韋學(xué)玉,劉志剛,閆玉濤,徐曉平,王曉菊(.安徽工程大學(xué)建筑工程學(xué)院,安徽 蕪湖 4000；.河海大學(xué)環(huán)境學(xué)院,江蘇 南京 0098；3.寧波市自來(lái)水有限公司,浙江 寧波 3504)

鄰氨基苯酚對(duì)污泥產(chǎn)率及微生物活性的影響

韋學(xué)玉1,2*,劉志剛2,3,閆玉濤2,徐曉平1,王曉菊2(1.安徽工程大學(xué)建筑工程學(xué)院,安徽 蕪湖 241000；2.河海大學(xué)環(huán)境學(xué)院,江蘇 南京 210098；3.寧波市自來(lái)水有限公司,浙江 寧波 315041)

為了探討化學(xué)解偶聯(lián)劑在實(shí)現(xiàn)污泥減量的同時(shí)對(duì)污泥活性抑制作用,通過(guò)批次試驗(yàn)研究不同濃度鄰氨基苯酚(oAP)對(duì)污泥減量效果、微生物活性以及由于微生物活性的改變對(duì)基質(zhì)(NH4+-N、CODCr)去除變化的影響.分別采用 TTC-ETS(氯代三苯基四氮唑脫氫酶)活性、INT-ETS(碘硝基四氮唑脫氫酶)活性、AUR(氨攝取速率)和SOUR(比耗氧速率)4個(gè)指標(biāo)考察污泥活性受oAP的抑制情況.結(jié)果表明:oAP添加量為12mg/L時(shí),平均表觀污泥產(chǎn)率Yobs由0.443下降到0.256mgMLSS/mgCOD,污泥減量為 42.20%.與有機(jī)物去除抑制相比,活性污泥系統(tǒng)對(duì) NH4+-N去除的抑制作用更加顯著,而硝化細(xì)菌比異養(yǎng)菌對(duì) oAP響應(yīng)更敏感.因此,NH4+-N去除率比 CODCr去除率更能反映出oAP對(duì)污泥活性的影響.通過(guò)NH4+-N去除率的抑制對(duì)比,AUR是最能有效地表征oAP對(duì)活性污泥系統(tǒng)中的微生物抑制作用.通過(guò)IC50分析顯示,TTC-ETS的活性為35.51mg/L, 在所有指標(biāo)最小,靈敏度最高,是表征oAP抑制污泥活性的最佳指標(biāo).

化學(xué)解偶聯(lián)劑;鄰氨基苯酚(oAP)；污泥活性；氯代三苯基四氮唑脫氫酶活性；碘硝基四氮唑脫氫酶活性；氨攝取速率；比好氧速率

活性污泥法是一種污水的好氧生物處理法,是目前城市污水處理廠應(yīng)用最為廣泛的污水處理技術(shù).該工藝的最大弊端是在運(yùn)行過(guò)程中會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的剩余污泥,由此而產(chǎn)生的處理費(fèi)用占整個(gè)污水處理廠運(yùn)行成本的 50%～60%[1-3].一些污泥減量如臭氧氧化、延時(shí)曝氣等方法,運(yùn)行成本較高,而且難以操控,其實(shí)質(zhì)是對(duì)產(chǎn)生污泥后的處理,并非污泥減量技術(shù).因此,過(guò)程控制污泥產(chǎn)率是解決污泥問(wèn)題的最有效的方式.研究表明[4-5],在活性污泥工藝中加入化學(xué)解偶聯(lián)劑,造成用于合成能量的部分質(zhì)子發(fā)生無(wú)效循環(huán),從而使有機(jī)物的氧化和細(xì)胞內(nèi)的磷酸化作用解偶聯(lián),用于合成生物量的ATP減少,達(dá)到污泥減量的效果.從而實(shí)現(xiàn)“源頭控制”污泥產(chǎn)率的目的.研究表明,不同種類以及不同劑量的化學(xué)解偶聯(lián)劑產(chǎn)生不同程度的污泥減量效果[6-7].利用同濃度8種不同類型的化學(xué)解偶聯(lián)劑對(duì)污泥減量化作用,氨基酚類污泥減量效果明顯優(yōu)于氯酚類和硝基酚類,當(dāng)TCS濃度＞0.4mg/L具有明顯的污泥減量效果,當(dāng)其濃度為0.8mg/L,污泥減量達(dá)40%[9].

