林小晶, 魯 林, 王曉慧
(上海體育學(xué)院運動科學(xué)學(xué)院,上海200438)
運動人體科學(xué)
炎癥因子chemerin在有氧運動改善動脈粥樣硬化大鼠血脂和主動脈硬化中的作用
林小晶, 魯 林, 王曉慧
(上海體育學(xué)院運動科學(xué)學(xué)院,上海200438)
目的:研究炎癥因子chemerin在有氧運動改善動脈粥樣硬化大鼠血脂和主動脈硬化中的作用。方法:將30只雄性SD大鼠隨機分為2組,AS造模組20只,采用一次性腹腔注射維生素D3(60萬IU/kg)聯(lián)合8周高脂飼料喂養(yǎng)的方法制備AS大鼠模型;正常對照組(Con)10只,腹腔一次性注射等量的生理鹽水,并喂以8周普通飼料。建模成功的AS大鼠被隨機分為AS組和運動+AS(EAS)組。EAS組大鼠在跑臺上進行為期4周中等強度的有氧運動,每周運動6 d。油紅O染色和HE染色檢測AS程度,全自動生化分析儀檢測大鼠血脂(血清TC、TG、LDL、HDL水平),ELISA檢測血清chemerin水平,以及real time PCR和Western blot檢測大鼠肝臟chemerin的mRNA和蛋白表達水平。結(jié)果:①與Con組相比,AS組大鼠出現(xiàn)血脂紊亂(血清TC、TG、LDL水平顯著升高,HDL顯著降低),以及主動脈粥樣斑塊,斑塊處血管中膜的平滑肌細胞增生、排列紊亂,但AS組大鼠的空腹血糖無變化。②與AS組相比,EAS組大鼠的TC、TG、LDL水平顯著降低、主動脈AS的大體和鏡下病理改變均顯著減輕;腎周脂肪量顯著減少,以及空腹血糖無變化。③與Con組相比,AS組大鼠的血清chemerin、肝chemerin的mRNA和蛋白水平均顯著升高。④與 AS組相比,EAS組大鼠的血清chemerin、肝chemerin的mRNA和蛋白水平均顯著降低。結(jié)論: AS大鼠的血清chemerin、肝chemerin的mRNA和蛋白水平均顯著升高;4周有氧運動改善AS大鼠的血脂、減少腎周脂肪量和減輕AS程度,這可能與其降低血清和肝的chemerin水平有關(guān)。
炎癥因子;chemerin;大鼠;動脈粥樣硬化;有氧運動;血脂
Author’s addressSchool of Kinesiology,Shanghai University of Sport,Shanghai 200438,China
隨著人口老齡化以及多吃少動生活方式的盛行,肥胖及其相關(guān)疾病,如動脈粥樣硬化(Atherosclerosis,AS)、糖尿病、冠心病等的發(fā)病率逐年上升,已成為危害人類健康的主要疾病。肥胖及其相關(guān)疾病被認為是系統(tǒng)性的慢性低度炎癥[1]。肥胖時肝和脂肪組織中巨噬細胞的浸潤以及血漿炎癥因子CRP、TNF-"、IL-6和脂肪因子leptin的顯著增加是慢性低度炎癥最顯著的特征[1-5]。除了上述經(jīng)典的炎癥和脂肪因子之外,chemerin在肥胖及其相關(guān)疾病中的作用日益引起人們關(guān)注,已成為肥胖及其相關(guān)疾病的研究熱點。
chemerin是新發(fā)現(xiàn)的脂肪因子,亦被稱為他扎羅汀誘導(dǎo)基因2和視黃酸受體反應(yīng)因子2[6],在脂肪和肝組織中高表達。1997年首次在銀屑病患者皮膚中發(fā)現(xiàn),鑒別為他扎羅汀誘導(dǎo)基因2(TIG2),但直到2003年在人類炎癥性液體中也檢測到它時才命名為chemerin,被認為是一種孤兒G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體趨化因子樣受體1(CMKLR1,亦被稱為ChemR23)的配體[7],到2007年才認識到它是一個脂肪因子和炎癥因子。已證實chemerin與炎癥標志物如CRP、TNF-"、IL-6等顯著相關(guān)[8-9]。越來越多的研究證實,血漿chemerin的表達和活性在糖脂代謝紊亂疾病,如肥胖[10-11]、代謝綜合征[11-12]、2型糖尿?。?,13-14],以及AS[15-18]中顯著增加,且可能與疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展和嚴重程度密切相關(guān)。chemerin有可能成為治療肥胖及其相關(guān)疾病的靶分子。值得一提的是,近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn)chemerin可促進巨噬細胞的膽固醇蓄積和巨噬細胞向泡沫細胞的轉(zhuǎn)化,從而在AS的形成以及粥樣斑塊的大小中起重要作用[17]。
有氧運動減輕肥胖、改善肥胖相關(guān)疾病如AS、糖尿病已成為共識。有氧運動改善肥胖及其相關(guān)疾病的作用機制與其減輕這些疾病的炎癥狀態(tài)有關(guān)[19-20]。有氧運動改善AS大鼠的動脈硬化程度也與其抗炎作用有關(guān),如減輕單核/巨噬細胞在主動脈壁的附著和浸潤、降低主動脈壁炎癥因子的水平[21],但目前還沒有關(guān)于有氧運動改善AS是否與炎癥因子chemerin有關(guān)的研究報道??梢悦鞔_的是,有氧運動能降低肥胖[22-24]和2型糖尿病[25]患者血清chemerin的水平,且chemerin的降低與肥胖和糖尿病患者的血脂、血糖的改善有關(guān)。本文擬在AS模型大鼠中研究4周有氧運動對chemerin的影響及其與血脂和主動脈AS程度改善的相關(guān)性,不僅有助于認識有氧運動改善AS的機制,還能為AS的治療提供新的靶分子。
