吳永恒++++++張孜君++++++黃巖++++++趙文
[摘要] 目的 以聚乳酸-聚乙醇酸(PLGA)制備新型緩釋載藥微球,攜載骨生長(zhǎng)因子2(BMP-2),研究其物理學(xué)特性以及在體內(nèi)、體外對(duì)成骨的影響。 方法 采用復(fù)合復(fù)乳法制備載有BMP-2的PLGA緩釋微球,檢測(cè)形態(tài)、粒徑、載藥率、包封率、釋藥規(guī)律。觀察其在體外環(huán)境下對(duì)骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(BMSCs)增殖分化的影響,觀察其在小鼠股部肌肉內(nèi)異位成骨的情況。 結(jié)果 緩釋微球的表面光滑,平均粒徑為(242.2±31.3)μm,正態(tài)分布,微球的體外釋藥規(guī)律符合雙相動(dòng)力學(xué)釋藥規(guī)律。隨著微球緩釋量的增加,攜載BMP-2的微球組細(xì)胞增殖明顯加快(P < 0.05),BMP-2介導(dǎo)的BMSCs增殖呈濃度依賴性升高(P < 0.05)。微球體內(nèi)成骨效果明顯,4周后可見(jiàn)大量的骨小梁,并有骨髓腔形成。 結(jié)論 攜載BMP-2的PLGA緩釋微球具有良好的載藥特性,可明顯促進(jìn)BMSCs增殖、分化、提高成骨活性。在骨組織工程研究中具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 聚乳酸-聚乙醇酸;人骨形成蛋白;微球載體;成骨活性;骨組織工程
[中圖分類號(hào)] R687.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2017)08(b)-0025-04
[Abstract] Objective To research the physical characteristics of novel bone morphogenetic factor-2 (BMP-2)-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres with a sustained control release of BMP-2 for bone induction and the influence ossification in vitro and in vivo. Methods The BMP-2-loaded PLGA microspheres through double emulsion method was prepared, and the physiological properties of microspheres was investigated, including particle size and loading and encapsulation rates of BMP-2, and the release profile of BMP-2. The effects of BMP-2-loaded microspheres on the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in vitro and the ectopic bone formation inside the mouse thigh muscle were studied. Results The average size of PLGA particles loaded with BMP-2 was (242.2±31.3) μm with smooth surface. BMP-2 released from microspheres displayed a biphasic release profile. BMSCs cultured with BMP-2-loaded microspheres showed the fastest proliferation rate among all groups (P < 0.05). The proliferation rate of BMSCs was dose-dependent on BMP-2 (P < 0.05). Ectopic bone formation in the mouse thigh muscle was observed after injection of BMP-2-loaded-microspheres. A large number of trabecular bone appeared with emerging bone marrow cavity 4 weeks after the injection. Conclusion The new method to prepare PLGA microspheres loaded with BMP-2 has a sustained control release rate, which can promote the proliferation and differentiation of BMSCs in vitro and ectopic bone formation in vivo. BMP-2-loaded PLGA microsphere holds high potential for wide application in bone tissue regeneration.
[Key words] PLGA; BMP-2; Microspheres; Osteogenetic activity; Bone tissue
