何雪飛，牛聚山，劉浩，馬建軍

（1.吉林敦化抽水蓄能有限公司,吉林敦化133700；2.東北勘測(cè)設(shè)計(jì)研究有限責(zé)任公司，吉林長(zhǎng)春130021）

蓄能電站發(fā)變組差動(dòng)保護(hù)配置研究

何雪飛1，牛聚山2，劉浩2，馬建軍2

（1.吉林敦化抽水蓄能有限公司,吉林敦化133700；2.東北勘測(cè)設(shè)計(jì)研究有限責(zé)任公司，吉林長(zhǎng)春130021）

通過(guò)對(duì)抽水蓄能電站繼電保護(hù)特殊性的分析，對(duì)電站繼電保護(hù)裝置性能及接線提出基本要求。針對(duì)抽水蓄能電站繼電保護(hù)高度依賴機(jī)組運(yùn)行工況特點(diǎn)，本文根據(jù)蒲石河抽水蓄能電站繼電保護(hù)運(yùn)行經(jīng)驗(yàn)，提出了一套簡(jiǎn)單可靠的繼電保護(hù)運(yùn)行工況切換邏輯，并對(duì)抽水蓄能電站發(fā)電機(jī)變壓器縱聯(lián)差動(dòng)保護(hù)的配置及接線方案進(jìn)行分析比較，提出優(yōu)化建議方案，供同行參考。

抽水蓄能電站；發(fā)變組繼電保護(hù)；配置優(yōu)化

1 發(fā)變組差動(dòng)保護(hù)的特殊性

蓄能機(jī)組具有運(yùn)行工況多且轉(zhuǎn)換頻繁，機(jī)組除作為發(fā)電機(jī)運(yùn)行外,作抽水運(yùn)行時(shí)，變?yōu)殡妱?dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)行，機(jī)組反向旋轉(zhuǎn)，電動(dòng)機(jī)的交流電流、電壓相序與發(fā)電機(jī)相反。發(fā)變組差動(dòng)保護(hù)裝置需要適應(yīng)運(yùn)行工況，自動(dòng)進(jìn)行相序匹配，使差動(dòng)保護(hù)能正確工作。

另外，由于蓄能機(jī)組較常規(guī)發(fā)電機(jī)組增加了水泵啟動(dòng)工況,機(jī)組由靜止啟動(dòng)過(guò)程中,電動(dòng)機(jī)和連接母線及電壓互感器、電流互感器等都承載低于工頻的電流、電壓。差動(dòng)保護(hù)裝置必須保證低頻率下合理運(yùn)算，避免誤輸出。

在水泵工況下,水泵SFC啟動(dòng)、背靠背啟動(dòng)、電制動(dòng)等每種穩(wěn)定工況或過(guò)渡工況需要投人的保護(hù)各不相同,發(fā)變組差動(dòng)保護(hù)裝置需根據(jù)工況信息確定保護(hù)的投退。

2 基本要求

按照《繼電保護(hù)和安全自動(dòng)裝置技術(shù)規(guī)程》、《水力發(fā)電廠繼電保護(hù)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》、《國(guó)家電網(wǎng)公司十八項(xiàng)電網(wǎng)重大反事故措施》（修訂版）防止繼電保護(hù)事故的有關(guān)規(guī)定,抽水蓄能電站繼電保護(hù)應(yīng)滿足以下的基本要求：

1）為了提高保護(hù)系統(tǒng)的可靠性和可用率，便于設(shè)備的維護(hù)和檢修，發(fā)電電動(dòng)機(jī)、主變壓器保護(hù)應(yīng)按雙重化配置（非電量保護(hù)除外），配置完全獨(dú)立的兩組保護(hù)；電流互感器和電壓互感器的二次回路應(yīng)相互獨(dú)立，并具有較好的低頻特性；電源和出口繼電器也應(yīng)相互獨(dú)立；保護(hù)范圍應(yīng)交叉重疊，避免死區(qū)；每組保護(hù)應(yīng)布置在不同的屏體內(nèi)。

