張磊 楊進(jìn)寶 孫慶賀 劉躍武 陳革 陳曙光 劉子文 李小毅
·臨床研究與應(yīng)用·
cN0甲狀腺微小乳頭狀癌多個淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的危險因素分析
張磊①楊進(jìn)寶②孫慶賀③劉躍武①陳革①陳曙光①劉子文①李小毅①
目的:術(shù)后病理證實的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移在臨床淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移陰性(clinical lymph node negative,cN0)的甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)中并不罕見,本研究旨在探討臨床淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移陰性的甲狀腺微小乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroidmicrocarcino?ma,PTMC)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的危險因素,特別是多個淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(>5枚)的危險因素。方法:回顧性分析中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院2013年11月至2014年10月行手術(shù)的cN0 PTMC患者1 268例,其中男性270例,女性998例。分析患者的臨床病理學(xué)特征,通過單因素、多因素分析尋找淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移及多個轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險因素。結(jié)果:1 268例患者中共出現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移416例(32.8%),多個淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移43例(3.4%),淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的危險因素的單因素分析中,男性(42.22%vs.30.26%,P<0.01)、年齡<40歲(<40歲為48.39%,40~59歲為27.62%,年齡≥60歲為22.45%,P<0.03)、多發(fā)病灶(41.00%vs.29.03%,P<0.01)、無慢性淋巴細(xì)胞性甲狀腺炎(36.44%vs.20.62%,P<0.01)、腫瘤直徑>0.5 cm(35.77%vs.23.05%,P<0.01)者淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移比例顯著增加。多因素分析中,男性(OR=1.516,P<0.001)、多發(fā)病灶(OR=1.743,P<0.001)、腫瘤直徑>0.5 cm(OR=1.788,P<0.001)是淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的獨立危險因素;而年齡較大患者(40~59歲OR=0.388;60歲及以上OR=0.301,P<0.001)、慢性淋巴細(xì)胞性甲狀腺炎(OR=0.472,P<0.001)是出現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的保護(hù)性因素。在多個淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移危險因素的多因素分析中,男性(OR=2.383,P=0.002)是多個淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的獨立危險因素;而年齡≥40歲則是保護(hù)性因素(OR=0.270,P<0.001)。結(jié)論:cN0 PTMC淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移并不少見,但是多個淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移少見,男性、年齡<40歲的患者淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、多個轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險明顯增加。
甲狀腺微小乳頭狀癌 cN0 多個淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移 危險因素
甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)是甲狀腺最常見的實體腫瘤,約占所有甲狀腺惡性腫瘤的90%[1]。近年來,其發(fā)病率快速增長,在韓國甚至成為最常見的惡性腫瘤[2]。在所有PTC中,直徑<1 cm的甲狀腺微小乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid microcarcinoma,PTMC)的增加最為明顯,約占新發(fā)PTC的一半。這部分患者總體預(yù)后良好,其長期生存率可達(dá)99%以上[3-5]。
盡管PTMC的生存預(yù)后較好,但是部分患者在長期生存中依然面臨復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險。有文獻(xiàn)報道,出現(xiàn)少量淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的情況下,患者出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)的比例約為5%,而在出現(xiàn)多個淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移時,其復(fù)發(fā)的比例約為20%[6]。因此,2015年美國甲狀腺協(xié)會(American Thyroid Association,ATA)更新了復(fù)發(fā)危險分層,把出現(xiàn)多個淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(>5枚轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié))作為復(fù)發(fā)的中危因素[7]。
