructure are most vulnerable. As climate-mania heightens to an overwhelming public insecurity,Londoner’s succumb to overprotective measures in order to safeguard their hard earned city habitat.Built-on anxieties, fears and foreseeing a great flood within a few short decades, three multi-use infrastructural ‘castles’ embrace and protect the inhabitants and core institutions of the city from being submerged. The strongholds recall the ‘Tower of Babel’8which was built by a united humanity, in an effort to reach a higher state and topography. London is dramatically transformed with farming moats and living castles that dominate the skyline, thus moving the city’s communities from relative lowrise housing into concentrated vertical living. The heritage and spirit of London is divided into three fundamental bodies to safeguard: the ‘Queen’, the ‘Economy’ and the ‘Knowledge’.

The Castle of the Queen– London is the seat of government and parliamentary activity for the UK.The inhabitable infrastructure of the ‘Queen’ protects Buckingham Palace, the Houses of Parliament and the spirit of her people. After a particularly vicious flood in 1236, many had to row around the Great Hall of the Houses of Parliament in boats. If this long anticipated flood were to occur and without the infrastructure in-place, then government ministers would have to be evacuated, leaving them completely helpless to aid the city and its inhabitants. The castle consists of several protective layers and elements. Within the walls are accropodes, concrete breakwater units that collectively reduce the intensity of incoming waves. The armours also act as ‘nesting’ stopovers for migrating birds from the Northern Hemisphere. On top of the accropodes, lies a living vertical garden teeming with life; when the flood emerges, these patterned gardens peel o ff the walls and become in flatable grass fl oats. An armada worth of boats strategically hang within the arches above the walls, constantly swaying much like the pendulum of a clock. They, not only, serve as a further precautionary measure, but are perpetual reminders of the inevitable drawing closer. Being the constitutional monarch of England, Scotland,Wales and Northern Ireland – the Queen cultivates national identity and unity. The infrastructure, as with her majesty, commands widespread optimism and pride, bestowing its inhabitants with a collective sense of belonging, and staunchly protects London from the ‘Broken-Britain’ myth.

The Castle of Economy– London is one of the world’s leading financial centers, and contributes an estimated ￡250 billion to the UK economy each year. According to the Association of British Insurers(ABI) and the Environmental Agency (EA), major floods since 2000 including the 2007 summer floods have resulted in insurers paying out ￡3 billion, the 2005 floods in Carlisle costing ￡272 million, and the Cumbrian floods in November 2009 costing a further ￡174 million.9The infrastructure of ‘Economy’ aims to preserve the undying heartbeat of the Square Mile, the central body for managing financial stability.The ordered towers, reminiscent of the passive-aggressive dominance of existing banking skyscrapers,systematically line-up to form an impenetrable wall to the physical flood – protecting some of the UK’s most important financial framework and soft infrastructure: the City of London, The Bank of England (being the second oldest central bank in the world and the world's eighth oldest bank) and the whole financial district. Symbolically, it also represents the continuing financial independence and confidence that the UK maintains, amid the metaphorical flood of the ‘Age of Austerity’ and ‘Brexit’ in 2016. Despite the fact the UK has almost always distanced itself financially from the rest of Europe, is her financial independence strengthened by having the wall protecting British interests, or missing opportunities by closing itself in?

The Castle of Knowledge– The infrastructure of ‘Knowledge’ heroically defends the British Library,the British Museum, and the University of London, creating a protective sanctuary of knowledge and culture. The wall denies the oncoming fl oodwaters from causing physical damage to treasured relics and artefacts, and the age-old books – retaining authentic, original and reliable manuscripts of British knowledge and heritage. In a world where information is so abundant and readily accessible via electronic means, the ‘digital flood’ of information also becomes a threat. Retaining physical books means protecting the tactility of knowledge and quest for information. The infrastructure of ‘Knowledge’is a ffectionately known as ‘the people’s wall’ because of the collective efforts of the city’s inhabitants to build the entire castle from manually dug London clay. The excavated zones, reminisce of stepped wells, are adapted into cooperative hubs for agriculture and farming. Amongst the inhabited cubelike capsules in the wall and on rooftops, deities and religious objects started to accumulate – the inhabitants believe that the ‘guardians’ would ward o ff the impending flood.

Outside the walls between castles, a cable-cart system connects a series of urban atriums with sky streets, community contemplation units and energy hubs, to facilitate the trading of knowledge, goods and services. Viewed as a calming mechanism, the transport system also creates a constant pace between neighbouring realms. With every inhabitant concentrated within the three Castles, London outside the protective infrastructures is abandoned.