2）差動(dòng)保護(hù)裝置的采樣頻率應(yīng)保證在發(fā)變組區(qū)內(nèi)故障情況下保護(hù)正確動(dòng)作，并留有足夠裕度；機(jī)組保護(hù)應(yīng)采用合適的算法，使保護(hù)裝置在機(jī)組起動(dòng)到甩負(fù)荷的頻率范圍內(nèi)，能保持完好的性能和靈敏度。

3）當(dāng)機(jī)組工況轉(zhuǎn)換引起相序改變時(shí)，保護(hù)裝置應(yīng)根據(jù)換相開關(guān)信號(hào),通過(guò)保護(hù)軟件運(yùn)算匹配相序。

4）為了防止保護(hù)在運(yùn)行工況轉(zhuǎn)換中被誤閉鎖，保護(hù)系統(tǒng)應(yīng)根據(jù)可靠外來(lái)獨(dú)立信號(hào)，進(jìn)行投運(yùn)或閉鎖。

5）保護(hù)裝置應(yīng)具有保護(hù)、測(cè)量、故障錄波和時(shí)鐘同步功能，含有邏輯跳閘電路、緊急停機(jī)電路、閉鎖電路、電源、測(cè)量和測(cè)試以及信號(hào)監(jiān)視等部件；應(yīng)配有開關(guān)量輸入通道，并具有與電站監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的通信及與電站繼電保護(hù)信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)的通信接口。

6）保護(hù)系統(tǒng)的硬件和軟件應(yīng)具有完善的自動(dòng)檢測(cè)功能、容錯(cuò)功能和動(dòng)作記錄存儲(chǔ)功能，以提高保護(hù)系統(tǒng)的可靠性；保護(hù)裝置在單元件損壞時(shí)不誤動(dòng)。

3 發(fā)變組差動(dòng)保護(hù)投/退切換邏輯設(shè)計(jì)

抽水蓄能發(fā)變組差動(dòng)保護(hù)裝置保護(hù)范圍一般包括換相開關(guān)等部件,換相開關(guān)在“發(fā)電”、“抽水”工況切換時(shí)，將引起保護(hù)裝置輸入電壓、電流相位的改變，發(fā)變組差動(dòng)保護(hù)在水泵啟動(dòng)工況時(shí)，由于差回路中存在啟動(dòng)電流而引起保護(hù)誤動(dòng)，為此一般應(yīng)將該保護(hù)閉鎖。閉鎖條件可由計(jì)算機(jī)監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)提供，為滿足繼電保護(hù)高可靠性的要求,建議利用保護(hù)裝置本身的開關(guān)量輸入通道及裝置內(nèi)邏輯編程功能，將反映機(jī)組運(yùn)行狀態(tài)的發(fā)電機(jī)換相開關(guān)Q9、出口斷路器Q0、短路開關(guān)Q6、拖動(dòng)開關(guān)Q92、被拖動(dòng)開關(guān)Q91等輔助開關(guān)信號(hào)接點(diǎn)，輸入到保護(hù)裝置內(nèi)部,經(jīng)過(guò)保護(hù)裝置邏輯組合，編制出機(jī)組背靠背拖動(dòng)運(yùn)行工況、機(jī)組抽水被拖動(dòng)啟動(dòng)工況、電氣制動(dòng)工況等運(yùn)行工況，以此條件閉鎖發(fā)變組差動(dòng)保護(hù)。

圖1 發(fā)變組差動(dòng)保護(hù)閉鎖條件及邏輯圖

機(jī)組背靠背拖動(dòng)運(yùn)行工況的必要條件是：換相開關(guān)Q9分?jǐn)啵怀隹跀嗦菲鱍0合閘；被拖動(dòng)開關(guān)Q91分閘；拖動(dòng)開關(guān)Q92合閘等。

