油氣開發(fā)

·編者按·

油氣開發(fā)是指對油氣田實施產(chǎn)能建設(shè)和油氣生產(chǎn)的活動。油氣開發(fā)項目是一種綜合性的高科技項目，具有周期長、工作量大、工作過程復(fù)雜等特點。石油是保障國民經(jīng)濟(jì)安全的重要戰(zhàn)略資源，歷來都受到世界各國的高度重視。近年來，我國油氣田開發(fā)工程技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展，有力支撐了原油生產(chǎn)的穩(wěn)定增長和天然氣的快速發(fā)展。但是，隨著已開發(fā)老油田含水率進(jìn)一步上升，持續(xù)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)難度不斷加大；新發(fā)現(xiàn)油氣田向深水、深層、非常規(guī)油氣發(fā)展，地質(zhì)條件越來越復(fù)雜，開發(fā)效益越來越低，迫切需要開發(fā)工程技術(shù)的創(chuàng)新與發(fā)展。隨著陸地常規(guī)油氣資源的不斷消耗，很多國家的油氣開發(fā)主攻方向，已實現(xiàn)由陸地、淺水到深水海域、常規(guī)到非常規(guī)，淺層到深層找油氣的戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)移。加快海外油氣開發(fā)的步伐，加大海外油氣開發(fā)的力度，也成為中國石油企業(yè)的選擇。相對于陸上油氣開發(fā)工程，由于自然環(huán)境的考驗，以及平臺空間的限制，海上油氣開發(fā)工程在安全方面對設(shè)計、建造及生產(chǎn)提出了更為嚴(yán)格的要求。隨著資源儲備的減少和開發(fā)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，目前，非常規(guī)油氣資源已成為一種重要的能源。中國石油企業(yè)未來主要開發(fā)的領(lǐng)域也將是深層、深水、非常規(guī)等油氣資源。目前，超深井越來越多，中國石油化工集團(tuán)公司開發(fā)了埋深超過7 km的元壩氣田，在非常規(guī)油氣資源方面，開發(fā)了涪陵頁巖氣田。

本專題得到張金成教授（中國石油化工股份有限公司石油工程技術(shù)研究院）的大力支持。

·熱點數(shù)據(jù)排行·

截至 2017年 6月 8日，中國知網(wǎng)（CNKI）和Web of Science（WOS）的數(shù)據(jù)報告顯示，以“油氣開發(fā)（英文）”為詞條可以檢索到的期刊文獻(xiàn)分別為1936、2167條，本專題將相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)按照：研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)、作者發(fā)文數(shù)、期刊發(fā)文數(shù)、被引用頻次進(jìn)行排行，結(jié)果如下。

研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WOS）

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WOS）

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）（續(xù)表）

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WOS）（續(xù)表）

期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WOS）

根據(jù)中國知網(wǎng)（CNKI）數(shù)據(jù)報告，以“油氣開發(fā)”等為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結(jié)果如下。

國內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

根據(jù)Web of Science統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)，以“油氣開發(fā)”為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結(jié)果如下。

國外數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

·經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)推薦·

基于Web of Science檢索結(jié)果，利用Histcite軟件選取LCS（Local Citation Score，本地引用次數(shù)）TOP 30文獻(xiàn)作為節(jié)點進(jìn)行分析，得到本領(lǐng)域推薦的經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)如下。

本領(lǐng)域經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)

shale-gas; gas; marcellus; fragmentation; core forest; disturbance

來源出版物：Environmental Management, 2012, 49(5): 1061-1075

Topographic and soil constraints to shale-gas development in the northcentral appalachians

Drohan, PJ; Brittingham, M

Abstract:Worldwide, shale-gas development is becoming a feasible extraction practice and the northern Allegheny Plateau, USA is a region experiencing such development.We used a GIS to investigate topographic and soil characteristics across existing and permitted shale-gas pads in Pennsylvania, which could affect infrastructure development and reclamation success. Results from this analysis, while regionally specific, can contribute knowledge for successful management of all shale-gas extraction. Approximately 60% of existing and permitted pads occur on slopes at risk to some excess surface water movement and local erosion. Pad development occurs ＞90% of the time on back-slope landscape positions and 37% of the time on soils with a fragipan subsoil horizon, which can contribute to soil drainage problems. Most pads (73%) are developed on soils without drainage problems, but 21% are on potentially wet soils. Shale-gas development related to one pad typically disturbed a 0.1-to 20.5-ha area (mean of 2.7 ha). Aerial photography analysis from 2010 indicates a small proportion of pads have undergone restoration, and restored pads were recontoured and planted with grass. Agricultural lands restored after infrastructure development were found to return to some crop production. Assuming perfect site reclamation, grass, herbaceous, hardwood, and conifer establishment appears suitable across the range of existing and permitted pads; however revegetation success may be limited by poor soil reclamation.

來源出版物：Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2012, 76 (5): 1696-1706

The United States experience as a reference of success for shale gas development: The case of Mexico

Maya, JRL

Abstract:Shale gas has gained increasing worldwide attention in the light of the rapid production and significant effects seen in the United States. Using this case as a reference, several countries have taken the first steps to develop their own resources, with Mexico in particular including shale gas in its energy planning priorities and rushing towards its commercial production, although results have still remained elusive. This paper argues that due to the intrinsic complexity embedded in the shale gas development of the United States, its use as a benchmark by Mexico for policy making purposes is misleading, given the challenges in reproducing the same factors of success on the basis of the contextual differences between both countries. The findings presented can ultimately be helpful for other countries looking forward to or in the process of developing their shale gas resources driven by the same reference.

