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        植物提取物的特性及其在母豬生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用

        2017-11-17 01:16:28印遇龍鄧百川鄧近平譚成全
        關(guān)鍵詞:泌乳期泌乳提取物

        王 浩 印遇龍 鄧百川 鄧近平 譚成全

        (華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物科學(xué)學(xué)院,廣州 510642)

        植物提取物的特性及其在母豬生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用

        王 浩 印遇龍 鄧百川 鄧近平*譚成全*

        (華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物科學(xué)學(xué)院,廣州 510642)

        母豬繁殖性能是決定豬場生產(chǎn)水平和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的關(guān)鍵因素,而我國母豬年生產(chǎn)力與歐美發(fā)達(dá)國家還存在明顯差距。盡管抗生素作為飼料添加劑在一定程度上改善了母豬繁殖性能,但抗生素在飼料中的過度使用會導(dǎo)致耐藥菌的產(chǎn)生以及肉制品殘留等問題,危害人類的身體健康和生態(tài)環(huán)境。植物提取物是用物理或者化學(xué)方法,從植物中提取的含有多種天然生物活性物質(zhì)的植物源添加劑產(chǎn)品。近年來,植物提取物作為抗生素替代物在母豬生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用得到了廣泛關(guān)注。本文結(jié)合國內(nèi)外研究進(jìn)展,對植物提取物的特性及其對母豬生產(chǎn)性能的影響進(jìn)行綜述,旨在為植物提取物在母豬生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)行更深入的研究提供參考。

        植物提取物;特性;母豬;應(yīng)用

        在母豬養(yǎng)殖生產(chǎn)中,進(jìn)程性氧化應(yīng)激、腸道健康受損及泌尿繁殖系統(tǒng)疾病等因素,損傷母豬繁殖周期機(jī)體健康,導(dǎo)致母豬泌乳期采食量不足[1]、種用年限縮短[2]及繁殖性能降低[3],嚴(yán)重影響?zhàn)B豬企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。盡管抗生素作為飼料添加劑后,母豬養(yǎng)殖產(chǎn)業(yè)中的這些問題得到有效改善,促進(jìn)了母豬養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的發(fā)展[4]。但規(guī)?;i場抗生素濫用情況非常嚴(yán)重,不僅會導(dǎo)致肉制品中抗生素殘留,還會導(dǎo)致耐藥細(xì)菌的產(chǎn)生,嚴(yán)重威脅人類的健康[5]。目前許多國家已禁止在飼料中添加抗生素或限制飼料中抗生素的添加。因此,在后抗生素時(shí)代,開發(fā)天然、毒副作用小的抗生素替代物作為飼料添加劑已成為研究的熱點(diǎn)。植物提取物作為抗菌藥物已有悠久的歷史[6],因其具有較好的抗菌抗病毒效果、毒副作用較小等特點(diǎn),近年來在抗生素替代物領(lǐng)域得到了廣泛地關(guān)注和研究。中國以純天然植物作為藥物使用已有數(shù)千年歷史,物產(chǎn)資源極其豐富。因此,加深植物提取物在畜牧產(chǎn)業(yè)中的應(yīng)用研究具有廣闊的發(fā)展前景。

        1 植物提取物的特性

        植物提取物是指用物理或者化學(xué)方法,從植物中提取得到的植物源添加劑產(chǎn)品,主要活性成分有揮發(fā)油、生物堿、多糖、黃酮、皂甙和植物單寧等。在畜禽生產(chǎn)中,這些活性成分具有抗氧化、抗菌、改善動(dòng)物腸道健康及增強(qiáng)免疫力等多種生物特性。

        1.1抗氧化

        抗氧化活性在各種植物提取物中普遍存在,相對而言,唇形科植物提取物具有更強(qiáng)的抗氧化活性,其活性成分與抑菌成分基本一致,大多為酚醛類物質(zhì)[7]。在母豬妊娠期飼糧添加15 mg/kg的止痢草油可顯著降低分娩當(dāng)天血清8-羥基脫氧鳥苷(8-OHdG)及硫巴比妥酸反應(yīng)物(TBARS)含量[8]。大量研究表明,植物提取物的總酚含量與其自由基清除能力呈顯著正相關(guān),進(jìn)一步說明植物的抗氧化能力主要與酚類物質(zhì)有關(guān)[9-11]。黃酮、多糖等植物提取物活性成分也具有一定抗氧化作用。從母豬妊娠第95天至泌乳期第18天,在飼糧中持續(xù)添加45 mg/kg的黃豆黃素,母豬泌乳期血漿丙二醛(MDA)含量顯著下降,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、總抗氧化能力(T-AOC)顯著升高,泌乳期第7天及第18天血漿過氧化氫酶(CAT)活性及第7天血漿谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性均顯著提高,初乳GSH-Px及常乳SOD活性均顯著升高,常乳MDA含量顯著降低[12]。從妊娠第90天至泌乳期第18天,在母豬飼糧中添加200 mg/kg的人參多糖,母豬常乳及分娩當(dāng)天血清MDA含量顯著下降,GSH-Px活性顯著升高[13]。