機(jī)組抽水被拖動(dòng)啟動(dòng)工況的必要條件是：換相開關(guān)Q9水泵工況；出口斷路器Q0分閘；被拖動(dòng)開關(guān)Q91合閘；拖動(dòng)開關(guān)Q92分閘。發(fā)變組差動(dòng)保護(hù)閉鎖工況條件及邏輯圖如圖1所示，當(dāng)邏輯輸出為“1”時(shí)，保護(hù)被閉鎖。由于控制邏輯的輸入信號(hào)直接來(lái)自一次設(shè)備，保護(hù)裝置直接參與邏輯運(yùn)算，與計(jì)算機(jī)監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)送出的工況條件相比，具有簡(jiǎn)單、可靠、實(shí)用等特點(diǎn)。

4 配置及優(yōu)化

抽水蓄能電站應(yīng)分別配置發(fā)電電動(dòng)機(jī)差動(dòng)保護(hù)和主變壓器差動(dòng)保護(hù)。主保護(hù)及后備保護(hù)雙重化配置（A套、B套）；2套保護(hù)分別通過(guò)跳閘矩陣出口繼電器的兩付觸點(diǎn)，同時(shí)作用斷路器的2個(gè)跳閘線圈，以確保故障情況下主設(shè)備安全切除。

4.1 發(fā)電電動(dòng)機(jī)縱聯(lián)差動(dòng)保護(hù)

發(fā)電電動(dòng)機(jī)（87GM-A，87GM-B）縱聯(lián)差動(dòng)保護(hù)作為發(fā)電電動(dòng)機(jī)定子繞組內(nèi)部及其引出線相間短路故障的主保護(hù)，保護(hù)采用比例制動(dòng)特性原理。保護(hù)瞬時(shí)動(dòng)作于發(fā)電電動(dòng)機(jī)出口斷路器、滅磁開關(guān)跳閘，并停機(jī)。

4.2 主變壓器縱差動(dòng)保護(hù)

主變壓器縱差動(dòng)保護(hù)（87T-A，87T-B）作為主變壓器內(nèi)部及引出線短路故障的主保護(hù)。保護(hù)裝置應(yīng)具有對(duì)區(qū)外短路的比率制動(dòng)特性，具有對(duì)勵(lì)磁涌流二次諧波制動(dòng)和躲避外部短路時(shí)所產(chǎn)生不平衡電流的能力。保護(hù)瞬時(shí)動(dòng)作于主變壓器高壓側(cè)斷路器、高壓廠用變斷路器、SFC輸入斷路器、發(fā)電電動(dòng)機(jī)斷路器跳閘，對(duì)發(fā)電電動(dòng)機(jī)發(fā)出停機(jī)、滅磁命令。

4.3 發(fā)變組縱聯(lián)差動(dòng)保護(hù)配置及其接線改進(jìn)

我國(guó)早期建成的抽水蓄能電站，發(fā)電機(jī)、變壓器分別配有縱聯(lián)大差及小差保護(hù)各一套，大差保護(hù)的保護(hù)范圍包含被起動(dòng)母線和起動(dòng)母線，當(dāng)機(jī)組抽水工況啟動(dòng)時(shí)，由于大差回路中存在啟動(dòng)電流，該電流約占發(fā)電機(jī)額定電流10%，會(huì)使差動(dòng)保護(hù)靈敏度降低或引起誤動(dòng)。當(dāng)機(jī)組水泵工況啟動(dòng)時(shí)，必須將大差保護(hù)退出，如若小差保護(hù)又因檢修退出時(shí)，發(fā)電機(jī)、變壓器將無(wú)法繼續(xù)運(yùn)行。為解決此類問題，可采取兩種解決方法：

1）增加保護(hù)的冗余度

發(fā)電機(jī)、變壓器分別配置2套大差及2套小差動(dòng)保護(hù)。發(fā)電機(jī)裝設(shè)縱差保護(hù)(87GM-A，87GM’-A，87GM-B，87GM’-B)，其中87GM’-A與87GM’-B保護(hù)范圍包含被拖動(dòng)開關(guān)Q91和拖動(dòng)開關(guān)Q92及其相關(guān)母線，在同步拖動(dòng)和被拖動(dòng)過(guò)程中退出。保護(hù)動(dòng)作于停機(jī)。

