建成遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)與城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展

·編者按·

2017年1月，中共中央辦公廳、國務(wù)院辦公廳印發(fā)了《關(guān)于實(shí)施中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化傳承發(fā)展工程的意見》，指出：文化是民族的血脈，是人民的精神家園。文化自信是更基本、更深層、更持久的力量。遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)與傳承對(duì)發(fā)揚(yáng)中國傳統(tǒng)文化，增添中國人民和中華民族內(nèi)心深處的自信和自豪起著不可替代的作用。因此，要加強(qiáng)歷史文化名城名鎮(zhèn)名村、歷史文化街區(qū)、名人故居保護(hù)和城市特色風(fēng)貌管理，實(shí)施中國傳統(tǒng)村落保護(hù)工程，做好傳統(tǒng)民居、歷史建筑、革命文化紀(jì)念地、農(nóng)業(yè)遺產(chǎn)、工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)工作。

隨著新型城鎮(zhèn)化高潮的到來，城鄉(xiāng)建成遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)與傳承也面臨新的挑戰(zhàn)，專業(yè)領(lǐng)域和國家層面對(duì)保護(hù)遺產(chǎn)都有緊迫感。建成遺產(chǎn)（built heritage）是國際文化遺產(chǎn)界慣常使用的一個(gè)概念，泛指以建造方式形成的文化遺產(chǎn)，包括了建筑遺產(chǎn)、城市遺產(chǎn)和景觀遺產(chǎn)三大部分，這些遺產(chǎn)既有已列入保護(hù)清單的，也有那些有待評(píng)估和認(rèn)定的潛在保護(hù)對(duì)象。城市更新涉及物質(zhì)性的更新和非物質(zhì)性的更新，包括城市結(jié)構(gòu)和城市空間的更新、建筑的更新、城市環(huán)境和道路的更新及思想意識(shí)的更新。政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、思想和文化的進(jìn)步，物質(zhì)和精神的演化，對(duì)理想城市的追索和現(xiàn)實(shí)城市的推進(jìn)，社會(huì)的變革，人口的增長，交通運(yùn)輸方式的演變，產(chǎn)業(yè)革命等都給城市帶來翻天覆地的變化，因此城市也就處于不斷更新的過程中。更新既是一種修補(bǔ)，有時(shí)候也是大刀闊斧式的翻新，但是城市的基因和城市的文化記憶需要得到保存。

本專題得到專家韓林飛教授（北京交通大學(xué)建筑藝術(shù)學(xué)院）、陳天教授（天津大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院）的大力支持。

·熱點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)排行·

截至 2017年 7月 27日，中國知網(wǎng)（CNKI）和Web of Science（WoS）的數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)告顯示，以“建成遺產(chǎn)（built heritage）”“遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)（heritage protection）”“城市更新（urban regeneration）”“城市進(jìn)化（city evolution）”為詞條可以檢索到的期刊文獻(xiàn)分別為3639條與 12908條，本專題將相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)按照：研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)、作者發(fā)文數(shù)、期刊發(fā)文數(shù)、被引用頻次進(jìn)行排行，結(jié)果如下。

研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WoS）

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WoS）

期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WoS）

根據(jù)中國知網(wǎng)（CNKI）數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)告，以“建成遺產(chǎn)（built heritage）”“遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)（heritage protection）”“城市更新（urban regeneration）”“城市進(jìn)化（city evolution）”為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結(jié)果如下。

國內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

國內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行（續(xù)表）

根據(jù)中國知網(wǎng)（CNKI）數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)告，以“建成遺產(chǎn)（built heritage）”“遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)（heritage protection）”“城市更新（urban regeneration）”“城市進(jìn)化（city evolution）”為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結(jié)果如下。

國外數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

·經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)推薦·

基于Web of Science檢索結(jié)果，利用Histcite軟件選取 LCS（Local Citation Score，本地引用次數(shù)）TOP50文獻(xiàn)作為節(jié)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析，得到本領(lǐng)域推薦的經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)如下。

本領(lǐng)域經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)

來源出版物:Landscape and Urban Planning, 2004, 67(1-4):9-26

Built cultural heritage and sustainable urban development

Tweed, Christopher; Sutherland, Margaret

Abstract: Current debates about urban sustainability tend to focus on technical issues, such as carbon emissions,energy consumption and waste management, or on the economic aspects of urban regeneration and growth.Increasingly, however, governments recognise the contribution that built cultural heritage makes to the social well-being of different groups living within increasingly cosmopolitan towns and cities. Heritage is seen as a major component of quality of life, but the two main methods of identifying and protecting built heritage-the listing of individual monuments and buildings and designation of conservation areas-are unable to deal with less tangible features of townscape, such as street patterns. Yet it is often precisely these features that give a city its unique character and provide the sense of belonging that lies at the core of cultural identity. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to examine the role that built cultural heritage can play within sustainable urban development. The paper considers changing definitions of built heritage before outlining the broad contribution it can make to sustainable urban development. The paper then considers how the built environment contributes to the satisfaction of human needs by providing symbolic meanings that bind cultural groups and communities across generations. Results from the development and application of a novel survey method,designed to assess different people’s perceptions of and attitudes to urban historical areas, are presented before describing a case study of recent urban development in Belfast that highlights the problems of intangible heritage.The paper concludes with a brief discussion of shortcomings of existing approaches to urban regeneration and suggests how these might be overcome through a greater understanding of how people interact with the urban environment and its heritage.