由于化學(xué)解偶聯(lián)劑一般都是脂溶性小分子物質(zhì),對(duì)活性污泥系統(tǒng)中微生物活性具有一定的抑制和毒害作用.用 AUR(氨攝取速率)和 SOUR (比耗氧速率)表征化學(xué)解偶聯(lián)劑對(duì)活性污泥的影響,三氯苯酚(TCP)對(duì)異氧菌的抑制作用明顯高于自氧菌[10];四氯水楊酰苯胺(TCS)對(duì)活性污泥系統(tǒng)中 TTC-ETS(氯代三苯基四氮唑脫氫酶)活性、INT-ETS(碘硝基四氮唑脫氫酶)活性有明顯的抑制作用,與對(duì)照組相比分別降低了39.19%和33.14%.化學(xué)解偶聯(lián)劑實(shí)現(xiàn)污泥減量化的同時(shí),對(duì)活性污泥系統(tǒng)中的微生物也有一定的抑制作用,因此,考察化學(xué)解偶聯(lián)劑對(duì)微生物活性的影響也至關(guān)重要.該研究以氨基苯酚類代謝解偶聯(lián)劑中的鄰氨基苯酚(oAP)為例,研究其不同濃度下污泥減量效果,并綜合利用 TTC-ETS活性、INT-ETS活性、AUR、SOUR這4個(gè)指標(biāo)來(lái)表征化學(xué)解偶聯(lián)劑oAP對(duì)污泥中微生物活性的影響,為化學(xué)解偶聯(lián)污泥減量化及對(duì)活性污泥系統(tǒng)的影響進(jìn)行更深入的探討.

1 材料與方法

1.1 污泥的培養(yǎng)與馴化及污水配制

取某污水處理廠(A2/O)二沉池污泥,試驗(yàn)前將取回來(lái)的污泥用自來(lái)水沖洗數(shù)遍,曝氣 24h,確保原有基質(zhì)不對(duì)后期試驗(yàn)產(chǎn)生影響,隨后接種到SBR反應(yīng)器中進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)與馴化,待用.模擬城市生活污水的組成,用葡萄糖、淀粉各200mg/L,相當(dāng)于400mg/L化學(xué)需氧量(COD),作為底物.無(wú)機(jī)培養(yǎng)液的物質(zhì)組成及濃度(mg/L)如下 NH4Cl 96、KH2PO454、CaCl2·2H2O 5和MgSO4·7H2O 40;將 0.5mL/L配制好的微量元素儲(chǔ)備液加入到模擬廢水中.微量元素儲(chǔ)備液的組成及濃度(mg/L)為 :ZnSO4·7H2O 22、 MnCl2·4H2O 5.1、FeSO4·4H2O 5.0、CuSO4·5H2O 1.8及CoCl2·6H2O 1.6.用0.1mol/L HCl或0.1mol/L NaOH調(diào)節(jié)pH值使其維持在 7.0左右.溶解氧(DO)濃度控制在5mg/L以上.

1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)方案

考察添加oAP在不同濃度下對(duì)污泥產(chǎn)率及污泥中微生物活性的影響.首先進(jìn)行污泥產(chǎn)率批次試驗(yàn),分別在實(shí)驗(yàn)組R1、R2、R3、R4、R5中加入4mg/L、8mg/L、12mg/L、16mg/L、20mg/L的 oAP, R6設(shè)為對(duì)照組.試驗(yàn)前,活性污泥系統(tǒng)MLSS為2500mg/L,COD為400mg/L,控制溶解氧在5mg/L.

其次考察 oAP對(duì)污泥微生物活性的批次試驗(yàn),將燒杯置于攪拌器上,同時(shí)開(kāi)始攪拌曝氣.為保證系統(tǒng)充足溶解氧(DO),控制DO在4mg/L, pH值控制在7.0左右,混合液置于有效容積為500mL的燒杯中,加入人工模擬污水,每 20min在系統(tǒng)中檢測(cè)所有樣品的 NH4+-N濃度,并做好記錄,用以計(jì)算AUR;150min后停止曝氣,錐形瓶中重新?lián)Q入污水?dāng)嚢柽\(yùn)行,并在每瓶中分別取1mL、0.3mL污泥混合液進(jìn)行TTC-ETS和INT-ETS活性測(cè)定.同時(shí),從每瓶中再取出混合液置于6個(gè)250mL的燒杯中,充分曝氣,當(dāng) DO達(dá)到飽和狀態(tài)時(shí)插入溶解氧電極, ,檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)DO并做好記錄,用以計(jì)算SOUR.