變壓器裝設(shè)縱差動(dòng)保護(hù)(87T-A，87T’-A，87T-B，87T’-B)作為主變壓器內(nèi)部及引出線短路故障的主保護(hù)。保護(hù)裝置應(yīng)能滿足多端CT接入要求。其中87T’-A和87T’-B保護(hù)范圍包含換相開關(guān)、被拖動(dòng)開關(guān)Q91和拖動(dòng)開關(guān)Q92及其相關(guān)母線，在同步拖動(dòng)和被拖動(dòng)過(guò)程中退出。保護(hù)瞬時(shí)動(dòng)作于斷開主變壓器各側(cè)斷路器并停機(jī)。保護(hù)配置方案見圖2所示。

圖2 雙冗余發(fā)變組繼電保護(hù)配置圖

增加保護(hù)冗余度方案的優(yōu)點(diǎn)：使用1套保護(hù)裝置硬件設(shè)備和使用三組電流互感器，通過(guò)軟件編程，可組成大差、小差2套保護(hù)，相互切換。正常運(yùn)行時(shí)大差保護(hù)，在同步拖動(dòng)和被拖動(dòng)過(guò)程中退出大差，投入小差，保證發(fā)電機(jī)、變壓器等設(shè)備始終具有2套主保護(hù)。

該方案的缺點(diǎn)是增加了保護(hù)裝置運(yùn)行軟件的開銷，還需要在發(fā)電機(jī)主引出母線上增加4套電流互感器（12只）及其引出電纜，不但增加建設(shè)投資，而且增加了外部接線的復(fù)雜性。

2）改變微機(jī)差動(dòng)保護(hù)的運(yùn)算條件，控制差動(dòng)保護(hù)裝置的保護(hù)范圍

微機(jī)型主變繼電保護(hù)裝置一般采用多端電流輸入。每端輸入電流的極性、相位、量程等都可通過(guò)軟件編程實(shí)現(xiàn)靈活控制，還可以通過(guò)外接開關(guān)量閉鎖各端輸入電流不參與保護(hù)運(yùn)算（西門子電氣公司7UT635差動(dòng)保護(hù)就具備此功能）。據(jù)此，我們可以分析抽水蓄能機(jī)組的2種運(yùn)行工況：

當(dāng)機(jī)組處于被拖動(dòng)工況時(shí)，其GCB處于分閘狀態(tài)；當(dāng)機(jī)組處于拖動(dòng)工況時(shí)，其換相開關(guān)處于分?jǐn)酄顟B(tài)。在上述2種工況下，發(fā)電電動(dòng)機(jī)與主變低壓側(cè)處于分?jǐn)酄顟B(tài)，對(duì)于主變壓器4端電流差動(dòng)保護(hù)，發(fā)電電動(dòng)機(jī)母線支路CT電流應(yīng)該為0，發(fā)電電動(dòng)機(jī)側(cè)CT電流不參與主變差動(dòng)回路的電流運(yùn)算，主變壓器4端電流差動(dòng)保護(hù)變?yōu)?端電流差動(dòng)，主變差動(dòng)高壓側(cè)電流、SFC支路電流及高廠變支路電流仍然構(gòu)成完整差動(dòng)保護(hù)，不影響變壓器繼電保護(hù)功能，整套保護(hù)不需退出，保護(hù)范圍由發(fā)電機(jī)支路CT處退到斷路器（或換相開關(guān)）的上斷口。

該方案優(yōu)點(diǎn)是接線簡(jiǎn)單，保護(hù)范圍不受小差CT位置的影響，從圖3可見，勵(lì)磁變、換相開關(guān)及主變低壓側(cè)電壓互感器等均不會(huì)退出，保護(hù)范圍大。蒲石河抽水蓄能電站安裝調(diào)試期間，已按上述方案對(duì)主變大差保護(hù)進(jìn)行了修改，運(yùn)行情況良好。

