華科俊,胡賢杰,張 星,陳文忠,王 輝,趙親明
·臨床診療提示·
炎性指標(biāo)在闌尾炎穿孔診斷中的價(jià)值研究
華科俊*,胡賢杰,張 星,陳文忠,王 輝,趙親明
目的 探討C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)及白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、中性粒細(xì)胞分?jǐn)?shù)等炎性指標(biāo)診斷闌尾炎穿孔的價(jià)值。方法 選取2012—2015年在寧波大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬鄞州醫(yī)院術(shù)前診斷為急性闌尾炎(含慢性闌尾炎急性發(fā)作)行闌尾手術(shù)(含腹腔鏡闌尾切除術(shù))患者862例。根據(jù)闌尾炎是否穿孔分為穿孔組(146例)和未穿孔組(716例)。收集患者術(shù)前同一時(shí)間點(diǎn)CRP、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、中性粒細(xì)胞分?jǐn)?shù),繪制受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線,判斷其診斷闌尾炎穿孔的價(jià)值。結(jié)果 穿孔組和未穿孔組白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、中性粒細(xì)胞分?jǐn)?shù)比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。穿孔組CRP水平高于未穿孔組(P<0.05)。CRP>50 mg/L時(shí),診斷闌尾炎穿孔的靈敏度是78.8%,特異度是90.9%。穿孔組與未穿孔組老年人和中青年人CRP水平比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。CRP>25 mg/L時(shí),診斷老年人闌尾炎穿孔的靈敏度是82.4%,特異度是81.0%。CRP>50 mg/L時(shí),診斷中青年人闌尾炎穿孔的靈敏度是80.2%,特異度是89.7%。結(jié)論 白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、中性粒細(xì)胞分?jǐn)?shù)在術(shù)前無(wú)法準(zhǔn)確診斷闌尾炎是否穿孔,但CRP可作為診斷急性闌尾炎是否穿孔的指標(biāo),并且診斷價(jià)值在中青年患者中較老年患者強(qiáng)。
闌尾炎;闌尾炎穿孔;C反應(yīng)蛋白質(zhì);白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)
華科俊,胡賢杰,張星,等.炎性指標(biāo)在闌尾炎穿孔診斷中的價(jià)值研究[J].中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué),2017,20(17):2139-2142.[www.chinagp.net]
HUA K J,HU X J,ZHANG X,et al.Value of inflammatory biomarkers in the preoperative diagnosis of perforated appendicitis[J].Chinese General Practice,2017,20(17):2139-2142.
急性闌尾炎是最常見的外科急腹癥,對(duì)于急性闌尾炎的診斷、治療是每個(gè)普外科醫(yī)生最先接觸并需要終生掌握的基本技能。闌尾炎穿孔是急性闌尾炎最嚴(yán)重的表現(xiàn)形式,如果處理不當(dāng),常會(huì)給患者帶來(lái)較大的痛苦,甚至并發(fā)休克或多器官功能衰竭及死亡。但是目前闌尾炎穿孔的術(shù)前診斷仍無(wú)法令人滿意[1]。一方面既往常見的臨床指標(biāo)已被證明在術(shù)前無(wú)法準(zhǔn)確診斷闌尾炎是否穿孔[2]。另一方面,隨著影像學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,近幾年國(guó)內(nèi)外醫(yī)師和學(xué)者嘗試通過(guò)CT、MRI等影像學(xué)手段進(jìn)行術(shù)前確診,但效果不理想[3-6]。C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)是機(jī)體受到微生物入侵或組織損傷等炎性刺激時(shí)肝細(xì)胞合成的急性相蛋白。CRP作為急性時(shí)相反應(yīng)的極靈敏指標(biāo),具有多種生物活性,其濃度和分泌水平不因進(jìn)食和抗炎藥物等改變,是目前有效的炎性反應(yīng)標(biāo)志物。本研究回顧性分析進(jìn)行闌尾手術(shù)患者的CRP等實(shí)驗(yàn)室炎性指標(biāo)水平,以探討其術(shù)前診斷闌尾炎是否穿孔的可行性,現(xiàn)總結(jié)如下。
