虞永江 夏 佳 錢蘇波 張 林 李 權(quán) 白 強
上海交通大學醫(yī)學院附屬新華醫(yī)院泌尿外科(上海 200092)
慢性前列腺炎患者前列腺電切術(shù)后下尿路癥狀及膀胱頸攣縮發(fā)生的臨床研究*
虞永江 夏 佳 錢蘇波 張 林 李 權(quán) 白 強**
上海交通大學醫(yī)學院附屬新華醫(yī)院泌尿外科(上海 200092)
目的探討比較良性前列腺增生(BPH)患者與BPH合并慢性前列腺炎(CP)患者經(jīng)尿道前列腺電切術(shù)(TURP)后,下尿路癥狀(LUTS)的變化及膀胱頸攣縮(BNC)的發(fā)生情況。方法回顧性分析2015年1月至2016年6月我院行TURP術(shù)后病理證實為BPH的患者198例,分為A組:單純BPH組(78例)和B組:BPH合并CP組(120例),比較兩組術(shù)前和術(shù)后3個月 IPSS評分以及術(shù)后6個月BNC發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果手術(shù)治療后各組 IPSS 評分均較術(shù)前明顯降低(P值均<0.001)。術(shù)前A組與B組IPSS評分分別為(20.3±5.1)分和(26.9±4.3)分,術(shù)后兩組IPSS評分分別為(5.6±2.2)分和(12.1±3.5)分,差異均具統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。BPH合并CP組膀胱頸攣縮發(fā)生率顯著高于單純BPH組(6.67% vs 3.85%,P<0.05)。結(jié)論BPH合并CP患者TURP術(shù)前、術(shù)后的LUTS均高于單純BPH患者,BPH合并CP是TURP術(shù)后膀胱頸攣縮發(fā)生的危險因素。
前列腺增生; 前列腺炎; 經(jīng)尿道前列腺切除術(shù); 下尿路癥狀; 膀胱頸攣縮
良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)與慢性前列腺炎(chronic prostatitis,CP)是中老年男性常見的前列腺疾病,60歲的老年男性BPH患病率可達50%,而80歲以上患者可達90%[1]。隨著臨床進展會出現(xiàn)下尿路癥狀加重[2-4],如果不加以治療,甚至會出現(xiàn)急性尿潴留[5]。對于臨床進展的BPH,外科手術(shù)是有效解除下尿路癥狀和改善患者生活質(zhì)量的手段。目前經(jīng)尿道前列腺電切術(shù)(transurethral resection of the prostate,TURP)仍是治療BPH的金標準[6]。研究表明,BPH患者合并CP的發(fā)生率較高[7,8]。CP是BPH臨床進展的重要因素之一, 同時也是BPH患者術(shù)后發(fā)生LUTS的重要原因之一[9]。本研究就BPH合并CP者對于TURP術(shù)后的預后,包括下尿路癥狀的改善及術(shù)后晚期并發(fā)癥膀胱頸攣縮(bladder neck contracture, BNC)的發(fā)生進行分析和探討。
回顧性分析我科2015年1月至2016年6月行TURP術(shù)后病理證實為BPH的198例患者,根據(jù)其是否合并CP分為單純BPH組(78例)和BPH合并CP組(120例)。所有患者的手術(shù)均由同一醫(yī)療組的醫(yī)生完成,兩組患者的術(shù)前年齡、 前列腺特異抗原(prostatespecific antigen,PSA)、前列腺體積、國際前列腺癥狀評分(international prostate symptom score,IPSS)、生活質(zhì)量評分(quality of life,QoL)、最大尿流率(Qmax)、急性尿潴留(acute urinary retention,AUR)發(fā)生率等資料見表1。
表1 術(shù)前兩者患者基本資料
1. IPSS:評估各組術(shù)前、術(shù)后1個月的下尿路癥狀(尿頻、尿急、尿痛等)。IPSS總分為0~35分,0~7分為輕度癥狀,8~19分為中度癥狀,20~35分為重度癥狀。
2. CP組織學分類診斷標準:(1)輕度慢性炎癥組 前列腺組織中出現(xiàn)散在的炎性細胞浸潤;(2)中度慢性炎癥組 前列腺組織中出現(xiàn)炎性細胞的聚集,但不伴有腺體上皮組織的破壞或淋巴樣小結(jié)形成;(3)重度慢性炎癥組 前列腺組織中出現(xiàn)炎性細胞的聚集,伴有腺體上皮組織的破壞或淋巴樣小結(jié)形成。
3. BNC診斷目前缺乏明確標準,本研究以符合以下條件作為BNC的診斷標準:臨床癥狀:術(shù)后排尿困難, 排尿延時或發(fā)生尿潴留;尿流動力學檢查:排尿Qmax降低,<10 mL/s;內(nèi)鏡檢查:膀胱肌頸組織僵硬、 膀胱頸口狹窄或呈現(xiàn)針尖樣改變。評估各組術(shù)后2年BNC發(fā)生的情況。
正態(tài)分布的計量資料用平均數(shù)±標準差表示;組間比較采用t檢驗。非正態(tài)分布的計量資料用中位數(shù)±四分位間距表示;組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗。P<0.05定義為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。用SPAWl8.0軟件包進行統(tǒng)計分析。
術(shù)前兩組患者資料中,合并CP組患者前列腺體積較大,但兩組差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05);IPSS、QoL、AUR發(fā)生率等方面指標均高于單純BPH組患者,Qmax低于單純BPH組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),見表1。
手術(shù)治療后3個月各組IPSS評分均較術(shù)前明顯降低,差異有顯著統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.01)。術(shù)后合并CP組IPSS評分高于單純BPH組,有統(tǒng)計學差異(P<0.05),見表2。
根據(jù)術(shù)后6個月的觀察隨訪,BPH合并CP組BNC發(fā)生率顯著高于單純BPH組(6.67% vs 3.85%),差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),見表2。
表2 兩組患者IPSS評分和發(fā)生膀胱頸攣縮比較
慢性炎癥在良性增生的前列腺中普遍存在[10],本研究中合并CP的患者即占60%。前列腺炎癥被認為是導致前列腺增生的一個相關(guān)因素[11,12],本研究中,對合并炎癥的BPH患者的病理切片發(fā)現(xiàn)前列腺組織中浸潤的炎癥細胞幾乎為淋巴細胞。長期的炎癥使得前列腺局部缺氧,誘導產(chǎn)生低水平的活性氧,促進新生血管形成[13];刺激前列腺周圍的淋巴細胞釋放細胞因子、炎癥介質(zhì)、生長因子等,如前列腺素、IL-2、干擾素?、TGF-β、成纖維細胞生長因子等,使得前列腺纖維肌細胞增生,加重下尿路刺激癥狀及尿路梗阻[14-16]。而增生的前列腺造成導管梗阻、破壞又可以加重炎癥的發(fā)生。