圖3 優(yōu)化的發(fā)變組縱差動(dòng)繼電保護(hù)配置圖

總結(jié)蒲石河工程經(jīng)驗(yàn)，抽水蓄能電站發(fā)變組縱差動(dòng)保護(hù)的優(yōu)化配置方案如圖3所示。主變差動(dòng)保護(hù)配置2組大差，發(fā)電機(jī)差動(dòng)保護(hù)配置2組小差，發(fā)電機(jī)差動(dòng)保護(hù)與主變差動(dòng)保護(hù)的兩組電流互感器在發(fā)電機(jī)出口與短路開關(guān)區(qū)間重疊配置。發(fā)電機(jī)差動(dòng)保護(hù)可運(yùn)行于任何工況，不必加閉鎖條件；主變兩組差動(dòng)保護(hù)采用支路電流投/退控制方式，當(dāng)保護(hù)運(yùn)行于拖動(dòng)工況、被拖動(dòng)工況或電制動(dòng)工況時(shí)，用保護(hù)外部形成的工況控制條件（見圖1），將主變保護(hù)裝置發(fā)電機(jī)支路CT電流退出，改變主變差動(dòng)保護(hù)的保護(hù)范圍，保證主變保護(hù)的正常運(yùn)行。

［1］NB/T35010-3013，水力發(fā)電廠繼電保護(hù)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范［S］.

［2］鄭光偉，張全勝，牛聚山，等.蒲石河抽水蓄能電站電氣二次設(shè)計(jì)［J］.水力發(fā)電，2012（5）.

［3］姜樹德.抽水蓄能電站電氣二次設(shè)備和接線特點(diǎn)［J］.電力設(shè)備，2004（12）.

Discussiononthereinforcementschemeofliningstructureofhydraulictunnel

XU Lan

[Abstract]In view of the lack of testing strength of the 143 segment(m ile number 8+432.00)concrete lining structure in the end of the secondary pressure tunnel of TP hydropower station in Ecuador,these reinforcement measuresare put forward to discussing.In thispaper,through the scheme comparison,the thickening lining structure ischosen as the finalselection combiningw ith the engineering practice.The demonstration and analysisof the finite element calculation show that the structuremeets the safety requirementsof the project.

[Key words]water diversion tunnel;lining structure;reinforcementmeasure;finite element calculation

Studyonthestabilityagainstslidingofdamfoundation forWatuohydropowerstation

QILi-wei,DU Xing-yang,ZHENG Yu-ling,NINGWei-qi

[Abstract]W ith the power house behind dam,the arrangement form of the W atuo hydropower station adopts the high foundation plane in upstream and the low foundation plane in downstream because of the bottom elevation control of the water diversion pipeline,which leads to the sliding problem of the double sliding surface along the dam foundation in the stability calculation against sliding of the dam foundation.In this paper,three kinds of transm ission methods are drawn up,and the anti-sliding stability calculation is carried out respectively.The final calculation results show that the resistance action ratio coefficients of the dam foundation stress distribution method can be increased by 10%than theweight distribution method.The dam body weight distribution method is too conservative,which cannot reflect truly the load distribution of the dam foundation rock.Therefore,it is reasonable to use the dam foundation stress distribution method for the special double sliding surface.

[Key words]gravity dam;dam foundation;double sliding surface stability calculation;resistance action ratio coefficients;W atuo hydropower station

DrawingpipeconstructionofPEPipecrossinghighway

ZANG De-xuan

[Abstract]For the first time,draw ing pipe construction method is applied let part PE pipe in network laying to crossing the highway for the 300,000 tonswater supply project in Lanshan district of Linyi City.In thispaper,the technologymeasuresin the construction processare introduced in detail,the inspection shows that the construction quality of crossing the highway isbetter,which could achieve the good social,econom ic and ecologicalbenefits.