Key words::meaning; legislation; perception; attitudes;survey

來源出版物:Landscape and Urban Planning, 2007, 83(1):62-69

Urban forestry in Sweden from a silvicultural perspective: A review

Rydberg, D; Falck, J

Abstract: The Swedish urban forests originate mainly from the old production forests and are characterised by the forestry in practice at the time of urbanisation. Forests in the central parts of older urban areas are, therefore,generally old, while forests situated in newly urbanised areas are relatively younger, with proportionately more young stands. During the 1970s and 1980s,recommendations for the management of urban forests were concentrated on recreational forests on thr fringes of urban areas. The recommendations proposed more differentiation in silvicultural management: however, the direction to be taken was only weakly emphasised in the urban forestry because it had low priority in the plans of the Swedish local authorities. In the beginning of the 1990s, the ecological aspects of forests in urban areas came more into focus and successively led to parts of the urban forests bring given nature conservation status. Based on a classification of the urban forests into five zones,depending on their use and size, future improvements in urban forestry an suggested. The importance of satisfying the urban citizen’s needs and demands for urban forestry is emphasised, as is the fact that: more research needs to be done on the human aspects, namely, people’s perceptions,preferences, expectations, and emotional feelings about urban forests. The regeneration of the: urban forest, the management of young forests, the use of coppice with or without standards in urban areas, and the importance of forest edges and glades also give cause for further studies.Key words::forest management; multiple use; visual assessment; children; elderly; wildlife; recreation; health;young stands; coppice

來源出版物:Landscape and Urban Planning, 2000, 47(1-2):1-18

Conservation and rehabilitation of urban heritage in developing countries

Steinberg, F

Abstract: This paper addresses rehabilitation and conservation of old inner-city areas and historic monuments in the cities of the developing world which have so far received very little attention in urban development policy. The need for urban rehabilitation and adaptive re-use is discussed with reference to a number of cases, i.e. Cairo, Tunis, Sana’a, Aleppo, Delhi, Bombay,Bhaktapur, Galle, Penang, Singapore, Shanghai, Beijing,Quite, Cartagena, Rio de Janeiro and Havana. A delineation of the concept is provided, and some key aspects of rehabilitation are discussed. The paper concludes with considerations on the need for area rehabilitation and revitalisation approaches which maintain the typical urban

tissue and essential qualities of the historic areas and of the life of the communities residing there, but which can also adapt the physical structures and activities to some of the present day requirements. In terms of monuments, it is stressed that these need to be seen as part of conservation areas, and that their sustainability and revitalisation will be most feasible if they are integrated into new concepts of use.

來源出版物:Habitat International, 1996, 20(3): 463-475

Contrasting natural regeneration and tree planting in fourteen North American cities

Nowak, David J

Abstract: Field data from randomly located plots in 12 cities in the United States and Canada were used to estimate the proportion of the existing tree population that was planted or occurred via natural regeneration. In addition, two cities (Baltimore and Syracuse) were recently re-sampled to estimate the proportion of newly established trees that were planted. Results for the existing tree populations reveal that, on average, about 1 in 3 trees are planted in cities. Land uses and tree species with the highest proportion of trees planted were residential (74.8 percent of trees planted) and commercial/industrial (61.2 percent) lands, and Gleditsia triacanthos (95.1 percent) and

Pinus nigra (91.8 percent). The percentage of the tree population planted is greater in cities developed in grassland areas as compared to cities developed in forests and tends to increase with increased population density and percent impervious cover in cities. New tree influx rates ranged from 4.0 trees/ha/yr in Baltimore to 8.6 trees/ha/yr in Syracuse. About 1 in 20 trees (Baltimore) and 1 in 12 trees (Syracuse) were planted in newly established tree populations. In Syracuse, the recent tree influx has been dominated by Rhamnus cathartica, an exotic invasive species. Without tree planting and management, the urban forest composition in some cities will likely shift to more pioneer or invasive tree species in the near term. As these species typically are smaller and have shorter life-spans,the ability of city systems to sustain more large, long-lived tree species may require human intervention through tree planting and maintenance. Data on tree regeneration and planting proportions and rates can be used to help determine tree planting rates necessary to attain desired tree cover and species composition goals.

Key words::forest monitoring; invasive species; rhamnus cathartica; tree cover goals; urban forestry; urban sustainability; urban trees

來源出版物:Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2012,11(4): 374-382

Landscape change and the urbanization process in Europe

Antrop, M

Urbanization is one of the fundamental characteristics of the European civilization. It gradually spread from Southeast Europe around 700 B.C., across the whole continent. Cities and the urban networks they formed were always an important factor in the development and shaping of their surrounding regions.Polarization of territory between urban and rural and accessibility are still important aspects in landscape dynamics. Urbanization and its associated transportation infrastructure define the relationship between city and countryside. Urbanization, expressed as the proportion of people living in urban places shows a recent but explosive growth reaching values around 80% in most European countries. Simultaneously the countryside becomes abandoned. Thinking, valuing and planning the countryside is done mainly by urbanites and future rural development is mainly focused upon the urban needs. Thinking of urban places with their associated rural hinterland and spheres of influence has become complex. Clusters of urban places,their situation in a globalizing world and changing accessibility for fast transportation modes are some new factors that affect the change of traditional European cultural landscapes. Urbanization processes show cycles of evolution that spread in different ways through space.Urbanization phases developed at different speeds and time between Northern and Southern Europe. Main cities are affected first, but gradually urbanization processes affect smaller settlements and even remote rural villages.Functional urban regions (FURS) are a new concept, which is also significant for landscape ecologists. Local landscape change can only be comprehended when situated in its general geographical context and with all its related dynamics. Patterns of change are different for the countryside near major cities, for metropolitan villages and for remote rural villages. Planning and designing landscapes for the future requires that this is understood.Urbanized landscapes are highly dynamic, complex and multifunctional. Therefore, detailed inventories of landscape conditions and monitoring of change are urgently needed in order to obtain reliable data for good decision-making.

:urbanization; landscape change; rural; countryside; Europe