1.3 電子傳遞鏈(ETS)活性

電子傳遞鏈(ETS)活性包括 TTC-ETS活性和INT-ETS活性,采用Wang測(cè)定方法[12].具體方法取污泥混合液(TTC-ETS取 1mL,INT-ETS取0.3mL),置于 10mL 的離心管,分別加入(TTC-ETS:1.5mLTris-HCl緩沖溶液、0.5mL的0.36%Na2SO3溶液和 2mL的 0.4%TTC溶液;INT-ETS:1.5mL的Tris-HCl 緩沖溶液和1mL的 0.2%INT溶液),迅速置于 (37±1)℃的水浴振蕩器內(nèi)振蕩培養(yǎng)30min,結(jié)束后,加1mL的37%甲醛,以上操作均在暗處進(jìn)行,然后,在 4000r/ min下離心 5min,棄去上清液,TTC-ETS加入5mL的丙酮,INT-ETS加入5mL甲醇,攪拌均勻,繼續(xù)在(37±1)℃下暗處振蕩萃取 10min,萃取完畢后,在 4000r/min下再離心 5min.用分光光度計(jì)在 485nm處測(cè)定萃取液的吸光度,經(jīng)離心的沉淀污泥在(105±1)℃下烘干1h后稱重.其計(jì)算公式如下:

式中: TTC-ETS為 TTC-電子傳遞體系活性, INT-ETS為 INT-電子傳遞體系活性,單位均為μg/(mg?h); D485為波長(zhǎng) 485nm處的上清液吸光度;V為萃取劑體積,mL; ki為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線斜率;W為污泥干重, mg; t為培養(yǎng)時(shí)間, h.

1.4 分析方法

由于ETS活性、SOUR和AUR參數(shù)的單位不同,無(wú)法直接進(jìn)行比較,為了使3者具有可比性,引入抑制率這一指標(biāo),其計(jì)算公式:

式中,S0為對(duì)照組的TTC-ETS、INT-ETS活性、SOUR和AUR值,S為代謝解偶聯(lián)劑質(zhì)量濃度下的 TTC-ETS、INT-ETS活性、SOUR和AUR值,為方便有效地將代謝解偶聯(lián)劑質(zhì)量與活性污泥系統(tǒng)中微生物活性各指標(biāo)的抑制狀況進(jìn)行分析,引入?yún)?shù)Γ:

式(4)僅適用污泥活性的抑制百分比在5%～95%范圍內(nèi).回歸方程曲線上對(duì)應(yīng) Γ=1的oAP質(zhì)量濃度即為抑制50%污泥活性的oAP質(zhì)量濃度,即半最大效應(yīng)濃度,記作 IC50.采用Origin8.5軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析.

氨攝取速率(AUR)測(cè)定采用 Stasinaki方法13],用 NH4+-N濃度變化值與時(shí)間關(guān)系作圖法方法求得,直線的斜率與指標(biāo)測(cè)定生物量MLSS比值,即得AUR;比耗氧速率(SOUR)測(cè)定采用 Chen測(cè)定方法[14],用溶解氧(DO)隨時(shí)間的關(guān)系圖的方法求得,通過(guò)線性回歸分析得耗氧速率值,再除以指標(biāo)生物量 MLSS即得SOUR.

