礦區(qū)修復與景觀再生

人類文明的發(fā)展離不開對煤炭、金屬與石材等礦產(chǎn)資源的開采，但也不可避免地對自然環(huán)境與社會生活造成各種干擾。中國是一個礦業(yè)大國，各類礦區(qū)及其廢棄地已構(gòu)成我國地表的常見組成要素，形成極其獨特的地貌景觀類型。

在人們的普遍印象中，礦區(qū)是一些破敗荒涼、混亂不堪并充滿危險的地方。然而當許多人親眼目睹了峭壁嶙峋的礦石深坑、連綿高聳的尾礦料堆以及滄桑虬勁的機械構(gòu)筑，內(nèi)心卻往往為之震撼——這些遭受破壞的土地形成了特殊的場地肌理，其顯現(xiàn)出來的巨大空間尺度與孤寂荒涼氣氛能夠給人以強烈深沉的特殊感受，并蘊含著工業(yè)廢墟、荒野自然甚至如畫風景一般的豐富美學特性。也正基于此，諸如羅伯特·史密森（Robert Smithson）、羅伯特·莫里斯（Robert Morris）和赫爾曼·普瑞戈恩（Herman Prigann）等大地藝術(shù)家賦予廢棄礦區(qū)以藝術(shù)內(nèi)涵，而以彼得·拉茨（Peter Latz）為代表的一批風景園林師更是開啟了新的后工業(yè)景觀設計語匯。20世紀八九十年代以來，德國在魯爾工業(yè)區(qū)和薩克森州褐煤礦區(qū)開展了大量工礦廢棄地修復再生實踐，并嘗試通過舉辦建筑展、花園展以及大型公園項目有效改善自然環(huán)境，促進經(jīng)濟復興與提升城市活力。諸如波鴻西園、蓋爾森基興市北星公園以及海爾布隆市磚瓦廠公園等經(jīng)典作品都極大程度地尊重了采礦工業(yè)遺跡，并充分利用人為擾動的復雜地形創(chuàng)造出兼顧公眾休閑、文化記憶與生態(tài)修復的后礦業(yè)景觀。

其中，生態(tài)修復無疑是礦區(qū)景觀重建最為重要的工作內(nèi)容。依靠大自然極強的自愈能力，許多廢棄礦區(qū)往往能逐漸恢復形成新的動植物群落系統(tǒng)，這在水熱條件較好的地區(qū)尤為顯著。例如將在廣西南寧舉辦的第12屆中國國際園林博覽會園博園有意保留了近10處機制碎石礦場，將其改造為礦坑花園。其中面積最大的一處40m深坑自去年夏季停采以來，水位已快速上漲至接近地表位置，而周圍幾個廢棄更久的采坑早已形成水草豐美、植被茂密的湖泊和灌草地。這些地處偏僻的宕口荒地長期無人問津，倒是成為野兔、蛙、蛇、蜥蜴與各類昆蟲活躍的場所！

當然，并非所有礦區(qū)都如此欣欣向榮，更多的采礦廢棄地依然面臨著嚴重的環(huán)境污染和生態(tài)破壞：被剝離了表土的礦坑土地異常貧瘠，廢石礦渣很容易形成水土流失，煤矸石山因酸性巖土條件寸草難生，冶煉剩余的尾礦更是對土壤水體造成各種重金屬污染……當這些破壞和污染超過了土地所能承受的抗干擾極限，自然便無法自我恢復，如果不加人為干預就會持續(xù)惡化下去。正因如此，國內(nèi)外的礦區(qū)修復實踐都十分注重應用人工修復手段。在綠色環(huán)保產(chǎn)業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展的今天，我國也已出現(xiàn)一大批生態(tài)修復企業(yè)。它們引進、研發(fā)并試驗推廣各種工程技術(shù)措施，涉及土壤改良、重金屬治理、邊坡復綠以及地災防治等多個領域。人工修復通過物理、化學和生物等不同途徑消除場地污染和重建生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，但同時也極大改變著礦區(qū)地貌景觀形態(tài)，從而對許多有著潛在利用價值的景觀資源和自然恢復的生境條件造成破壞。也因如此，目前過度人工干預的工程修復也受到生態(tài)學、遺產(chǎn)保護以及風景園林等專業(yè)的質(zhì)疑……

伴隨經(jīng)濟增速降低與城市化進程放緩，我國已出現(xiàn)越來越多的礦業(yè)廢棄地，而如何重建健康的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、拓展土地利用途徑以及促進經(jīng)濟持續(xù)發(fā)展是我國目前礦區(qū)修復與景觀再生面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)。對此，人們或許需要對礦區(qū)土地建立更加全面深入的景觀認知與價值判斷，挖掘其豐富的文化與生態(tài)內(nèi)涵；除了常規(guī)的建設開發(fā)與土地復墾之余，也要充分利用其獨特的工業(yè)遺跡、風景體驗以及棲息地條件創(chuàng)造出更大的綜合效益。而這需要合理高效地兼顧自然恢復和人工修復措施，更需要組織起土地資源管理、城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃、風景園林、建筑、藝術(shù)以及遺產(chǎn)保護等眾多專業(yè)人士群策群力！

近些年來，風景園林學科的研究和實踐領域不斷拓展——已經(jīng)從單純創(chuàng)造美學的第三自然走向保護、修復、轉(zhuǎn)變與整合更為廣泛的自然系統(tǒng)，而廢棄礦區(qū)作為典型的第四類自然便是這一拓展的重要組成。本期專題“礦區(qū)修復與景觀再生”希望能促進不同專業(yè)之間的溝通交流。不僅使我們學習更多的礦區(qū)修復理念與技術(shù)，從而與地質(zhì)工程、環(huán)境科學、水土保持與生態(tài)保護等專業(yè)開展更加深入的合作，而且希望促使我們能夠進一步思考風景園林學科的優(yōu)勢和劣勢，以及我們能夠為礦區(qū)修復與景觀再生貢獻怎樣的智慧和力量。

立足現(xiàn)實，心懷夢想——面對著城市內(nèi)外不斷增加的受損自然與礦業(yè)土地，我們還有許多路要走……

本期專題組稿人：崔慶偉

2017年8月17日

Remediation and Landscape Reclamation of Mining Areas

The development of human civilization is inseparable from the coal, metal, stone and other mineral resources, but also inevitably causes various interference on the natural environment and social life. China is a mining power, and all types of mining areas and waste lands have become a common component of China’s surface,forming a very unique landscape type.