        1.2抗菌

        植物提取物具有較好的抗菌效果,唇形科植物,因較強(qiáng)的抗菌效果得到了更廣泛地關(guān)注,如迷迭香、止痢草和鼠尾草等,其主要抗菌活性成分為酚類物質(zhì),對革蘭氏陽性菌和革蘭氏陰性菌均有較強(qiáng)的抑菌效果[14-15]。植物提取物也可顯著抑制泌尿生殖系統(tǒng)相關(guān)病原微生物。體外研究發(fā)現(xiàn)芫荽精油、百里香精油、小茴香精油可通過對大腸桿菌、白色念珠菌、變形桿菌、金黃色葡萄球菌及腸球菌等細(xì)菌的抑制治療陰道炎[16-17]。Fratini等[18]研究了10種植物精油對誘發(fā)奶牛乳腺炎病原菌的抑菌活性,結(jié)果表明香薄荷、百里香、牛至精油的抑菌效果最強(qiáng)。研究表明大蒜提取物也可通過抑制子宮病原菌生長,促進(jìn)奶牛子宮內(nèi)膜炎的恢復(fù)[19]。研究表明,在母豬飼糧中添加1 000 mg/kg止痢草油可顯著降低母豬泌尿生殖系統(tǒng)疾病(SUGD),及乳腺炎-子宮炎-無乳癥(MMA)患病率,這可能與其對大腸桿菌等病原菌的抑制有關(guān)[8,20-22]。

        1.3改善機(jī)體腸道健康

        植物提取物不僅可抑制機(jī)體泌尿生殖系統(tǒng)病原菌的生長,在遏制腸道有害菌繁殖、促進(jìn)益生菌生長、維持動(dòng)物腸道菌群穩(wěn)態(tài)方面也有顯著的效果。在母豬整個(gè)妊娠周期添加止痢草油可顯著抑制腸道大腸桿菌及腸球菌生長,促進(jìn)乳酸桿菌繁殖[8]。葫蘆巴籽提取物的主要成分為皂苷,在泌乳期添加2 000 mg/kg的葫蘆巴籽提取物,也可顯著降低母豬腸道大腸桿菌豐度[23]。海藻提取物的主要成分為海帶多糖和巖藻糖,研究表明,在母豬妊娠第107天至泌乳第26天飼糧中添加10 g/d的海藻提取物后,母豬盲腸大腸桿菌豐度顯著降低,乳酸桿菌與大腸桿菌比值顯著增高[24]。有研究表明,在母豬泌乳期飼糧中添加海藻提取物還可顯著降低哺乳仔豬[25]及仔豬斷奶[26]的結(jié)腸大腸桿菌豐度,提高仔豬結(jié)腸乳酸桿菌與大腸桿菌比值。

        1.4增強(qiáng)免疫力

        植物提取物中的揮發(fā)油、生物堿、多糖、黃酮和皂甙等成分在機(jī)體免疫調(diào)節(jié)中都表現(xiàn)出一定的效果。葫蘆巴籽提取物的主要成分為皂苷,從母豬妊娠期第108天至泌乳期第21天,在母豬飼糧中添加2 000 mg/kg的葫蘆巴籽提取物,可顯著提高母豬分娩當(dāng)天及泌乳第21天血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量[23]。大豆異黃酮和黃芪多糖混合物也可通過提高母豬血清IgG、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)和白細(xì)胞介素-2(IL-2)含量,增強(qiáng)機(jī)體非特異性免疫及體液免疫功能[27]。植物提取物還可增強(qiáng)機(jī)體特異性免疫能力,在母豬妊娠第90天至泌乳第28天飼糧中添加200 mg/kg的人參多糖不僅可顯著提高母豬初乳、常乳、分娩當(dāng)天和分娩第15天血清IL-2、白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)及IgG含量,還可提高母豬豬瘟病毒特異性抗體含量,且乳液及血清中IL-6和豬瘟特異性抗體含量的提高與人參多糖的添加量存在劑量依賴關(guān)系[13]。