手術(shù)后病理發(fā)現(xiàn)PTMC中,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移并不罕見,其轉(zhuǎn)移比例最高可達(dá)約40%[8]。但術(shù)前超聲預(yù)測對于頸部中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的敏感性并不理想[9],因此有大量臨床淋巴結(jié)陰性(clinical lymph node nega?tive,cN0)的患者可能存在淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移[10-11]。而對于這一部分患者,是否行預(yù)防性淋巴結(jié)清掃一直存在爭議。不主張預(yù)防性清掃的觀點認(rèn)為,預(yù)防性淋巴結(jié)清掃不能改善預(yù)后,同時增加并發(fā)癥[6];主張預(yù)防性清掃的觀點則認(rèn)為,預(yù)防性清掃可能改善局部復(fù)發(fā),評估復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險[12-15]。因此,在cN0 PTMC患者中篩選淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的高風(fēng)險者、特別是可能有潛在多個淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移患者,給予合理的治療,對于降低復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險具有重要的臨床價值。
既往有關(guān)cN0 PTMC研究中主要關(guān)注淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險因素,缺乏對多個轉(zhuǎn)移比例及風(fēng)險因素的研究。本研究的主要目的是通過對cN0 PTMC患者臨床病理資料進(jìn)行分析,評估cN0患者出現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險因素、并進(jìn)一步篩選多個淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險因素。
本研究回顧性分析2013年11月至2014年10月中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院行手術(shù)的cN0的初治PTMC患者1 268例,其中男性270例,女性998例。本研究通過超聲檢查來判斷頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況,若無以下征象則判定為cN0:頸部淋巴結(jié)橫/長徑>0.5 cm,皮髓質(zhì)分界不清或髓質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)消失,與原發(fā)灶相似的砂礫樣鈣化或囊性變,皮質(zhì)內(nèi)高回聲團(tuán)塊,皮質(zhì)周圍血流豐富或有不規(guī)則血流[16]。
入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1)初治且術(shù)后病理證實PTMC患者;2)符合cN0診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);3)手術(shù)切除范圍至少包含患側(cè)腺體及患側(cè)中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1)前證實為cN1的患者;2)非初治患者;3)未行中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃;4)術(shù)后病理非PTC患者。
中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃范圍參照2009年ATA中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)定義范圍[17]。淋巴結(jié)多個轉(zhuǎn)移定義為淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)量>5枚。觀察的臨床病理資料包括:性別、年齡(A組<40歲,B組40~59歲,C組60歲及以上)[8,18]、甲狀腺癌家族史、慢甲炎、多發(fā)病灶、包膜侵犯、腫瘤大小。對于多發(fā)癌灶,取最大腫物直徑作為該患者的腫瘤大小進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析。
采用SPSS 22.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析。影響淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移及多個轉(zhuǎn)移的潛在危險因素的單因素分析應(yīng)用χ2檢驗及Fisher精確概率法檢驗。應(yīng)用Logistic回歸模型進(jìn)行多因素分析。以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
1 268例PTMC患者中,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率為32.8%(416/1 268),多個淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率為3.4%(43/1 268)。淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的危險因素的單因素分析中,男性的轉(zhuǎn)移比例顯著高于女性(42.2%vs.30.3%,P<0.05),合并慢甲炎的患者出現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的比例更低(20.6%vs.36.4%,P<0.05),多發(fā)病灶的患者淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移比例更高(41.0%vs.29.0%,P<0.05),直徑>0.5 cm的患者出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移比例更高(35.8%vs.23.1%,P<0.05),年輕的患者較年長患者出現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的比例更高(A組48.4%,B組27.6%,C組22.5%,P<0.05,表1)。多因素分析顯示,男性(OR=1.52,P<0.05)、多發(fā)病灶(OR=1.743,P<0.05)、直徑>0.5 cm(OR=1.79,P<0.05)是出現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的獨立危險因素,慢甲炎(OR=0.47,P<0.05),年齡較大的患者(B組OR=0.39,P<0.05;C組OR=0.30,P<0.05)是淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的保護(hù)性因素(表2)。