[Key words]PE pipe;draw ing pipe construction;crossing;highway

ConstructionschemeoptimizationofDahuofangreservoirwater conveyance(phaseII)projectcrossingtheDaliaoheriver

WANG Yong-hai

[Abstract]At present,the long-distancewater conveyance projectsare being builtmore andmore in the country, the water conveyance pipeline is inevitable to cross the rivers,highways,railways and other transportation hub, and then the pipe jacking construction isw idely used.The paper describesbriefly the comparison and selection of construction schemes for the Dahuofang reservoir water conveyance(phase II)project crossing the Daliaohe river and recommends the pipe jacking construction considering the investment,construction period,land acquisition, water supply and other factors.The desired purpose isachieved based on the construction effect.It isvery effective to adopting the pipe jacking construction method under the suitable geological conditions when the water conveyance pipeline crossing the rivers.

[Key words]Daliaohe river;long distance water conveyance project;construction scheme;Dahuofang reservoir

Safetymeasuresofcollapsecavitytreatmentintunnelconstruction

DONG Bing

[Abstract]The surrounding rock collapse isoften happen in the processof the tunnel excavation,how to quickly and properly handle the collapse to ensure the follow-up safe construction is key.The paper elaborates the large crosssection collapse cavity situation in the excavation processof themain tunnel10#for the Dahuofang reservoir water conveyance project,analyzes the causes of collapse and discusses the detailed treatment measures for the collapse cavity,which could provide the references for sim ilar projects.

[Key words]tunnel;collapse cavity;treatmentmeasure;Dahuofang reservoir water conveyance project

ApplicationofimprovedfuzzyCmeansclusteringmethodinthe clusteranalysisofwatersavingirrigationlevel

WANG Tong-xu,WANG Tie,LEIGuan-jun

[Abstract]The paper elaborates the basic principlesof the fuzzy C means clusteringmethod for the clustering the samples,analyzes the existing problemsof the fuzzy C means clusteringmethod that can not determ ine the number of clusters effectively,puts forward the improvement of the fuzzy C means clustering method in the prem ise of the clustersnumber is calculated by using the dynam ic clusteringmethod.The improved fuzzy C means clustering method is used to carry out the cluster analysis for the water-saving irrigation level in a certain area,the results show that the fuzzy C meansclusteringmethod has the high applicability.

[Key words]fuzzy C means clustering method;dynam ic clustering method;inconsistency coefficient;index system ofwater saving irrigation

Protectionresearchonwaterhammerofwaterconveyance projectwithhighliftandlargeflow

MA Jun-bin

[Abstract]The paper introduces the characteristics of the water hammer produced in the long distance water conveyance condition w ith the high liftand large flow and studies themain algorithmsofwater hammer.The paper researches the hydraulic problems of the water conveyance w ith the high lift and large flow according to the selection of pipe roughness degree and the decompression of water conveyance w ith the high lift and large flow, and introduces the water hammer produced easily in the water conveyance w ith the high lift and large flow. Taking some an engineering project as an example,the computer analog simulation method is used to research the prevent effect of water hammer under the differentmeasures,which has certain instructive effect on the safe operation of the sim ilar projects.

[Key words]high lift;large flow;water hammer;protection measures

Based on the large water conveyance pipeline crossing the Beijing-Harbin railway project,considering the requests of the open digging is strictly prohibited on both sidesw ithin 30m of the high-speed rail and the design thicknessof soil cover adopt the 0.8m,the partial upheaval and offset are happen because of the too small cohesive force of the natural soil in the process of the pipeline jacking,then natural soil need to replacement. However,the natural soil is not considered to replacement in the design process of the pipeline jacking.The paper analyzesand discusses the stress situation of the processof soil cover replacement at the top of the pipeline and the confined water stress in the service processof the pipeline.

pipeline jacking;soil cover replacement;crossing;confined water;largewater conveyance pipeline

TV743；TM773+.4

B

1002－0624（2017）07－0068－03

2017-03-20

Studyonthestressunderdynamicloadoflargewaterconveyance pipelinecrossingthehigh-speedrailway

CHEN Tao-tao