        2 植物提取物在母豬生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用

        母豬泌乳期體重?fù)p失過多,將會對母豬的繁殖性能造成不利的影響,如斷奶至發(fā)情間隔(weaning-to-estrus interval,WEI)延長,排卵率、受精率、胚胎存活率降低等[28]。母豬的泌乳期采食量,也是影響其體況及泌乳性能的主要因素[29]。本文總結(jié)了近年來植物提取物對母豬性能的影響(表1)。由表1所見,大多數(shù)植物提取物都有提高母豬泌乳期采食量、改善母豬泌乳期體況及泌乳性能的作用。此外,植物提取物還具有提高母豬活產(chǎn)仔數(shù)[20-22]、縮短WEI[30]的效果。

        由表1可知,植物提取物的添加時(shí)間是影響其作用效果的重要因素。Ariza-Nieto等[35]研究結(jié)果表明,在母豬整個(gè)繁殖周期均添加止痢草油,可顯著增加仔豬9~12日齡的平均日增重(ADG)、攝乳量及能量攝入量,但僅在妊娠期或泌乳期添加止痢草油都沒有顯著作用效果。Wang等[31]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在母豬整個(gè)繁殖周期均添加5 000 mg/kg的大茴香粉可顯著提高母豬泌乳期的泌乳量及仔豬ADG和斷奶均重,僅在其泌乳期添加也可顯著提高其泌乳性能,但僅在妊娠期添加時(shí),母豬性能沒有顯著變化。

        表1 植物提取物對母豬生產(chǎn)性能的影響

        續(xù)表1植物名稱Nameofplant主要有效成分Mainlyactivecomponents添加時(shí)間Supplementalduration/d添加量Supplementaldose/(mg/kg)作用效果(與對照組相比)Treatmenteffects(comparedwiththecontrolgroup)/%平均日采食量ADFI平均日增重ADG斷奶均重Averageweightatweaning參考文獻(xiàn)References植物提取物混合物Plantextractscompound植物精油、黃酮G107—L2240+1.0—+7.0Wang等[37]植物提取物混合物Plantextractscompound香芹酚、肉桂醛、辣椒油樹脂G90—L28100—+13.4+10.4Matysiak等[38]植物提取物混合物Plantextractscompound檸檬酸、山梨酸、香芹酚、香草醛G108—L255001000+6.1-3.4-2.6+12.4-1.8+10.5Balasubramanian等[39]植物提取物混合物Plantextractscompound黃芩、金銀花G107—L285g/d10g/d0.0+11.5+8.6+2.0+1.5+9.2Liu等[40]植物提取物混合物Plantextractscompound穿心蓮、余甘子、姜黃、生姜、大蒜L1—L281000+7.0—+7.9Lipiński等[41]植物提取物混合物Plantextractscompound大豆異黃酮、黃芪多糖L1—L21100200300+7.0+10.3+2.3+14.1+19.4-2.1+11.1+16.0+1.0王志龍等[27]

        “G”表示妊娠,“L”表示泌乳,“E”表示發(fā)情,如“G85—L21”表示植物提取物添加時(shí)間由妊娠第85天到泌乳第21天。

        ‘G’, ‘L’ and ’E’ stand for gestation, lactation and estrus. For instance, plant extract was added from 85 day of gestation to 21 day of lactation, which is expressed as ‘G85—L21’.

        植物提取物添加量不同時(shí),在母豬生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用效果存在差異。Ariza-Nieto等[35]研究表明在母豬整個(gè)繁殖周期日糧中添加250 mg/kg的止痢草油,可顯著提高仔豬ADG和斷奶窩重。Tan等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)僅添加15 mg/kg止痢草油時(shí),在提高泌乳仔豬ADG和斷奶窩重方面有更顯著的效果。Balasubramanian等[39]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在500 mg/kg的添加量時(shí),有機(jī)酸和止痢草油混合物能顯著提高母豬泌乳期采食量,在1 000 mg/kg的添加量時(shí),母豬泌乳期采食量沒有顯著變化,但仔豬ADG和斷奶窩重顯著提高。Xi等[13]對比了不同添加量人參多糖對母豬性能、機(jī)體抗氧化能力和免疫功能的影響,結(jié)果表明,添加量為200 mg/kg時(shí),人參多糖可顯著提高仔豬的斷奶窩重,添加量為400 mg/kg時(shí),其對仔豬斷奶窩重沒有顯著影響,但能夠顯著降低母豬血清MDA含量,提高血清IL-6含量。王志龍等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在母豬飼糧中添加200 mg/kg的黃芪多糖和大豆異黃酮混合物時(shí),母豬泌乳期采食量及仔豬ADG和斷奶均重均有顯著提升,但添加量為100或300 mg/kg時(shí),對母豬采食量及泌乳性能均沒有改善。