本研究中對術(shù)前患者前列腺增生相關(guān)的癥狀指標進行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)合并CP組患者前列腺體積較大,IPSS、QoL、AUR發(fā)生率等方面指標均高于單純BPH組患者,Qmax低于單純BPH組,可見合并CP對于患者下尿路癥狀和急性尿潴留等BPH進展期癥狀有一定的促進作用。既往認為前列腺炎多發(fā)生在青春期男性,而且慢性前列腺炎和前列腺增生有許多相似的下尿路癥狀(如尿頻、尿急、尿痛、夜尿增多、排尿困難等),在診斷時容易漏診或誤診。
而在對于有臨床進展的BPH行TURP術(shù)后,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TURP可以顯著改善患者的前列腺癥狀,但是改善的程度上伴有慢性前列腺炎的患者術(shù)后的癥狀改善不如單純前列腺增生者,可能是因為合并炎癥者,在外科TURP之后殘留的腺體內(nèi)仍殘留有炎癥細胞,其持續(xù)作用仍能導致下尿路癥狀的存在。因此在術(shù)前應對患者作尿液及前列腺液檢測,臨床考慮可能有慢性前列腺炎者應予以治療,而術(shù)后對于病理提示合并中、重度炎癥的患者,需更積極地治療LUTS。
此外,BNC是TURP術(shù)后最主要遠期并發(fā)癥之一,在術(shù)后3~6個月總體發(fā)生率約9.7%[17],本研究組術(shù)后6月BNC的發(fā)生率約為5.56%。BNC的主要原因系術(shù)后膀胱頸纖維化或瘢痕增生導致膀胱頸口環(huán)形縮窄、僵硬縮小。而為了降低BNC,一般原則是術(shù)中應盡可能切除增生的腺體組織直至包膜,若膀胱頸后唇抬高,也應充分切除,對于頸口的環(huán)狀纖維必要時可以深切至脂肪組織,我們的經(jīng)驗是在5點和7點處用電切環(huán)切2條深槽,可以有效降低術(shù)后膀胱頸口纖維縮窄環(huán)的發(fā)生;術(shù)中電切和電凝的能量盡量降低,切割速度要快(>0.5 g/min),避免長時間、大面積燒灼;對于小體積前列腺及梗阻不嚴重的患者應盡量進行藥物治療。而對于TURP術(shù)后BNC患者宜及早手術(shù)治療,解除狹窄,術(shù)后盡早行尿道擴張。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)伴有CP是一個危險因素,前列腺炎可顯著增加術(shù)后發(fā)生BNC的風險。因此控制CP對于預防BNC也是有作用的。
綜上所述,當對BPH患者行TURP術(shù)時,應重視對CP的篩查和治療,并重視對術(shù)中手術(shù)技巧的把握,可以有效地提高患者術(shù)后的生活質(zhì)量和減少并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
1 McVary KT. BPH: epidemiology and comorbidities. Am J Manag Care 2006;12(5 Suppl): S122-S128
2 Fitzpatrick JM. The natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int 2006; 97 Suppl 2: 3-6
3 Peyronnet B, Seisen T, Phé V, et al. Lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic hyperplasia and erectile dysfunction: A systematic review. Presse Med 2017; 46(2 Pt 1): 145-153
4 Egan KB. The epidemiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia associated with lower urinary tract Symptoms:Prevalence and Incident Rates. Urol Clin North Am 2016;43(3): 289-297
5 Emberton M, Fitzpatrick JM, Garcia-Losa M, et al.Progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia: systematic review of the placebo arms of clinical trials. BJU Int 2008; 102(8): 981-986
6 Oelke M, Bachmann A, Descazeaud A, et al. EAU guidelines on the treatment and follow-up of nonneurogenic male lower urinary tract symptoms including benign prostatic obstruction. Eur Urol 2013;64(1):118-140
7 Sciarra , Mariotti G, Salciccia S, et al. Prostate growth and inflammation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008;108(3-5):254-260
8 Nickel JC, Roehrborn CG, O'Leary MP, et al. The relationship between prostate inflammation and lower urinary tract symptoms: examination of baseline data from the REDUCE trial. Eur Urol 2008;54(6):1379-1384
9 McConnell JD, Roehrborn CG, Bautista OM, et al.The long-term effect of doxazosin, finasteride, and combination therapy on the clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 2003; 349(25): 2387-2398
10 盧國軍,唐來坤,潘良,等.前列腺增生癥并發(fā)慢性前列腺炎關(guān)系淺析.中國男科學雜志 2004;18(6):38-39
11 Delongchamps NB, de la Roza G, Chandan V, et al.Evaluation of prostatitis in autopsied prostates: is chronic inflammation more associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia or cancer? J Urol 2008; 179(5): 1736-1740
12 Holt JD, Garrett WA, McCurry TK, et al. Common questions about chronic prostatitis. Am Fam Physician 2016; 93(4): 290-296