1.1 研究對(duì)象 選取2012—2015年在寧波大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬鄞州醫(yī)院術(shù)前診斷為急性闌尾炎(含慢性闌尾炎急性發(fā)作)行闌尾手術(shù)(含腹腔鏡闌尾切除術(shù))患者1 538例。排除術(shù)中或病理證實(shí)為非急性闌尾炎36例,術(shù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)為其他疾病或合并其他炎性疾病(如麥克爾憩室炎、急性胰腺炎等)38例,合并血液系統(tǒng)疾病(如貧血、白血病等)37例,合并肝硬化或急慢性肝炎31例,數(shù)據(jù)不完整534例。共862例患者術(shù)中或術(shù)后病理證實(shí)為急性闌尾炎(含慢性闌尾炎急性發(fā)作),并且術(shù)前至少有一次發(fā)病后同一時(shí)間點(diǎn)采血的血常規(guī)和CRP數(shù)據(jù),進(jìn)入本研究。其中男500例,女362例;年齡14~82歲,平均年齡(42.8±14.5)歲;發(fā)病次數(shù)1~6次,平均發(fā)病次數(shù)(2.1±1.2)次。
1.2 分組方法 將患者分為穿孔組716例和未穿孔組146例,其中符合以下條件進(jìn)入穿孔組:術(shù)中外科醫(yī)生發(fā)現(xiàn)有明確的闌尾炎穿孔處;由外科醫(yī)生或病理醫(yī)師診斷的壞疽性闌尾炎合并糞性闌尾周圍膿腫[7]。余進(jìn)入未穿孔組。進(jìn)一步將每組患者根據(jù)年齡分層,定義>60歲為老年人,18~60歲為中青年人。由于<18歲患者較少(20例),不進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。老年人130例,其中穿孔34例;中青年人712例,其中穿孔103例。
1.3 實(shí)驗(yàn)室數(shù)據(jù) 實(shí)驗(yàn)室數(shù)據(jù)由本院中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室提供,血常規(guī)應(yīng)用貝爾曼庫(kù)爾特LH血液分析儀,CRP應(yīng)用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)法測(cè)定,試劑由英國(guó)RANDOX公司生產(chǎn)。對(duì)于術(shù)前有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上同一時(shí)間點(diǎn)采血的血常規(guī)和CRP結(jié)果者,取距離手術(shù)最近的一次數(shù)據(jù)。
2.1 兩組一般資料 穿孔組146例,其中男82例,女64例;平均年齡(44.7±15.0)歲;平均發(fā)病次數(shù)(2.0±1.1)次。未穿孔組716例,其中男418例,女298例;平均年齡(42.3±12.3)歲;平均發(fā)病次數(shù)(2.2±1.2)次。穿孔組和未穿孔組性別、年齡、發(fā)病次數(shù)比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.244,P=0.621;t=1.863,P=0.064;t=1.443,P=0.149)。
2.2 兩組實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)水平比較 穿孔組和未穿孔組白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、中性粒細(xì)胞分?jǐn)?shù)比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。穿孔組CRP水平高于未穿孔組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見表1)。
Table 1 Comparison of levels of white blood cell count,neutrophil percentage and CRP level between perforated and non-perforated groups
組別例數(shù)白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(×109/L)中性粒細(xì)胞分?jǐn)?shù)CRP(mg/L)未穿孔組71611.5±3.30.81±0.0825.2±23.2穿孔組14612.3±3.50.82±0.0881.1±50.1t值1.2991.37613.016P值0.1940.169<0.001
注:CRP=C反應(yīng)蛋白
2.3 CRP對(duì)闌尾炎穿孔的診斷價(jià)值 CRP>50 mg/L時(shí),診斷闌尾炎穿孔的靈敏度是78.8%,特異度是90.9%(見表2、圖1)。
圖1 CRP診斷闌尾炎穿孔的ROC曲線
2.4 不同年齡患者CRP水平比較 穿孔組與未穿孔組老年人和中青年人CRP水平比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見表3)。
表2 CRP對(duì)闌尾炎穿孔的診斷價(jià)值
Table 3 Comparison of CRP level between perforated and non-perforated groups in different age
組別老年人中青年人例數(shù)CRP例數(shù)CRPt值P值未穿孔組9615.8±11.160925.9±23.83.209<0.010穿孔組3460.7±32.510386.6±52.93.284 0.001t值7.91112.561P值<0.010<0.010