        植物提取物的添加方式會顯著影響其作用效果。如研究較多的止痢草油,早期研究中,大多將止痢草莖、葉中冷壓提取的止痢草油直接作為飼料添加劑,在高達(dá)1 000 mg/kg添加量時(shí)才具有一定的作用效果[21-22,30]。Shoji等[42]研究表明,止痢草油的主要成分香芹酚溶解度較低,在體內(nèi)易被降解,生物利用度極低。近年來,止痢草油大多采用惰性載體包被的方式使用,以提高其作用效果,如Tan等[8]和Ariza-Nieto等[35]研究表明,使用惰性載體包被止痢草油,在15 mg/kg的添加量時(shí)已可顯著提高母豬泌乳期采食量及泌乳性能。最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),采用脂質(zhì)體或膠束的包被方式,可更顯著地提高香芹酚的生物利用度[43]。大茴香、生姜等植物提取物的作用機(jī)理研究較為淺顯,目前在畜牧生產(chǎn)中,仍采用粉碎后直接添加等較為簡易的添加方式,作用效果極不穩(wěn)定,使用技術(shù)亟需革新[31-33]。

        繁殖周期的各個(gè)階段,母豬機(jī)體的代謝水平及生理狀態(tài)都存在差異。大量的研究結(jié)果表明,植物提取物不同的添加量和添加方式往往表現(xiàn)出不同的作用效果。因此,在母豬生產(chǎn)中,只有加深對植物提取物作用機(jī)理的研究,選擇適宜的植物提取物添加階段和添加量,革新使用技術(shù),才能進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)植物提取物在母豬生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用。

        3 植物提取物影響母豬生產(chǎn)性能的機(jī)理

        植物提取物成分復(fù)雜,具有抗氧化、抗菌、改善動(dòng)物腸道健康及增強(qiáng)免疫力等多種生物學(xué)特性,多種生物學(xué)功能通過不同的作用途徑影響母豬性能,其主要可能作用機(jī)理如圖1所示。

        →:促進(jìn) promote;┤:抑制 inhibit;SUGD:泌尿生殖系統(tǒng)疾病 swine urogenital disease;MMA:乳腺炎-子宮炎-無乳癥 mastitis-metritis-agalactia。

        圖1植物提取物影響母豬生產(chǎn)性能的可能機(jī)理

        Fig.1 Potential mechanism of plant extracts for affecting performance of sows

        妊娠母體腸道菌群重塑是誘導(dǎo)妊娠代謝紊亂綜合征的重要角色[50],且妊娠過程中發(fā)生的氧化應(yīng)激會進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致母體腸道菌群紊亂[51]。腸道菌群不僅可通過其代謝產(chǎn)物短鏈脂肪酸(SCFA)調(diào)控機(jī)體代謝與免疫[52],還會影響機(jī)體的抗氧化系統(tǒng),如大腸桿菌等有害菌及其產(chǎn)物會作用于機(jī)體腸道上皮細(xì)胞膜表面的模式識別受體(FPR),致使更多的ROS產(chǎn)生,導(dǎo)致機(jī)體更易發(fā)生氧化應(yīng)激[53],乳酸桿菌則可通過鐵依賴性過氧化物酶抑制體內(nèi)的過氧化反應(yīng),減少過氧化氫(H2O2)等氧自由基的產(chǎn)生[54]。腸道蛋白菌門豐度身高或擬桿菌門豐度降低會刺激胃腸道炎癥反應(yīng),促進(jìn)炎癥因子的釋放,產(chǎn)生的炎癥因子如腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)會促進(jìn)氮氧化酶(NOX1)調(diào)節(jié)雙重氧化酶2(DUOX2)的表達(dá),進(jìn)而促進(jìn)上皮細(xì)胞ROS的產(chǎn)生,造成機(jī)體的氧化損傷[55]。最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腸道菌群還可介導(dǎo)機(jī)體氨基酸代謝相關(guān)通路,影響動(dòng)物乳液中乳蛋白的含量[56]。大量研究表明,黃芪多糖、止痢草油和皂苷等植物提取物具有促進(jìn)乳酸桿菌等有益菌生長,抑制大腸桿菌等有害菌繁殖,維持機(jī)體腸道微生物穩(wěn)態(tài)的作用[8,23,28,57]。香芹酚和百草香酚等不僅可調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體腸道菌群穩(wěn)態(tài)環(huán)境,還可加快動(dòng)物腸絨毛上皮細(xì)胞的更新速度,提高母豬泌乳期營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)吸收率,減少泌乳期體重?fù)p失,增強(qiáng)母豬泌乳力[36]。