1.1 實驗對象6周齡雄性SD大鼠30只,體重190~210 g,購于北京維通利華實驗技術(shù)有限公司(合格證號:SCXK(京)2012—0001)。在上海體育學(xué)院SPF級動物實驗室喂養(yǎng)大鼠,自由飲水飲食,溫度控制在20~24℃,相對濕度為40% ~55% ,白天光照12 h,晚上關(guān)燈。
1.2 實驗方法
1.2.1 AS模型大鼠的制備與分組 30只雄性SD大鼠被適應(yīng)性喂養(yǎng)一周后,隨機分為2組:AS造模組(20只)和正常對照組(Con,10只)。采用一次性腹腔注射維生素D3(60萬IU/kg,購于上海通用藥業(yè)股份有限公司)聯(lián)合8周高脂飼料喂養(yǎng)(含3%膽固醇,0.5%膽酸鈉,0.2%丙基硫氧嘧啶,5%白糖,10%豬油和81.3%普通飼料)的方法制備AS模型大鼠;Con組大鼠腹腔一次性注射等量的生理鹽水后,喂以普通飼料。8周喂養(yǎng)后,Con組和AS造模組分別隨機選擇2只和4只,眼眶取血檢測血脂水平,處死大鼠后剝離主動脈進行大體和病理學(xué)檢查,以明確AS模型大鼠是否制備成功。確認成功后,AS造模大鼠被隨機分為AS組和EAS(運動+AS)組,每組各8只。
1.2.2 運動干預(yù) EAS組大鼠先進行3 d的跑臺適應(yīng)性訓(xùn)練,緊接著在跑臺上進行為期4周的遞增負荷中等強度有氧運動(表1)。
表1 有氧運動方案Table 1 Aerobic exercise protocol
1.2.3 空腹血糖和血清指標的檢測 4周運動前后,大鼠禁食12 h后眼眶靜脈叢采血,收集血清。最后一次跑臺運動干預(yù)結(jié)束后36 h,水合氯醛麻醉處死大鼠,收集肝臟。羅氏血糖儀檢測空腹血糖;全自動生化分析儀檢測血清總膽固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL)和高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL)的水平(試劑購自南京建成公司)。ELISA方法檢測血清chemerin的水平(試劑盒購于美國Life Span Biosciences公司)。
1.2.4 主動脈AS程度的檢測[26]大鼠麻醉后,沿主動脈弓至腎主動脈分支處剝離全長動脈。生理鹽水清洗后,4%多聚甲醛固定,油紅O染色。剪取有斑塊的動脈進行石蠟包埋、切片和HE染色。
1.2.5 肝chemerin的mRNA檢測 用TRIzol試劑(購自美國Invitrogen公司)抽提大鼠肝總的RNA,逆轉(zhuǎn)錄成 cDNA(逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒購自美國 Thermo公司),進行 real time PCR擴增(chemerin及內(nèi)參GAPDH的引物序列見表2,上海生工生物工程公司合成,擴增試劑盒購自美國Roche公司),采用兩步法45個循環(huán),95℃變性15 s、60℃退火延伸60 s進行擴增。
表2 chemerin和GAPDH的引物序列Table 2 Primes sequences of chemerin and GAPDH
1.2.6 肝chemerin的蛋白水平檢測 取50 mg肝臟,加入1 mL的含PMSF的RIPA裂解液(RIPA∶PMSF= 100∶1,購目上海碧云天公司),機械勻漿后超聲裂解組織,4℃12 000 r/min離心30 min后取上清,用BCA法檢測蛋白濃度。30 μg的待測樣品進行聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳后轉(zhuǎn)移到PVDF膜上,5%的脫脂奶粉4℃封閉過夜,加入chemerin(英國abcom公司,1∶500稀釋)和β-actin(美國CST公司,1∶1 000稀釋)的一抗,4℃孵育過夜,TBST洗3次后,加入相應(yīng)的二抗(美國santa cruz公司,1∶5 000稀釋),常溫下孵育1 h,TBST洗3次后在顯影儀(購自上海天能生物科技公司)上顯影。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析采用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件包進行數(shù)據(jù)處理,結(jié)果采用平均數(shù)±標準差表示。體重和血糖、血脂采用重復(fù)測量的方差分析,其余指標采用單因素方差分析,P<0.05為顯著性差異,P<0.01為非常顯著性差異。
2.1 AS模型大鼠成功建立AS模型大鼠出現(xiàn)了血脂異常,包括血清TC、TG、LDL水平顯著升高,血清HDL水平顯著降低(表3)。如圖1(a)所示的主動脈大體標本,AS模型大鼠出現(xiàn)了紅色的粥樣斑塊,而正常對照大鼠無粥樣斑塊;與正常對照大鼠相比,顯微鏡下見AS模型大鼠斑塊處的主動脈管壁增厚,平滑肌細胞增生,細胞排列紊亂[圖1(b)]。