常規(guī)指標(biāo)CODcr、NH4+-N和MLSS的分析方法主要參照APHA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測(cè)定[15].污泥產(chǎn)率系數(shù)(Yobs)是指每去除 1mg COD所新產(chǎn)生的污泥量(mg),即,污泥減量計(jì)算公式:

2 結(jié)果與討論

2.1 oAP濃度對(duì)污泥產(chǎn)率的影響

oAP濃度對(duì)污泥產(chǎn)率和污泥減量的影響見(jiàn)圖1.隨著oAP濃度從0～20mg/L增加,污泥表觀產(chǎn) 率 從 0.443mgMLSS/mgCOD 減 少 到0.222mgMLSS/mg COD,當(dāng)添加量20mg/L時(shí),污泥表觀產(chǎn)率最低,為 0.222mgMLSS/mg COD,與未添加oAP相比,污泥減少了近一半,為49.80%,當(dāng) oAP添加量 12mg/L 時(shí),污泥產(chǎn)率為0.256MLSS/mgCOD,污泥減量為42.20%.與oAP添加量12mg/L時(shí)相比,在添加量20mg/L時(shí),污泥減量效果差別不大;在添加量分別 4、8mg/L時(shí),污泥表觀產(chǎn)率分別為 0.441和 0.348mg MLSS/ mgCOD,污泥減量?jī)H4.50%、21.40%,污泥減量效果不明顯.所以,添加量為12mg/L時(shí),為代謝解偶聯(lián)劑oAP最佳的添加量.oAP能夠使氧化磷酸化解偶聯(lián),其作用機(jī)制如圖 2所示,在 pH=7環(huán)境下,oAP以離解的形式存在時(shí)不能透過(guò)膜,因?yàn)樗侵蝗苄缘?在酸性環(huán)境中oAP接受質(zhì)子后成為不解離的形式而變?yōu)橹苄缘?從而容易透過(guò)膜,同時(shí)將一個(gè)質(zhì)子帶入膜內(nèi)[16].解偶聯(lián)劑使內(nèi)膜對(duì) H+的通透性增加,出現(xiàn)質(zhì)子泄露,造成細(xì)胞膜兩側(cè)H+濃度降低,使質(zhì)子動(dòng)勢(shì)(PMF)減弱,出現(xiàn)氧化磷酸化解偶聯(lián),造成三磷酸腺苷(ATP)的合成減少[17-18].在維持代謝的基礎(chǔ)上,用于生化合成的能量大大減少,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)污泥減量化[19-20].在oAP解偶聯(lián)作用時(shí),一定量的oAP只能結(jié)合一定量的質(zhì)子,一定量解偶聯(lián)劑濃度與污泥濃度比能較好的實(shí)現(xiàn)污泥減量.

圖1 oAP濃度對(duì)污泥產(chǎn)率及污泥減量的影響Fig.1 Effects of oAP concentration on sludge yield and sludge reduction

圖2 oAP污泥減量化機(jī)理Fig.2 Mechanism of excess sludge reduction induced by oAP

2.2 oAP對(duì)基質(zhì)去除的影響

由于oAP對(duì)活性污泥系統(tǒng)中的微生物具有一定抑制和毒害作用,oAP對(duì)基質(zhì)的去除情況見(jiàn)圖3.由圖3可知,隨著oAP添加量的增加,基質(zhì)去除的影響程度各不相同,污泥產(chǎn)率顯著降低.當(dāng)oAP由4mg/L增加到12mg/L時(shí),COD去除率由90.07%下降到85.12%,NH4+-N去除率由87%下降到 78%,也就是說(shuō) oAP對(duì) COD去除影響較NH4+-N小[21-23],表明 oAP使污泥產(chǎn)率系數(shù)的降低是由于降低了細(xì)胞的合成量而并非是底物的氧化降解量[15],隨著oAP添加量增加,對(duì)COD去除率影響較小,而NH4+-N去除率大幅度降低,說(shuō)明oAP對(duì)異養(yǎng)菌的影響較自養(yǎng)菌小[10].出水氨氮增高,這可能是由于微生物將未能合成自身細(xì)胞的那部分N釋放到水中所造成的[14].對(duì)硝化反應(yīng)的抑制作用更加顯著,而對(duì)異養(yǎng)菌的抑制作用小于硝化細(xì)菌,導(dǎo)致CODCr去除率不能及時(shí)有效地反映出污泥活性的變化,在研究重金屬對(duì)活性污泥的影響時(shí)得出同樣的結(jié)論[24,25].代謝解偶聯(lián)劑有一定的毒性,影響ETS活性,造成活性污泥系統(tǒng)中的微生物功能降低,而且,對(duì)氨氧化菌的影響比硝化菌強(qiáng),通過(guò)DGGE分析,添加解偶聯(lián)劑二氯苯酚(2,6-DCP)后,亞硝化單胞菌消失[10].