圖2 CRP診斷老年人闌尾炎穿孔的ROC曲線
Figure 2 ROC curve of CRP in the diagnosis of perforated appendicitis in the elderly
表4 CRP對(duì)老年人闌尾炎穿孔的診斷價(jià)值
Table 4 Performance of CRP in the diagnosis of perforated appendicitis in the elderly
CRP(mg/L)靈敏度(%)特異度(%)>599.05.2>2582.481.0>5061.897.9>10014.797.9
2.5 CRP對(duì)不同年齡患者闌尾炎穿孔的診斷價(jià)值 CRP>25 mg/L時(shí),診斷老年人闌尾炎穿孔的靈敏度是82.4%,特異度是81.0%(見表4、圖2)。CRP>50 mg/L時(shí),診斷中青年人闌尾炎穿孔的靈敏度是80.2%,特異度是89.7%(見表5、圖3)。
表5 CRP對(duì)中青年人闌尾炎穿孔的診斷價(jià)值
Table 5 Performance of CRP in the diagnosis of perforated appendicitis in the young and middle-aged
CRP(mg/L)靈敏度(%)特異度(%)>598.27.8>2586.575.2>5080.289.7>10037.897.2
圖3 CRP診斷中青年人闌尾炎穿孔的ROC曲線
Figure 3 ROC curve of CRP in the diagnosis of perforated appendicitis in the young and middle-aged
闌尾炎穿孔是急性闌尾炎最嚴(yán)重的表現(xiàn)形式,其術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率遠(yuǎn)高于未穿孔者,特別是在術(shù)前判斷失誤,準(zhǔn)備不足的情況下。此外我國(guó)闌尾炎手術(shù)多是由低年資醫(yī)生完成,這種情況增加了術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的可能。此外已經(jīng)有一些研究表明,對(duì)于非穿孔性闌尾炎,延遲手術(shù)是安全的[8],即使對(duì)于兒童也是如此[9],而闌尾炎一旦穿孔,若未形成膿腫,仍應(yīng)積極手術(shù),并且隨時(shí)間增加,治療難度和病死率將不斷升高[10];因此對(duì)闌尾炎穿孔的準(zhǔn)確診斷對(duì)于治療的選擇顯得更加重要。
CRP、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)等炎性指標(biāo),很早被應(yīng)用在急腹癥的鑒別診斷和急性闌尾炎的診斷。國(guó)外學(xué)者已經(jīng)對(duì)于CRP在急性闌尾炎診斷上的意義[11-12]甚至局限性[13]進(jìn)行較深入的研究。本研究進(jìn)一步將炎性指標(biāo)應(yīng)用到闌尾炎是否穿孔的鑒別診斷。本研究結(jié)果顯示,單純依靠實(shí)驗(yàn)室炎性指標(biāo)在術(shù)前對(duì)于闌尾炎是否穿孔進(jìn)行確診較有難度。穿孔組與未穿孔組白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)無(wú)明顯差異,與現(xiàn)有研究結(jié)果[14]不一致。可能與白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)升高的程度與急性細(xì)菌性感染的嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān)有關(guān)。但是一些生理性因素也會(huì)引起白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)暫時(shí)性升高,如環(huán)境溫度、紫外線照射、婦女月經(jīng)期和排卵期、吸煙、情緒激動(dòng)、刺激等。此外在安靜和放松狀態(tài)下較低、活動(dòng)和餐后適當(dāng)增高、下午較上午偏高,一天之內(nèi)的變化甚至可相差一倍。另外炎癥區(qū)是否在早期被大網(wǎng)膜包裹也是影響機(jī)體應(yīng)答反應(yīng)的重要因素。本研究結(jié)果顯示,穿孔組與未穿孔組CRP水平比較有差異。CRP是機(jī)體非特異性免疫機(jī)制的一部分,可激活補(bǔ)體的經(jīng)典途徑,增強(qiáng)白細(xì)胞的吞噬作用,調(diào)節(jié)淋巴細(xì)胞或單核/巨噬系統(tǒng)功能,促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞組織因子的生成。CRP水平與感染程度呈正相關(guān),且其濃度和分泌水平不因進(jìn)食和抗炎藥物等改變。本研究結(jié)果顯示,CRP>50 mg/L診斷闌尾炎穿孔的靈敏度和特異度較好,具有一定的臨床指導(dǎo)意義,可以作為較有價(jià)值的診斷依據(jù)。而當(dāng)CRP>100 mg/L時(shí),特異度雖較高,但靈敏度已明顯降低,臨床意義較小。