表3 動脈粥樣硬化模型大鼠的血脂水平 mmol/LTable 3 Serum lipids profile of the AS model rats
圖1 動脈粥樣硬化模型大鼠主動脈的大體(a)和鏡下切片(b)改變Figure 1. Gross and pathological changes of aortas in AS model rats
2.2 有氧運動對AS大鼠的體重和腎周脂肪量的影響Con組大鼠的體重始終保持增長,AS和EAS組大鼠的體重負增長,但EAS與AS組相比,大鼠的體重?zé)o顯著性變化(表4)。與Con組相比,AS組的相對腎周脂肪量(腎周脂肪重量/體重的比值)無顯著性差異;但EAS組大鼠的相對腎周脂肪量比Con組和AS組顯著降低(圖2)。
表4 4周有氧運動干預(yù)期間大鼠的體重變化 gTable 4 Difference of body weight between AS and EAS rats during 4 weeks exercise
圖2 有氧運動降低動脈粥樣硬化大鼠相對腎周脂肪的質(zhì)量Figure 2. Aerobic exercise-induced decreases of perirena adipose/body weight ratio in AS rats
2.3 有氧運動對AS大鼠的空腹血糖和血清TG、TC、LDL和HDL的影響與Con組相比,AS造模大鼠(AS組和有氧運動干預(yù)前的EAS組)的空腹血糖均無顯著性改變,在正常范圍之內(nèi)(圖3)。有氧運動干預(yù)后的EAS組大鼠的空腹血糖與AS組無差別,且仍然在正常范圍內(nèi)。
圖3 有氧運動不改變動脈粥樣硬化大鼠的空腹血糖Figure 3. No change of fasting plasma glucose(FPG)between AS and EAS rats during 4 weeks exercise
4周有氧運動干預(yù)后,EAS組大鼠的血清TC、TG、LDL水平比AS組均顯著降低,但仍高于Con組大鼠;而EAS組大鼠的血清HDL水平無顯著變化(圖4)。
2.4 有氧運動降低AS大鼠主動脈斑塊的嚴重程度與AS組相比,EAS組大鼠主動脈的紅色粥樣硬化斑點較顯著減少[圖5(a)],且斑塊處主動脈中膜的平滑肌細胞增生和排列紊亂顯著改善[圖5(b)]。
2.5 有氧運動降低AS大鼠的血清chemerin水平與Con組對比,AS組大鼠血清chemerin水平顯著增加。4周有氧運動干預(yù)后,EAS組大鼠的血清chemerin水平顯著降低,且降低至 Con組水平(圖6)。
圖4 有氧運動改善動脈粥樣硬化大鼠的血脂水平Figure 4. Aerobic exercise-induced improvements of serum lipids in AS rats
圖5 有氧運動減輕動脈粥樣硬化大鼠主動脈斑塊的嚴重程度Figure 5. Aerobic exercise-induced reduction of atherosclerosis severity of aorta in AS rats
圖6 有氧運動降低動脈粥樣硬化大鼠的血清chemerin水平Figure 6. Aerobic exercise-induced retrieve of serum chemerin in AS rats
2.6 有氧運動降低AS大鼠肝chemerin的mRNA和蛋白水平與Con大鼠相比,AS組大鼠肝chemerin的mRNA[圖7(a)]和蛋白[圖7(b)]表達水平顯著增加,而EAS組大鼠肝chemerin的mRNA和蛋白表達水平顯著降低。
圖7 有氧運動降低動脈粥樣硬化大鼠肝chemerin的mRNA和蛋白表達水平Figure 7. Aerobic exercise-induced decreases of mRNA(A) and protein(B)levels of chemerin in the livers of AS rats
作為一個趨化因子,chemerin促進多種表達其受體ChemR23的免疫細胞(巨噬細胞、未成熟的樹突狀細胞等)的募集和遷移[27],增強巨噬細胞與血管內(nèi)皮的粘附,以及巨噬細胞在細胞間質(zhì)的遷移[28],從而參與多種組織包括脂肪、肝、骨骼肌、胰島和血管等的炎細胞浸潤、黏附和遷移。除了促炎作用,chemerin在脂肪細胞的分化、脂肪分解和維持血糖穩(wěn)態(tài)中也發(fā)揮重要作用[15,29]。ChemR23(chemerin的受體)基因敲除的小鼠較少發(fā)生嚴重的感染性疾?。?9]的同時,脂肪的生成和糖耐量出現(xiàn)問題[30]、體重和肌肉重量減輕[31],這間接證明chemerin在調(diào)控炎癥反應(yīng)和糖脂代謝中起橋梁作用。chemerin能抑制脂肪的分解和肌肉等組織的糖攝取,導(dǎo)致胰島素抵抗,在血糖和血脂的紊亂中發(fā)揮重要作用,且該作用可能與chemerin使調(diào)控糖、脂代謝的重要基因(如葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運子4(GLUT4)、leptin和脂聯(lián)素)的表達出現(xiàn)障礙有關(guān)[32]。