當(dāng)前治療骨折愈合不良或骨折不愈合主要是采用自體骨、同種異體骨移植。但異體骨移植常存在免疫排斥反應(yīng)、原材料匱乏以及傳播疾病等問(wèn)題,而自體骨移植會(huì)給患者帶來(lái)額外的傷害,并且供體有限。聚乳酸-聚乙醇酸共聚物(PLGA)是一種可降解的功能高分子有機(jī)化合物,具有良好的生物相容性、無(wú)毒、良好的成囊和成膜的性能,近年來(lái)被廣泛用于構(gòu)建成骨支架[1-2]。骨形態(tài)發(fā)生蛋白2(BMP-2)是骨修復(fù)中至關(guān)重要的生長(zhǎng)因子[3-4],但因其在體內(nèi)的半衰期較短,不能持續(xù)維持局部有效濃度,故在臨床應(yīng)用中受到局限。本研究希望利用PLGA合成能夠在治療部位持續(xù)釋放BMP-2的載藥微球,并在治療部位能夠維持足夠的濃度,調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞附著、遷移、增殖和分化,且具有良好的機(jī)械性能和無(wú)毒性[5-6]。endprint
1 材料與方法
1.1 制備BMP-2/PLGA載藥微球
將濃度為10 mg/mL,含100 mg BMP-2溶液與含500 mg的1.25 mL PLGA二氯甲烷溶液中進(jìn)行超聲乳化。然后加入1%聚乙烯醇(PVA)2 mL,形成混合溶液,再乳化30 s,形成雙乳液。再將此雙乳液加入到濃度為0.3% PVA,100 mL水溶液和2%異丙醇100 mL水溶液中,攪拌混勻1 h[7-8]。離心后收集合成的微球,去離子水洗滌兩次,真空干燥,儲(chǔ)存于-80°C低溫冰箱。
1.2 檢測(cè)BMP-2/PLGA載藥微球的物理學(xué)性質(zhì)
將少量微球均勻的分散在玻片上,保證顯微鏡下每視野微球計(jì)數(shù)不少于200個(gè),測(cè)定每個(gè)微球的大小,并畫(huà)出微球的粒徑分布圖。掃描電子顯微鏡觀察微球形態(tài)。在37℃條件下將10 mg的微球置于pH 7.4的磷酸鹽緩沖溶液5 mL中,分別在開(kāi)始溫育后的2 h、8 h、24 h、2 d、4 d、7 d、14 d、21 d和28 d,取樣1 mL,與同等體積的緩沖液充分混勻,用ELISA法測(cè)定不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)的BMP-2的釋放量。
1.3 觀察BMP-2/PLGA載藥微球?qū)w外培養(yǎng)BMSCs的作用
分離中華田園犬BMSCs。分為三組,分別加入的BMP-2蛋白(A組)、BMP-2/PLGA載藥微球(B組)、無(wú)干預(yù)組(C組)。A組根據(jù)加入蛋白濃度不同,分為三個(gè)亞組:100、200、400 μg/mL分別對(duì)應(yīng)A1組、A2組、A3組。B組根據(jù)加入載藥微球濃度不同,分為三個(gè)亞組:100、200、400 μg/mL分別對(duì)應(yīng)B1組、B2組、B3組。第1、3、5天采用MTT比色法測(cè)定BMSCs增殖情況。采用堿性磷酸酶(ALP)染色及定量檢測(cè)法測(cè)定骨形成活性。
1.4 觀察BMP-2/PLGA載藥微球在體內(nèi)的成骨作用
于24只雄性昆明小鼠[SPF級(jí),普通飼養(yǎng),北京維通利華實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物技術(shù)有限公司,合格證號(hào):SCXK(京)2014-0013],其中12只股部肌肉內(nèi)注射BMP-2蛋白,另外12只股部肌肉內(nèi)植入BMP-2/PLGA載藥微球50 mg,所有小鼠對(duì)側(cè)植入不含BMP-2的PLGA微球50 mg作為對(duì)照。植入后2周,4周取股部肌肉,HE染色觀察成骨情況。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件SPSS 19.0對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用方差分析,兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料以率表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 BMP-2/PLGA載藥微球物理學(xué)性質(zhì)
干燥狀態(tài)下載藥微球粒徑呈正態(tài)分布,粒徑主要集中在110~340 μm,平均粒徑為(242.2±31.3)μm(圖1)。掃描電鏡觀察微球表面形態(tài)可見(jiàn)形態(tài)規(guī)整均勻,近似圓形(圖2)。BMP-2的釋放量見(jiàn)圖3,第1天釋放量為(14.2±0.71)%,表現(xiàn)為爆發(fā)性釋放。隨后表現(xiàn)為持續(xù)緩慢釋放,28 d后可達(dá)(44.6±3.5)%。
2.2 BMP-2/PLGA載藥微球?qū)w外培養(yǎng)BMSCs的作用
BMSCs細(xì)胞增殖詳見(jiàn)表1。在所有時(shí)間點(diǎn),A、B組BMSCs增殖顯著高于C組(P < 0.05),細(xì)胞增殖顯示出劑量依賴性升高(P < 0.05)。在第1天,A1組細(xì)胞的增殖高于B1組(P < 0.05)。第3天A1與B1組,A2與B2組細(xì)胞增殖幾乎相等。第5天同等濃度條件下B組細(xì)胞增殖顯著高于A(P < 0.05)。ALP染色顯示A組、B組BMSCs細(xì)胞表現(xiàn)出ALP陽(yáng)染顆粒增多(圖4)。
2.3 BMP-2/PLGA載藥微球在體內(nèi)的成骨作用
肌內(nèi)植入物的組織學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)切片HE染色示:在2周見(jiàn)對(duì)照組中BMP-2周圍少許軟骨形成。實(shí)驗(yàn)組中可見(jiàn)周邊彌漫性分布的鈣化軟骨形成;4周后可見(jiàn)對(duì)照組的BMP-2周圍的軟骨形成板層狀骨和骨髓,而實(shí)驗(yàn)組中可見(jiàn)骨髓腔形成,并出現(xiàn)大量的骨小梁 (圖5)。