In what might be considered dystopia, a new ecology conquers the once man-made city and flourishes within a forested cityscape, providing opportunities for sustainable hunting and diverse cultivation of natural products. Relics of London’s forgotten past and fallen iconic structures are swathed in vines while rusticated bicycles and other machineries can be found along the desolate streets of London; we can only reminisce. Through nature’s resurgence, de-construction and organic renovation, the forest connects the multitude of existing ‘green lungs’ – Kensington Gardens, Regents Park, Green Park,Victoria Park and thousands of smaller squares help rejuvenate and protect the air quality of the oncepolluted city. Encircling the three Castles, the new green infrastructure has the potential to protect the city when the River Thames does eventually break its banks. Trees soak-up water from the ground,and the collective fauna can reduce the overall height of floodwaters. The strong roots of established vegetation binds together riverbanks and slopes, thus fewer collapses and landslides.

The Environment Agency and numerous UK universities have made extensive research into the potential.10Therefore, it is not surprising that the political inclination is to have effective planting in the countryside rather than decorative hedge-trimming. Lord Rooker, a former environment minister,bemoaned that ‘we [the UK Government] pay the farmers to grub up the trees and hedges; we pay them to plant the hills with pretty grass and sheep to maintain the chocolate box image, and then wonder why we've fl oods’.11

It was the promise of a great flood that inspired Noah to build his Ark; and for ‘one hundred and twenty years’, he waited for rain and planted trees to supply the timber for the enormous hull. To many, Noah must have seemed paranoid or delusional. However, as the ancient story goes, Noah was wise to heed the divine call: prepared the infrastructure, collected together the animals of the Earth and survived the deadliest of God’s purge. In The Paranoid City, man has abandoned their homes, and forced by their fear and anxieties to hide within the protective infrastructures of the three Castles. The new order of the city empowers fl ora and fauna to rediscover their rightful territories,while beyond the walls of assurance the populace can only wait.

注釋：

1 JG Ballard, ‘The Drowned World’, Berkley Books, London, 1962

2 W Self, ‘Will Self on JG Ballard's The Drowned World’, The Telegraph, 31 August 2013 [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10273413/Will-Self-on-JG-Ballards-The-Drowned-World.html], retrieved 19 July 2016

3 The Mayor of London, ‘London’s Response to Climate Change’, The London Plan,Chapter 5, March 2016, p.176 [https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/ fi les/the_london_plan_malp_march_2016_-_chapter_5_-_londons_response_to_climate_change.pdf],retrieved 24 July 2016

4 Building Futures RIBA, ‘Facing Up To Rising Sea-Levels: Retreat? Defend? Attack?’,Institute of Civil Engineers, 2010 [www.buildingfutures.org.uk/assets/downloads/Facing_Up_To_Rising_Sea_Levels.pdf], retrieved 14 September 2012

5 D Hill, ‘Beyond the Thames Barrier: How safe is London from another major flood?’,Resilient Cities, The Guardian, 19 February 2015 [https://www.london.gov. https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/feb/19/thames-barrier-how-safe-london-major- fl ood-at-risk],retrieved 24 July 2016

6 D Hill, ‘Beyond the Thames Barrier: How safe is London from another major fl ood?’, Resilient Cities, The Guardian, 19 February 2015 [https://www.london.gov. https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/feb/19/thames-barrier-how-safe-london-major- fl ood-at-risk],retrieved 24 July 2016

7 The Thames Estuary 2100 Plan, ‘Managing Flood Risk Through London and The Thames Estuary’, The Environmental Agency (UK),24 June 2014, [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/thames-estuary-2100-te2100/thames-estuary-2100-te2100], retrieved 24 July 2016

8 RT Pennock, ‘Tower of Babel: the evidence against the new creationism’, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1999

9 ‘Massive rise in Britain's flood damage bill highlights the need for more help for flood vulnerable communities says the ABI’,Association of British Insurers: News, November 2010 [https://www.abi.org.uk/News/News-releases/2010/11/massive-rise-in-britainsflood-damage-bill-highlights-the-need-for-more-help-for-flood-vulnerable-communities-says-the-abi.aspx], retrieved 14 September 2012

10 R Harrabin, ‘Tree planting ‘can reduce flooding’, BBC News, 11 March 2016 [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/scienceenvironment-35777927], retrieved 11 August 2016

11 R Harrabin, ‘Lord Rooker: Planting trees could stop flooding', BBC News, 23 January 2014 [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-25864631], retrieved 11 August 2016

London Is Flooding?

Author: CJ Lim

Professor of Architecture and Urbanism at The Bartlett,UCL

Design team: CJ Lim with Samson Lau, Yu-Wei Chang, Eric Wong, Jens Kongstad Olesen"Inhabitable Infrastructures: Science fi ction or urban future?" ,Published by Routledge,2017 ISBN 978-1138119673

設(shè)計小組：CJ Lim, Samson Lau, Yu-Wei Chang, Eric Wong,Jens Kongstad Olesen

《宜居基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施：科幻還是未來？》,勞特利奇出版,2017 ISBN 978-1138119673