血清chemerin水平在肥胖及相關(guān)疾病如代謝綜合征[11-12]、2型糖尿?。?,13-14]、AS[15-18]和冠心?。?3]患者中顯著增加,并與糖脂代謝的紊亂密切相關(guān)。肥胖患者減重手術(shù)后,伴隨著顯著的體重降低和糖脂代謝的改善,血漿 chemerin水平也顯著降低[34],這證實了chemerin在肥胖患者糖脂代謝紊亂中的作用。chemerin在AS中的作用也得到較多文獻的支持。如人體實驗證實,在AS患者的血管外周脂肪、血管平滑肌細胞和泡沫細胞中檢測到chemerin,且chemerin水平與AS的嚴重程度顯著相關(guān)[35];冠狀動脈粥樣硬化心臟病(冠心病)患者的血清 chemerin水平顯著升高[36],冠心病患者心包外膜的脂肪組織、冠狀動脈斑塊的泡沫細胞的chemerin基因高表達[37]。動物實驗也證實,AS大鼠主動脈的chemerin基因表達水平顯著增加[17]。在細胞水平上,chemerin能明顯增加人巨噬細胞對膽固醇的攝?。?8],以及促進THP-1源性巨噬細胞的膽固醇蓄積和巨噬細胞向泡沫細胞的轉(zhuǎn)化[39]。上述人體和動物實驗、在體和體外的研究均表明,高表達的chemerin促進AS的炎癥反應(yīng),且與AS的嚴重程度有關(guān)。由于肝是血清chemerin的主要來源之一,故本文除了檢測血清 chemerin水平,還檢測了肝chemerin的mRNA和蛋白表達水平,證實了AS大鼠血清和肝的chemerin水平均顯著升高,且與上述報道的結(jié)果一致。
周期性、中小運動強度的有氧運動有益于防治肥胖及其相關(guān)疾病,該作用至少部分與有氧運動的抗炎作用有關(guān)[40-42]。伴隨著有氧運動改善糖脂代謝、提高胰島素敏感性的同時,肥胖和糖尿病患者的炎癥因子chemerin水平顯著降低。如4個月[22,43]、甚至一次的有氧運動對肥胖患者[24]、1 a規(guī)律的中等強度行走對2型糖尿病患者[44]都有顯著降低血漿chemerin水平的作用。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),AS大鼠的血脂異常(血清TC、TG和LDL升高,HDL降低都是AS的主要危險因素)和主動脈出現(xiàn)粥樣硬化斑塊的同時,血清和肝chemerin水平增加,而4周有氧運動改善AS大鼠的血脂、減少腎周脂肪和減輕AS程度的同時,血清和肝chemerin水平也降低,提示血清和肝chemerin的降低可能與有氧運動改善血脂、減少腎周脂肪和減輕主動脈AS程度有關(guān)。本文加深了對chemerin的認識,即在文獻證實chemerin與有氧運動改善肥胖和2型糖尿病患者糖脂代謝有關(guān)的基礎(chǔ)上,發(fā)現(xiàn)chemerin也與有氧運動改善AS的血脂、體脂和主動脈AS程度有關(guān)。
AS大鼠的血清chemerin、肝chemerin的mRNA和蛋白水平均顯著升高。4周有氧運動改善AS大鼠的血脂、減少腎周脂肪量和減輕AS程度,這可能與其降低血清和肝的chemerin水平有關(guān)。
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Effects of Chemerin on Aerobic Exercise-induced Improvements of Blood Lipid and Aortic Sclerosis in Atherosclerosis Rats
LIN Xiaojing, LU Lin,WANG Xiaohui
To investigate the effects of chemerin on aerobic exercise-induced improvements of blood lipid and aortic sclerosis in atherosclerosis(AS)rats.Methods:Thirty male SD rats were randomly divided into AS model group(n=20)and control group (Con,n=10),the former rats were fed with 8-week high fat diet after an intra-peritoneal injection of vitamin D3(600 thousand IU/kg body weight)to establish AS model rats while the latter fed with normal diet after an injection of the same amount of normal saline.The AS model rats were further randomly divided into 2 groups:AS group and exercise AS(EAS)group,8 rats in each group.The