3 討論
相關(guān)研究表明,骨生長(zhǎng)因子促進(jìn)骨形成的前提是與適宜的載體緩釋系統(tǒng)有效結(jié)合[2]。對(duì)于骨生長(zhǎng)因子結(jié)合的載體緩釋系統(tǒng)的探索大部分集中在固體(支架性)載體材料的研究方面[8-9]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)利用近年來(lái)廣受關(guān)注PLGA作為載體材料來(lái)制備蛋白質(zhì)和肽類微球的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)。通過(guò)復(fù)乳溶劑蒸發(fā)法制備W/O/W型PLGA微球,能較好的滿足骨生長(zhǎng)因子分散載體系統(tǒng)的要求,且利用白蛋白作為穩(wěn)定劑可有效減少微球制備過(guò)程中的有機(jī)溶劑對(duì)BMP活性的影響[10-13]。根據(jù)相關(guān)研究表明,穩(wěn)定劑可以作為飽和水相與有機(jī)相的界面的介質(zhì)從而防止BMP與有機(jī)溶劑等不利因素的直接接觸[14-15]。在體外試驗(yàn)方面,使用PBS體外模擬藥物釋放動(dòng)力學(xué)結(jié)果表明微球在體外釋藥方面能夠滿足雙相藥物釋放動(dòng)力學(xué)的規(guī)律,且初相與位于微球表面BMP-2的解吸有關(guān),而后相與由微球緩慢降解有關(guān)[16]。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)將 BMP-2加載到PLGA微球上,平均粒徑為(242.2±31.3)μm,此種孔隙對(duì)骨形成來(lái)說(shuō)是最佳的[17-18]。在骨缺損的治療中,相比短效的BMP-2的植入物,長(zhǎng)效緩釋BMP-2的PLGA微球系統(tǒng)能夠更明顯有效的增強(qiáng)骨骼生長(zhǎng);含有相同劑量BMP-2的長(zhǎng)效和短效BMP-2載體在體內(nèi)表現(xiàn)為:長(zhǎng)時(shí)間釋放BMP-2的載體更能促進(jìn)BMP-2的成骨效果[9]。有效的載體可以在應(yīng)用部位持續(xù)釋放BMP-2,在體內(nèi)具有生物活性的BMP-2持續(xù)釋放的時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),骨修復(fù)就會(huì)表現(xiàn)的更快和更完整[10-11];另外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),具有生物活性的BMP-2可以從長(zhǎng)效載體中持續(xù)且長(zhǎng)期釋放。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,具有生物活性的BMP-2體外釋放持續(xù)至少42~84 d,BMP-2釋放呈現(xiàn)為雙相動(dòng)力學(xué)藥物釋放的規(guī)律,BMP-2的釋放不僅可被控制而且其活性不受影響。雖然BMP-2可以強(qiáng)烈誘導(dǎo)骨生長(zhǎng)并且能促進(jìn)在皮下、肌肉、體內(nèi)脂肪處出現(xiàn)異位骨形成,但是,當(dāng)BMP-2的載體作為骨修復(fù)材料出現(xiàn)時(shí)目前仍沒(méi)有明確它的合適劑量[12]。相關(guān)研究結(jié)果顯示劑量為50 mg的BMP-2能夠誘導(dǎo)大鼠肌肉注射部位的異位骨形成[19-20],且在急性創(chuàng)傷中給予外源性BMP后,BMP很快被代謝掉,因此有必要提供高劑量的BMP。然而尚有以下幾點(diǎn)尚需進(jìn)一步研究:①目前由于對(duì)BMP-2的特異性定量較為困難,不能了解微球在體內(nèi)的釋藥特性,僅在細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)中得到的數(shù)據(jù)只能作為一種參考。②本實(shí)驗(yàn)未進(jìn)一步行動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn),下一步應(yīng)將BMP-2/PLGA微球應(yīng)用于動(dòng)物骨折模型進(jìn)行研究,并著重解決液態(tài)制劑注射到骨折局部后防止流溢問(wèn)題,可以嘗試使用具凝固能力的液體(如纖維蛋白膠)作為BMP-2/PLGA微球的分散劑達(dá)到目的。endprint
本研究探索出攜載BMP-2-PLGA微球的最佳制備方法,其體外藥物釋放實(shí)驗(yàn)表明PLGA微球具有良好的緩釋效果,對(duì)骨髓基質(zhì)細(xì)胞增殖和ALP活性的作用效果優(yōu)于單獨(dú)應(yīng)用BMP-2,適合于有效骨的形成,成為骨再生的一種有效治療方式。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Yu NY,Schindeler A,Little DG,et al. Biodegradable poly(alpha-hydroxy acid) polymer scaffolds for bone tissue engineering [J]. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater,2010, 93(1):285-295.