In people’s general impression, the mining area is somewhat a dilapidated, chaotic and dangerous place. However, when many people witness the cliffs of rugged ore pits, the towering tailing piles and the vicissitudes of mechanical constructions, their hearts are often shocked—these damaged lands form a special site texture, and their great spatial scales and the lonely desolate atmosphere can give people a strong and deep special feeling, and contains abundant aesthetic features of industrial ruins, wilderness nature and picturesque landscape. It is also based on this that the earth artists such as Robert Smithson, Robert Morris and Herman Prigann gave abandoned mining areas with artistic connotation,and a group of landscape architects represented by Peter Latz opened the new post-industrial landscape design vocabulary. Since the 1980s and 1990s, Germany has carried out a large number of industrial and industrial wasteland restoration and rehabilitation practices in the Ruhr Industrial Zone and the Saxon Lignite Mine Area. It has attempted to improve the natural environment and promote economic revitalization by organizing construction exhibitions, garden exhibitions and large park projects, to enhance the vitality of city. The classic works including the Customs Union, Bochum West Park, North Star Park in Gelsenkirchen City, and the Brick Factory Park in Haier Blooming City at a great degree respected the mining industry remains, made full use of the artificial disturbed complex terrain to create the post-mining landscape which took into account public leisure, cultural memory and ecological restoration.

Among them, the ecological restoration is undoubtedly the most important work in the mining area landscape reconstruction.Relying on the strong self-healing ability of the nature, many abandoned mining areas are often able to gradually restore into the new animal and plant community system. It is particularly good in areas where hydrothermal conditions are better. For example, the 12th China International Garden Expo Garden Park (to be held in Nanning, Guangxi), intends to retain nearly 10 mechanisms of gravel mine and transform it into a pit garden. In the 40m deep pit with the largest area, the water level has risen rapidly close to the surface position since the mining was stopped from last summer,while several nearby mining pits abandoned longer ago has long formed lakes and shrubs with lush vegetation. These remoted pits and caves are long abandoned, and have become active places for hares, frogs, snakes, lizards and various insects.

Of course, not all mining areas are so thriving, and many mining waste lands are still facing with serious environmental pollution and ecological damage: the pit land with the topsoil stripped is extremely poor, waste rock slag is easy to cause soil erosion,no grass can grow on coal gangue due to the acid geotechnical conditions, and the remaining tailings after melting cause a variety of heavy metal pollution to the soil and water… When these damage and pollution go beyond the anti-interference limit that the land can withstand, the nature cannot carry out self-recovery,and it will deteriorate without human intervention. Because of this,domestic and foreign mining area restoration practices are very focused on the application of arti fi cial repair means. In the present days with the vigorous development of the green industry, a large number of ecological restoration enterprises have also emerged in China. They introduce, develop, test and promote various engineering and technical measures, involving soil improvement,heavy metal control, slope greening, disaster prevention and control and other fields. The artificial restoration eliminates site pollution and reconstructs ecosystems through physical, chemical and biological pathways, but also greatly changes the landscape pattern of the mining area, resulting in damage to many habitat resources with potential use values and natural restoration. Because of this, the current status of excessively high arti fi cial intervention restoration project is also questioned by ecology, heritage protection, landscape architecture and other disciplines…

With the slowdown in economic growth and urbanization process, China has more and more mining waste lands. How to rebuild healthy ecosystems, expand land use, and promote sustainable economic development has became the current biggest problem for mining area restoration and landscape regeneration.In this regard, people may need to establish a more comprehensive landscape awareness and value judgment on the mining land, and tap its rich cultural and ecological connotation. In addition to the conventional construction and land reclamation, we should also make full use of the unique industrial heritage, scenic experience and habitat conditions, to create greater comprehensive benefits.And this requires a reasonable and efficient balance between natural recovery and arti fi cial restoration measures, and also need to organize land resources management, urban and rural planning,landscape architecture, architecture, art, heritage protection and many other professionals work together!

In recent years, the study and practice fields of landscape architecture research continue to expand—from the simple creation of the aesthetic third nature to the protection, repair,change and integration of the more extensive natural system, and the waste mining area as a typical fourth nature is an important component of this expansion. The theme topic of the current issue “Remediation and Landscape Reclamation of Mining Areas”is to promote the communication and exchange between different professions. It will not only help landscape architects to learn more ecological restoration ideas and technology, help them to carry out more in-depth cooperation with geological engineering,environmental science, soil and water conservation and ecological protection and other professions, but also hope that we can have indepth thinking of the disciplines’ own strengths and disadvantages,as well as what kind of wisdom and strength we can contribute to mining area restoration and landscape regeneration.

With our feet on the reality and dream in mind, in the face of the increasing damaged nature and mining land in and out of city,we still have a long way to go…

Translator: WANG Hui Proofreader: WANG Xi-yue

Acquiring editor of the current issue: CUI Qing-wei August 17th, 2017