圖3 oAP對(duì)基質(zhì)去除率的影響Fig.3 Effect of oAP on substrate removal rate

2.3 ETS活性、SOUR和AUR對(duì)污泥活性的表征

從以上的討論可知,oAP對(duì)活性污泥系統(tǒng)去除NH4+-N的抑制作用比去除CODCr抑制作用更為顯著.因此,若ETS活性、AUR和SOUR這些指標(biāo)能夠表征 oAP對(duì)活性污泥系統(tǒng)去除NH4+-N能力的變化,則說(shuō)明利用該指標(biāo)能夠表征污泥活性受oAP影響的大小.活性污泥分別受到oAP抑制作用后,其TTC-ETS活性、INT-ETS活性、AUR和SOUR與NH4+-N去除率之間的關(guān)系如圖4所示.

由表1可知,當(dāng)活性污泥受到oAP抑制作用后,污泥TTC-ETS活性、INT-ETS 活性、AUR和SOUR與 NH4+-N去除率間的相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為0.980、0.975、0.991和0.906,均大于0.9,呈線性正相關(guān),可作評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),其中AUR與NH4+-N去除率的相關(guān)系數(shù)最大.表明在 oAP作用下,AUR更加契合 NH4+-N去除的變化規(guī)律.當(dāng)活性污泥受到oAP抑制作用時(shí),4個(gè)指標(biāo)均能用來(lái)表征污泥活性.從氮的和 COD去除情況來(lái)看,硝化菌比異氧菌對(duì)oAP更為敏感,SOUR表征異氧菌耗氧情況,AUR則表征硝化菌的耗氧率,所以,AUR與 NH4+-N 去除率之間的相關(guān)性最好,說(shuō)明AUR最能有效地表征oAP對(duì)污泥活性的抑制作用的描述,其次為 TTC-ETS活性、INT-ETS活性和SOUR[26-28].

圖4 oAP作用下NH4+-N去除率與污泥活性之間的關(guān)系Fig.4 The relationship between NH4+-N removal rate and the activity of sludge under the action of oAP

表1 擬合模型各參數(shù)值Table 1 Parameters of fitting model

2.4 oAP對(duì)污泥活性抑制作用影響

添加oAP后污染物質(zhì)去除及污泥TTC-ETS活性、INT-ETS 活性、SOUR和AUR等都會(huì)受到不同程度的影響[29-30].比較IC50值oAP對(duì)活性污泥微生物各抑制評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)的靈敏度,IC50值越小,說(shuō)明該指標(biāo)響應(yīng)度高[26,31],將不oAP濃度和污泥活性抑制率對(duì)應(yīng)的參數(shù)Γ建立多項(xiàng)式擬合,見(jiàn)圖5.在95%的置信水平下,抑制率為50%,Γ=1,對(duì)應(yīng)的IC50可取.不同oAP濃度與Γ擬合方程均有良好的相關(guān)性,相關(guān)系數(shù)＞0.94,依據(jù)各指標(biāo)對(duì)應(yīng)的擬合方程可求得各指標(biāo)oAP的IC50,曲線對(duì)應(yīng)的擬合方程及IC50見(jiàn)表2.當(dāng)加入oAP時(shí),4種指標(biāo)的靈敏度表現(xiàn)為TTC-ETS活性＞INT-ETS活性＞AUR＞SOUR.與TTC-ETS活性相比,INT-ETS活性表征Cu2+對(duì)污泥的毒性作用的靈敏性較差,究其原因是INT和氧化還原電分別為+90mV、+490mV,基質(zhì)電子只能在既定傳遞體間傳遞,且傳遞方向取決于基質(zhì)電子的電化學(xué)動(dòng)勢(shì).污泥TTC-ETS活性表征oAP對(duì)活性污泥微生物抑制影響的靈敏性最高,這可能是不同種類的受體在氧化呼吸鏈中接受基質(zhì)電子的部位不同所致[27].因此,當(dāng)基質(zhì)環(huán)境變化時(shí),電子傳遞鏈活性較AUR和SOUR值響應(yīng)快速.化學(xué)解偶聯(lián)劑會(huì)影響菌群結(jié)構(gòu)及功能性微生物的豐度,對(duì)二氯苯酚(2,6-DCP)在序批式反應(yīng)器長(zhǎng)期運(yùn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),2,6-DCP對(duì)氨氧化菌(AOB)的抑制作用較大[10,32].本研究AUR指標(biāo)的敏感性高于SOUR,也可能是oAP抑制了AOB的活性,從而引起AUR較SOUR變化快.