EAS rats participated in moderate intensity aerobic exercise on a treadmill with an increasing load for 4 weeks,6 days per week.The severity of AS were evaluated according to the plaques appeared in gross aortas stained with oil red O as well as the pathological changes of aortic paraffin section stained with HE.Blood lipid(serum levels of triglyceride(TG),total cholesterol (TC),low -density lipoprotein(LDL),and high density lipoprotein (HDL)) were detected using full automatic biochemical analyzer.Fasting glucose were determined by Roche glucometer.Serum levels of chemerin were measured by ELISA.The mRNA and protein expression of chemerin in livers were detected by real time PCR and Western blot,respectively.Results: 1)Successful establishment of AS model rats:compared with control,significant increases of serum levels of TC,TG and LDL as well as decrease of serum HDL were showed in the AS rats;and the atherosclerotic plaque appeared in the gross aortas and the proliferation and arrangement disorders of smooth muscle cells in aorta membrane were found in the AS rats.2)Compared with AS group,significant improvements of blood lipid(lower of TC,TG and LDL),as well as decreases of relative weight of perirenal adipose and AS severity(alleviations of gross and pathological disorders of aortas)were found in EAS rats.3)The serum chemerin as well as the mRNA and protein levels of chemerin in livers were significant higher in the AS rats than that of Con.4) The levels of chemerin in serum and livers were significant down-regulated in EAS rats compared with AS rats.Conclusions:1) The serum chemerin as well as the mRNA and protein levels of chemerin in livers were increased in AS rats.2)Aerobic exercise induced improvements of blood lipid and severity of AS in aortas,which may be associated with the decreases of chemerin in serum and livers.
inflammatory factor;chemerin;rat;atherosclerosis; aerobic exercise;blood lipid
G804.2
A
1000-5498(2017)04-0049-08
2016-12-16;
2017-02-27
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(31271274)
林小晶(1990-),女,福建寧德人,上海體育學(xué)院碩士研究生;Tel.:(021)51253520,E-mail:flyjjing@ 163.com
王曉慧(1972-),女,江蘇淮安人,上海體育學(xué)院教授,博士生導(dǎo)師;Tel.:(021)51253520,E-mail: wangpan96@126.com
DOI10.16099/j.sus.2017.04.009