        在分娩期,母豬免疫功能下降,產(chǎn)道易與外界病原微生物接觸,金黃色葡萄球菌、大腸桿菌等病原菌易誘發(fā)SUGD和MMA,導(dǎo)致母豬健康受損,泌乳力下降[58]。小茴香、香薄荷、止痢草和百里香精油等可顯著抑制大腸桿菌、金黃色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌等病原菌的生長,從而降低母體乳腺炎、子宮炎等疾病的患病率[20-21]。植物提取物成分復(fù)雜,其抑菌機(jī)制也較為多元。如止痢草油的主要成分香芹酚可干擾金黃色葡萄球菌和鼠傷寒沙門氏菌的細(xì)菌胞膜的形成,其疏水特性可作用于細(xì)胞的脂質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu),影響細(xì)胞膜的通透性,提高病原菌的抗生素敏感性[43]。絲狀溫度敏感蛋白(filamentous temperature-sensitive protein Z,FtsZ)是影響細(xì)菌分裂的關(guān)鍵蛋白,F(xiàn)tsZ蛋白在三磷酸鳥苷(GTP)酶的參與下在細(xì)胞中形成環(huán)狀骨架Z環(huán),與其他蛋白結(jié)合后引發(fā)細(xì)菌分裂。血根堿和黃連素可通過與FtsZ聚合,降低GTP酶活及阻礙Z形環(huán)的形成,抑制細(xì)菌分裂,繼而抑制母豬泌尿生殖系統(tǒng)及乳腺的病原微生物繁殖[59]。

        植物提取物不僅可抑制母豬泌尿繁殖系統(tǒng)病原微生物生長,還可通過調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體免疫炎癥反應(yīng),降低母豬SUGD及MMA患病率,提高母豬生產(chǎn)性能。如止痢草精油的主要成分香芹酚,可通過抑制細(xì)胞中絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)、核因子-κB(NF-κB)介導(dǎo)的信號通路,下調(diào)IL-6、TNF-α等促炎細(xì)胞因子mRNA的表達(dá),減弱機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng)[60]。止痢草油和生物堿還可加快母體分娩后子宮復(fù)舊,增強(qiáng)子宮抗感染能力[22,61]。馬齒莧屬植物中提取出的生物堿,可通過下調(diào)巨噬細(xì)胞中環(huán)氧合酶(COX)和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的基因表達(dá),抑制TNF-α、前列腺素E2[(PG)E2]等促炎因子的釋放[62]。旱金蓮的提取物芐芥子油苷,也可作用于COX信號通路,繼而抑制促炎因子的合成[63]。絲蘭、皂樹、葫蘆巴籽等植物提取物主要成分為皂苷,可顯著提高機(jī)體血清抗體水平,還可通過促進(jìn)機(jī)體T淋巴細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答,提高母豬免疫功能[23,36]。人參多糖可提高母豬非特異性免疫[13],多糖類物質(zhì)還具有減弱分娩后機(jī)體免疫應(yīng)答,增強(qiáng)白細(xì)胞活性的功能[43]。人參多糖和黃芪多糖也可通過調(diào)控機(jī)體炎性因子相關(guān)mRNA的表達(dá),進(jìn)而起到調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體免疫功能的效果[13,27,64]。人參多糖和止痢草油還可提高母豬乳液中免疫球蛋白含量,繼而提高仔豬免疫功能[13,35]。此外,有研究提示,植物提取物還可通過增加機(jī)體免疫器官的重量增強(qiáng)機(jī)體免疫功能[65-66]。