多個淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的危險因素的單因素分析中,男性的轉(zhuǎn)移比例顯著高于女性(6.30%vs.2.61%,P<0.05),直徑>0.5 cm患者出現(xiàn)多個轉(zhuǎn)移比例更高(4.01%vs.1.36%,P<0.05),年輕患者出現(xiàn)多個轉(zhuǎn)移的比例更高(A組7.62%,B組2.05%,C組0,P<0.05),見表1。多因素分析中,男性是出現(xiàn)多個淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的獨立危險因素(OR=2.383,P<0.05),相比較年輕患者,年齡較大患者出現(xiàn)多個淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險更低(B組OR=0.27,P<0.05),見表3。
表1 cN0 PTMC患者淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、多個轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險因素的單因素分析Table 1 Univariate analysisof risk factors for LNM and high-volume LNM in cN0 PTMCpatients
表2 cN0 PTMC患者淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險因素的多因素分析Table 2 Multivariate analysis of risk factors for LNM in cN0 PTMC patients
表3 cN0 PTMC患者多個淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險因素的多因素分析Table 3 Multivariate analysis of risk factors for high-volume LNM in cN0PTMCpatients
頸部超聲及CT目前被廣泛應(yīng)用于頸部轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的篩查[19-20]。由于超聲具有操作簡便,速度快的特點,且對于淋巴結(jié)微結(jié)構(gòu)識別優(yōu)于CT,因此被推薦作為術(shù)前診斷的主要手段。由于頸部解剖學(xué)特點,超聲對于中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的診斷的準(zhǔn)確性并不理想[9,21-22],因此在cN0患者中,仍然會有大量患者術(shù)后證實存在淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。在本研究中,cN0 PTMC患者的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率為32.8%。既往的研究表明男性、腫瘤大小以及年齡等是PTMC出現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的獨立危險因素[23],本研究再次證實了相似的結(jié)果:年齡<40歲、男性、多發(fā)病灶、腫瘤直徑>0.5 cm患者的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率分別為48.39%、42.22%、41.0%、35.77%,均是cN0 PTMC淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的獨立危險因素。因此,對于cN0 PTMC中接近1/3的患者出現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的情況,尤其對于有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移高風(fēng)險因素的患者,常規(guī)采取預(yù)防性中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃是有合理性的,一些指南也推薦常規(guī)的預(yù)防性清掃[24-25],其中部分患者可能因此改變疾病分期、治療決策[26]。
但是,另一方面需要仔細(xì)探討cN0中僅有少量、較小的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(也因此無法被術(shù)前超聲發(fā)現(xiàn)的病變)的臨床價值及其對預(yù)后(無論是生存預(yù)后、還是復(fù)發(fā)預(yù)后)的影響。研究已顯示PTMC的整體預(yù)后良好,長期生存可達(dá)99%以上,局部或區(qū)域復(fù)發(fā)率為2%~6%,遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率僅為1%~2%[3-5];少量的頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移并不增加患者的復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險以及長期預(yù)后,因此淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移尤其是少量轉(zhuǎn)移對PTMC患者的預(yù)后影響可能有限[27]。事實上,多項尸檢研究發(fā)現(xiàn),隱匿存在于甲狀腺中的乳頭狀癌的比例為1%~35.6%(總體為11.5%),而且這一人群中的10%有隱匿的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移病灶[14]。由此可見,在“正常人群中”可以有PTC及其轉(zhuǎn)移病灶存在,有可能不對正常人產(chǎn)生“威脅”。在一項針對1 235例cN0低危PTMC患者的非首選手術(shù)治療的臨床觀察中,5年、10年新發(fā)臨床證實淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率為1.7%和3.8%[18],與本研究中的多個轉(zhuǎn)移率(3.4%)近似。因此,在臨床中重點關(guān)注、診治這些多個淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的患者具有積極的臨床意義。有研究表明多個轉(zhuǎn)移患者復(fù)發(fā)較少量轉(zhuǎn)移者顯著增加,2015年更新的ATA指南也明確將出現(xiàn)多個淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移作為復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險分層中的重要危險因素[6]。
本研究證實,男性cN0 PTMC患者出現(xiàn)多個淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的獨立危險因素(OR=2.383,P<0.05),相較年輕患者,年齡較大患者出現(xiàn)多個淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險更低(40~59歲,OR=0.27,P<0.05);其對應(yīng)的多個轉(zhuǎn)移率分別為:男性為6.3%,年齡<40歲為7.62%,40~59歲為2.05%,60歲及以上為0。這與本研究前期的結(jié)論類似[8],尤其值得注意的是在年齡這一危險因素中,將其分為3組更能區(qū)分出不同風(fēng)險的患者,年齡<40歲患者,因為有更長的預(yù)期壽命、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險較大,應(yīng)該給予更積極的治療。