13 Wang L, Yang JR, Yang LY, et al. Chronic in fl ammation in benign prostatic hyperplasia: implications for therapy.Med Hypotheses 2008; 70(5):1021-1023
14 Briganti A, Suardi N. Benign prostatic hyperplasia and its aetiologies. Eur Urol Suppl 2009; 8(13): 865-871
15 Abdollah F, Briganti A, Suardi N, et al. Metabolic syndrome and benign prostatic hyperplasia: evidence of a potential relationship, hypothesized etiology, and prevention. Korean J Urol 2011; 52(8): 507-616
16 Hu J, Zhang L, Zou L, et al. Role of inflammation in benign prostatic hyperplasia development among Han Chinese: a population-based and single-institutional analysis. Int J Urol 2015; 22(12): 1138-1142
17 Lee YH, Chiu AW, Huang JK. Comprehensive study of bladder neck contracture after transurethral resection of prostate. Urology 2005; 65(3): 498-503
(2017-06-08收稿)
Study on the relationship between chronic prostatitis and lower urinary tract symptoms and bladder neck contracture after transurethral resection of the prostate*
Yu Yongjiang, Xia Jia, Qian Subo, Zhang Lin, Li Quan, Bai Qiang**
Department of Urology, Xinhua Hospital Aff i liated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China Corresponding author: Bai Qiang, E-mail: baiqiang@xinhuamed.com.cn
ObjectiveTo evaluate the changes of Lower Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) and the incidence of Bladder Neck Contracture (BNC) after Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP) between patients of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) and patients of BPH complicated with Chronic Prostatitis (CP).MethodsTotal of 198 patients diagnosed as BPH pathologically from January 2015 to June 2016 were included in the study. All patients were divided into two groups.Patients pathologically con fi rmed with BPH only were named Group A, with a number of 78. And those with BPH complicated with CP were named Group B, with a number of 120 patients. The differences of IPSS Score before and three months after TURP, the incidence of Bladder Neck Contracture (BNC) six months after TURP, as well as the clinical data of patients were calculated.ResultsThere were no differences in clinical data between the two groups, including age, volume of prostate, comorbidity and so on (P>0.05). After TURP, the IPSS Score declined signi fi cantly in both groups (P<0.001). The IPSS Score of Group A and B before surgery was 20.25±5.12 and 26.85±4.28, and after surgery was 5.60±2.16 and 12.05±3.54, demonstrating signi fi cant statistical difference, respectively (P<0.05). The incidence rate of BNC in Group B was much more higher than that of Group A (6.67% vs 3.85%), demonstrating signi fi cant statistical difference (P<0.05).ConclusionThe severity of LUTS was higher in patients with BPH complicated with CP, no matter before or after TURP, comparing with patients with BPH only. And those with BPH and CP were preferred to progressing to BNC.
prostatic hyperplasia; prostatitis; transurethral resection of prostate; lower urinary tract symptoms; bladder neck contracture
10.3969/j.issn.1008-0848.2017.05.003
R 699.8
資助:上海市科委基金資助(項目編號:15ZR1427600)
**通訊作者,E-mail: baiqiang@xinhuamed.com.cn