        綜上所述,植物提取物影響母豬繁殖性能的可能機(jī)理主要有以下幾點(diǎn):1)降低母豬氧化損傷,提高母豬胰島素敏感性,提高母豬食欲和泌乳力;2)維持腸道微生物穩(wěn)態(tài),調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體代謝,抗氧化能力及免疫功能;3)增強(qiáng)母豬抗菌抗炎能力,降低泌尿繁殖系統(tǒng)疾病患病率。植物提取物含有多種生物活性物質(zhì),具有抗氧化、抗菌,改善動(dòng)物腸道健康及增強(qiáng)免疫力等多種功能,其多種功能對母豬性能有不同的影響機(jī)制,這些機(jī)制相互聯(lián)系,相互作用,共同起到維持母豬機(jī)體生理功能穩(wěn)定,提高母豬繁殖性能的效果。

        4 小 結(jié)

        目前,國內(nèi)雖有學(xué)者陸續(xù)開展植物提取物在母豬生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用中的相關(guān)研究,但大多停留于初級階段。目前還存在眾多亟需解決的問題,第一,添加時(shí)間及添加量的選擇。母豬繁殖周期各個(gè)階段代謝水平和生理狀態(tài)不斷變化,各種植物提取物的作用機(jī)制也不盡相同,需對其添加量和添加時(shí)間進(jìn)行更深入的研究,制定適宜添加標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。第二,協(xié)同增效使用的相關(guān)研究。植物提取物的配伍使用時(shí)的協(xié)同增效作用不容置疑,但目前關(guān)于植物提取物協(xié)同使用所選植物種類,添加比例等研究十分匱乏,應(yīng)廣泛開展更多相關(guān)基礎(chǔ)研究,為其在養(yǎng)殖生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用提供參考。第三,作用機(jī)制需要進(jìn)一步明確。植物提取物成分復(fù)雜,活性物質(zhì)純化困難等因素,限制了對其作用機(jī)制的深入研究,要繼續(xù)使用分子營養(yǎng)的先進(jìn)技術(shù),對植物提取物影響母豬繁殖性能的作用機(jī)制進(jìn)行更深入地探討,為植物提取物在母豬生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用提供理論基礎(chǔ)??傊?,只有結(jié)合現(xiàn)代營養(yǎng)學(xué)的研究方法和先進(jìn)的現(xiàn)代生物學(xué)技術(shù),對植物提取物的應(yīng)用方法和作用機(jī)制開展更廣泛、更深入的研究,才能推動(dòng)植物提取物在畜牧生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用和發(fā)展。

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        *Corresponding authors: TAN Chengquan, lecturer, E-mail: tanchengquan@scau.edu.cn; DENG Jinping, professor, E-mail: 360437040@qq.com

        PlantExtracts:CharacteristicsandApplicationinSowProduction

        WANG Hao YIN Yulong DENG Baichuan DENG Jinping*TAN Chengquan*

        (CollegeofAnimalScience,SouthChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Guangzhou510642,China)

        The reproductive performance of sows is a primary factor that determines production level and profitability in swine enterprise, while the piglets number per sow per year in China still was lower than in USA and EU. Although the use of antibiotics improving the performance of sows, but the over-use of antibiotics in the diets has caused problems such as bacterial resistance and drug residue in pork product, which is harmful for health of human and the ecological environment. Plant extracts are phytogenic products consisting a variety of natural active components, which are produced by physical or chemical extraction of natural plants. In recent years, plant extracts, as the alternatives to antibiotics, have attracted increased attention from the sows industries. Referring to domestic and oversea research, this paper reviewed the characteristic of plant extracts and effects on performance of sows, as well as the actual application effects in practice so as to provide a reference for further study in the application of plant extracts in sows feeding.[ChineseJournalofAnimalNutrition,2017,29(11):3852-3862]

        plant extracts; characteristics; sows; application

        10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2017.11.003

        S816.7;S828

        A

        1006-267X(2017)11-3852-11

        2017-04-14

        王 浩(1994—),男,河南漯河人,碩士研究生,從事豬營養(yǎng)與飼料的研究。E-mail: haow94@163.com

        *通信作者:譚成全,講師,E-mail: tanchengquan@scau.edu.cn;鄧近平,研究員,博士生導(dǎo)師,E-mail: 360437040@qq.com

        (責(zé)任編輯 田艷明)

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