綜上所述,cN0 PTMC患者中仍有很大比例存在淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,盡管部分研究指出預(yù)防性清掃可能帶來相應(yīng)的并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險[6,28],但對于有經(jīng)驗的臨床醫(yī)生,預(yù)防性淋巴結(jié)清掃并不增加并發(fā)癥率,同時有可能減少局部復(fù)發(fā)及二次手術(shù)[29-32];尤其對于男性、年輕患者,其淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、多個轉(zhuǎn)移的比例明顯增加、風(fēng)險顯著增高,對這部分患者,更應(yīng)考慮給予積極的預(yù)防性淋巴結(jié)清掃,以減少復(fù)發(fā)以及再次手術(shù)帶來的風(fēng)險。
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(2017-03-29收稿)
(2017-06-29修回)
(編輯:孫喜佳 校對:鄭莉)
Risk facto rs fo r high-vo lum e lym ph nodem etastases in cN 0 pap illary thyroid m icrocarcinom a
LeiZHANG1,Jinbao YANG2,Qinghe SUN3,Yuewu LIU1,Ge CHEN1,Shuguang CHEN1,Ziwen LIU1,XiaoyiLI1
1Department of General Surgery,Peking Union MedicalCollege Hospital,Beijing 100730,China;2Department of General Surgery Second,Bethune International Peace Hospital,Shijiazhuang 050082,China;3Department of General Surgery,Cangzhou People Hospital,Cangzhou 061000,China
Objective:Lymph nodemetastasis(LNM)often occurs in cN0 papillary thyroidm icrocarcinoma(PTMC).The risk factors for lymph nodemetastasis,especially for high-volumemetastasis,were investigated in this study.Methods:Themedical recordsof 1,268 consecutive PTMCpatientsadm itted in the Peking Union MedicalCollege Hospital from 2013 to 2014were reviewed.Their clinicaland pathological featureswere collected.Univariate andmultivariate analyseswere performed to identify the risk factors for LNM/highvolume LNM.Results:Of the 1,268 patients,416 patients(32.8%)and 43(3.4%)had LNM and high-volume LNM,respectively.According to the univariate analysis results for the risk factorsof LNM,male(42.22%vs.30.26%,P<0.01),<40 years(<40 years,48.39%;40-59 years,27.62%;≥60 years22.45%,P<0.03),multifocality(41.00%vs.29.03%,P<0.01),w ithout chronic thyroiditis(36.44%vs.20.62%,P<0.01),tumor size >0.5 cm(35.77%vs.23.05%,P<0.01)were associated w ith LNM.Meanwhile,according to themultivariate analysis results,male,multifocality,and tumor size>0.5 cm are independent risk factors for LNM(OR=1.516,1.743,and 1.788,respectively,all P<0.05).The protective factors for LNM are 40-59 years,≥60 years,and chronic thyroiditis(OR 0.388,0.301,and 0.472,respectively,all P<0.05).In the univariate analysis of risk factors for high-volume LNM,the results indicated that beingmale(6.30%vs.2.61%,P=0.005),<40 years(<40 years,7.62%;40-59 years,2.05%;≥60 years0,P<0.001),and tumor size >0.5 cm(4.01%vs.1.36%,P=0.027)are associated w ith high-volume LNM.Inmultivariate analysis,the results suggest that beingmale is an independent risk factor for LNM(OR=2.383,P=0.002),whereasage of40-59 years isa protective factor for LNM(OR=0.270,P<0.001).Conclusion:Lymph nodemetastasisoften ocucrs in cN0PTMC,whereashigh-volume LNM is rare.Beingmale and<40 yearsold are risk factors forboth LNM and highvolume LNM.
papillary thyroidm icrocarcinoma,cN0,high-volume lymph nodemetastasis,risk factors
XiaoyiLI;E-mail:li.xiaoyi@163.com
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2017.16.352
①中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院基本外科(北京市100730);②白求恩和平醫(yī)院普外二科;③滄州市人民醫(yī)院普外科
李小毅 Li.xiaoyi@263.net
張磊 專業(yè)方向為甲狀腺微小癌研究。
E-mail:zhanglei_tj@163.com