[2] Saito N,Murakami N,Takahashi J,et al. Synthetic biodegradable polymers as drug delivery systems for bone morphogenetic proteins [J]. Adv Drug Deliv Rev,2005,57(7):1037-1048.
[3] Ji Y,Xu GP,Zhang ZP,et al. BMP-2/PLGA delayed-release microspheres composite graft,selection of bone particulate diameters,and prevention of aseptic inflammation for bone tissue engineering [J]. Ann Biomed Eng,2010,38(3):632-639.
[4] Minier K,Toure A,F(xiàn)usellier M,et al. BMP-2 delivered from a self-crosslinkable CaP/hydrogel construct promotes bone regeneration in a critical-size segmental defect model of non-union in dogs [J]. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol,2014,27(6):411-421.
[5] Kempen DH,Lu L,Heijink A, et al. Effect of local sequential VEGF and BMP-2 delivery on ectopic and orthotopic bone regeneration [J]. Biomaterials,2009,30(14):2816-2825.
[6] Lee SC,Shea M,Battle MA, et al. Healing of large segmental defects in rat femurs is aided by RhBMP-2 in PLGA matrix [J]. J Biomed Mater Res,1994,28(10):1149-1156.
[7] Holland TA,Tabata Y,Mikos AG. In vitro release of transforming growth factor-beta 1 from gelatin microparticles encapsulated in biodegradable,injectable oligo[poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate] hydrogels [J]. J Control Release,2003,91(3):299-313.
[8] Holland TA,Tessmar JK,Tabata Y,et al. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 release from oligo[poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate] hydrogels in conditions that model the cartilage wound healing environment [J]. J Control Release,2004, 94(1):101-114.
[9] Mundargi RC,Babu VR,Rangaswamy V,et al. Nano/micro technologies for delivering macromolecular therapeutics using poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) and its derivatives [J]. J Control Release,2008,125(3):193-209.
[10] Lee JH,Baek HR,Lee KM,et al. Effects of ovariectomy and corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis on the osteoinductivity of rhBMP-2 in a segmental long-bone defect model [J]. Tissue Eng Part A,2015,21(15-16):2262-2271.
[11] Yasko AW,Lane JM,F(xiàn)ellinger EJ,et al. The healing of segmental bone defects,induced by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-2). A radiographic,histological,and biomechanical study in rats [J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am,1992,74(5):659-670.endprint
[12] Jeon O,Song SJ,Yang HS ,et al. Long-term delivery enhances in vivo osteogenic efficacy of bone morphogenetic protein-2 compared to short-term delivery [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2008,369(2):774-780.
[13] Higuchi T,Kinoshita A,Takahashi K,et al. Bone regeneration by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in rat mandibular defects. An experimental model of defect filling [J]. J Periodontol,1999,70(9):1026-1031.
[14] Peng KT,Hsieh MY,Lin CT,et al. Treatment of critically sized femoral defects with recombinant BMP-2 delivered by a modified mPEG-PLGA biodegradable thermosensitive hydrogel [J]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord,2016,17:286.
[15] Holland TA,Tabata Y,Mikos AG. Dual growth factor delivery from degradable oligo[poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate] hydrogel scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering [J]. J Control Release,2005,101(1-3):111-125.
[16] Zhang HX,Zhang XP,Xiao GY ,et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of calcium phosphate composite scaffolds containing BMP-VEGF loaded PLGA microspheres for the treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head [J]. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl,2016 ,60:298-307.
[17] Luca L,Rougemont AL,Walpoth BH,et al. The effects of carrier nature and pH on rhBMP-2-induced ectopic bone formation [J]. J Control Release,2010,147(1):38-44.
[18] Maiti SK,Ninu AR,Sangeetha P,et al.Mesenchymal stem cells-seeded bio-ceramic construct for bone regeneration in large critical-size bone defect in rabbit [J]. J Stem Cells Regen Med,2016,12(2):87-99.
[19] Inoda H,Yamamoto G,Hattori T. Histological investigation of osteoinductive properties of rh-BMP2 in a rat calvarial bone defect model [J]. J Craniomaxillofac Surg,2004,32(6):365-369.
[20] Inoda H,Yamamoto G,Hattori T. rh-BMP2-induced ectopic bone for grafting critical size defects:a preliminary histological evaluation in rat calvariae [J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2007,36(1):39-44.endprint