來源出版物：Energy Policy, 2013, 62: 70-78

Water resource impacts during unconventional shale gas development: The Pennsylvania experience

Brantley, SL; Yoxtheimer, D; Arjmand, S; et al.

Abstract:Improvements in horizontal drilling and hydrofracturing have revolutionized the energy landscape by allowing the development of so-called “unconventional”gas resources. The Marcellus play in the northeastern USA. documents how fast this technology developed: the number of unconventional Marcellus wells in Pennsylvania (PA) increased from 8 in 2005 to similar to 7234 today. Publicly available databases in PA show only rare evidence of contamination of surface and groundwaters. This could document that incidents that impact PA waters have been relatively rare and that contaminants were quickly diluted. However, firm conclusions are hampered by i) the lack of information about location and timing of incidents; ii) the tendency to not release water quality data related to specific incidents due to liability or confidentiality agreements; iii) the sparseness of sample and sensor data for the analytes of interest; iv) the presence of pre-existing water impairments that make it difficult to determine potential impacts from shale-gas activity; and v) the fact that sensors can malfunction or drift. Although the monitoring data available to assess contamination events in PA are limited, the state manages an online database of violations. Overall, one fifth of gas wells drilled were given at least one non-administrative notice of violation (NOV) from the PA regulator. Through March 2013, 3.4% of gas wells were issued NOVs for well construction issues and 0.24% of gas wells received NOVs related to methane migration into groundwater. Between 2008 and 2012, 161 of the similar to 1000 complaints received by the state described contamination that implicated oil or gas activity: natural gas was reported for 56% and brine salt components for 14% of the properties. Six percent of the properties were impacted by sediments, turbidity, and/or drill cuttings. Most of the sites of groundwater contamination with methane and/or salt components werein previously glaciated northern PA where fracture flow sometimes allows long distance fluid transport. No cases of subsurface transport of fracking or flowback fluids into water supplies were documented. If Marcellus-related flowback/production waters did enter surface or groundwaters, the most likely contaminants to be detected would be Na, Ca, and Cl, but those elements are already common in natural waters. The most Marcellus-specific“fingerprint” elements are Sr, Ba, and Br. For example, variable Br concentrations measured in southwestern PA streams were attributed to permitted release of wastewaters from unconventional shale gas wells into PA streams through municipal or industrial wastewater treatment plants before 2011. Discharge has now been discontinued except for brines from a few plants still permitted to discharge conventional oil/gas brines after treatment. Overall, drinking water supply problems determined by the regulator to implicate oil/gas activities peaked in frequency in 2010 while spill rates increased through 2012. Although many minor violations and temporary problems have been reported, the picture that emerges from PA is that the fast shale-gas start may have led to relatively few environmental incidents of significant impact compared to wells drilled; however, the impacts remain difficult to assess due to the lack of transparent and accessible data.

關(guān)鍵詞：unconventional shale gas; environmental impact; hydraulic fracturing; hydrofracturing; water quality; marcellus shale

來源出版物：International Journal of Coal Geology, 2014, 126: 140-156

Toward a better understanding and quantification of methane emissions from shale gas development

Caulton, DR; Shepson, PB; Santoro, RL; et al.

Abstract:The identification and quantification of methane emissions from natural gas production has become increasingly important owing to the increase in the natural gas component of the energy sector. An instrumented aircraft platform was used to identify large sources of methane and quantify emission rates in southwestern PA in June 2012. A large regional flux, 2.0–14 g CH4s?1km?2, was quantified for a ～2800-km2area, which did not differ statistically from a bottom-up inventory, 2.3–4.6 g CH4s?1km?2. Large emissions averaging 34 g CH4/s per well were observed from seven well pads determined to be in the drilling phase, 2 to 3 orders of magnitude greater than US Environmental Protection Agency estimates for this operational phase. The emissions from these well pads, representing ～1% of the total number of wells, account for 4%–30% of the observed regional flux. More work is needed to determine all of the sources of methane emissions from natural gas production, to ascertain why these emissions occur and to evaluate their climate and atmospheric chemistry impacts.

來源出版物：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014, 111(17): 6237-6242

Early trends in landcover change and forest fragmentation due to shale-gas development in Pennsylvania: A potential outcome for the northcentral appalachians

Drohan, PJ; Brittingham, M; Bishop, J; et al.

Worldwide shale-gas development has the potential to cause substantial landscape disturbance. The northeastern U.S., specifically the Allegheny Plateau in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, and Kentucky, is experiencing rapid exploration. Using Pennsylvania as a proxy for regional development across the Plateau, we examine land cover change due to shale-gas exploration, with emphasis on forest fragmentation. Pennsylvania’s shale-gas development is greatest on private land, and is dominated by pads with 1-2 wells; less than 10% of pads have five wells or more. Approximately 45%-62% of pads occur on agricultural land and 38%-54% in forest land (many in core forest on private land). Development of permits granted as of June 3, 2011, would convert at least 644-1072 ha of agricultural land and 536-894 ha of forest land. Agricultural land conversion suggests that drilling is somewhat competing with food production. Accounting for existing pads and development of all permits would result in at least 649 km of new road, which, along with pipelines, would fragment forest cover. The Susquehanna River basin (feeding the Chesapeake Bay), is most developed, with 885 pads (26 % in core forest); permit data suggests the basin will experience continued heavy development. The intensity of core forest disturbance, where many headwater streams occur, suggests that such streams should become a focus of aquatic monitoring. Given the intense development on private lands, we believe a regional strategy is needed to help guide infrastructure development, so that habitat loss, farmland conversion, and the risk to waterways are better managed.