圖5 oAP添加量與Γ的關(guān)系曲線Fig.5 Relationship curve of the addition of oAP and Γ

表2 oAP與Γ的擬合方程及 IC50Table 2 Fitting equations of oAP and Γ and IC 50

3 結(jié)論

3.1 化學(xué)解偶聯(lián)劑能夠降低污泥產(chǎn)率,一定量的oAP濃度與一定量的污泥濃度(比解偶聯(lián)劑濃度)能夠較好的實(shí)現(xiàn)污泥減量,即 oAP最佳添加量為12mg/L.

3.2 化學(xué)解偶聯(lián)劑 oAP對(duì)活性污泥的硝化作用有明顯的抑制作用,硝化細(xì)菌相比異養(yǎng)菌對(duì)oAP敏感性更強(qiáng),與CODCr去除率相比,NH4+-N去除率更能有效的反映出oAP對(duì)污泥活性的抑制作用. 3.3 通過(guò)oAP對(duì)NH4+-N去除率的變化情況進(jìn)行分析,污泥TTC-ETS活性、INT-ETS活性、SOUR和 AUR均能有效地用于表征oAP對(duì)污泥活性的抑制作用, AUR的擬合效果最好.

3.4 污泥 TTC-ETS活性的 IC50最小,為35.51mg/L,響應(yīng)值最低,是表征oAP對(duì)污泥活性抑制的最佳指標(biāo).

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Effects of o-aminophenol on sludge yield and microbial activity.

WEI Xue-yu1,2*, LIU Zhi-gang2,3, YAN Yu-tao2, XU Xiao-ping1, WANG Xiao-ju2(1.The School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China；2.College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China；3.Ningbo Water Supply Co., Ltd, Ningbo 315041, China). China Environmental Science, 2017,37(7)：2550～2556

In order to view sludge reduction and estimate the inhibitory effect of chemical uncoupler on the activity of sludge, the influence of o-aminophenol (oAP) addition on efficiency of sludge reduction. The microbial activity and variation of removal efficiency in NH4+-N and CODCrinduced by addition oAP were investigated through batch tests. Four indexes, TTC-electron transport system activity (TTC-ETS), INT-electron transport system activity (INT-ETS), ammonia uptake rate (AUR) and specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) were used to characterize the inhibitory effects of the metabolic uncoupler on the sludge activity. The results showed that the average apparent sludge yield of Yobs was decreased from 0.443 to 0.256MLSS/mgCOD for 42.20%, when oAP concentration was set as 12mg/L. The inhibitory effect of oAP on removing NH4+-N was more significant than on decomposing organics, and nitrifying bacteria were more sensitive than heterotrophic bacteria to the inhibitory effects of oAP, which showed the toxic influence on the activity of sludge. Through comparing the inhibition rates of NH4+-N removal efficiency, AUR is supposed to be the most effective index to characterize the inhibitory effects of metabolic uncoupler. Besides, TTC-ETS activity can be used as the optimum index to characterize inhibitory effects of oAP, because its median inhibitory concentration was the minimum of 35.51mg/L, as the minimum one among the four indexes.

chemical uncoupler；o-aminophenol(oAP)；sludge activity；TTC-electron transport system activity；INT-electron transport system activity；ammonia uptake rate(AUR)；specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR)

X703.5

A

1000-6923(2017)07-2550-07

韋學(xué)玉(1978-),男,河南淮陽(yáng)人,講師,博士研究生,主要從事水處理理論與技術(shù)及污泥減量方面的研究.發(fā)表論文10余篇.

2016-12-14

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(51502106);安徽高校自然科學(xué)基金重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(KJ2017A119)

* 責(zé)任作者, 講師, wxyu1027@126.com