此外,由于反應(yīng)性較弱的原因,臨床上對(duì)于老年闌尾炎患者是否穿孔的鑒別診斷相對(duì)更加困難。本研究結(jié)果顯示,穿孔組與未穿孔組中青年和老年患者CRP水平比較均有意義,且CRP在老年患者對(duì)于闌尾炎穿孔的靈敏度和特異度低于中青年患者,而且靈敏度和特異度最佳位點(diǎn)與中青年患者不一致,考慮老年患者心腦血管疾病、急慢性支氣管炎等慢性(炎性)疾病較多;本身機(jī)體應(yīng)答反應(yīng)下降,肝臟功能隨年齡的增長(zhǎng)有所下降等原因。受限于樣本量及資料的完整性等原因,無(wú)法進(jìn)一步探討。
由于本研究為回顧性研究,不是所有患者有完整的實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查,為了增強(qiáng)數(shù)據(jù)的可比性,特別是要求有本院同一時(shí)間點(diǎn)的血常規(guī)及CRP報(bào)告,所以大部分病例因?yàn)閿?shù)據(jù)不全的原因而未納入本研究。此外因?yàn)橄喈?dāng)一部分患者由于病情(腹痛時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng))或自身原因未進(jìn)行手術(shù),無(wú)法臨床確定分組,在一定程度上影響數(shù)據(jù)的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性。此外,由于本院無(wú)專門的小兒外科,在本次收錄的病例中,兒童(<14歲)所占比例較低(<2%),因此無(wú)法確定本研究結(jié)果是否同樣適用于兒童。很多國(guó)外學(xué)者已經(jīng)對(duì)兒童闌尾炎穿孔的診斷開展探索,取得一定的進(jìn)展,值得關(guān)注[15]。
作者貢獻(xiàn):華科俊進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)施、資料收集整理、撰寫論文、成文并對(duì)文章負(fù)責(zé);張星、陳文忠、王輝、趙親明對(duì)患者完成診治工作、進(jìn)行資料收集;胡賢杰進(jìn)行研究指導(dǎo)和審校。
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(本文編輯:賈萌萌)
Value of Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Preoperative Diagnosis of Perforated Appendicitis
HUAKe-jun*,HUXian-jie,ZHANGXing,CHENWen-zhong,WANGHui,ZHAOQin-ming
DepartmentofGeneralSurgery,YinzhouHospitalAffiliatedtoMedicalSchoolofNingboUniversity,Ningbo315040,China*Correspondingauthor:HUAKe-jun,Attendingphysician;E-mail:survivin2@126.com
Objective To investigate the value of inflammatory biomarkers such as C reactive protein(CRP) and white blood cell count,neutrophil percentage for the preoperative diagnosis of perforated appendicitis.Methods The participants enrolled were 862 with acute appendicitis(acute attack of chronic appendicitis was included) diagnosed preoperatively and treated by appendectomy(laparoscopic appendectomy was covered) in Yinzhou Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Ningbo University from 2012 to 2015.Based on the severity of appendicitis,they were divided into perforated group(146 cases) and non-perforated group(716 cases).The data of preoperative CRP,white blood cell count and neutrophil percentage of the participants measured at the same time were collected.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve of the above three biomarkers were drawn for assessing their performance in the diagnosis of perforated appendicitis.Results The white blood cell count and neutrophil percentage did not differ significantly between the groups(P>0.05).Perforated group had higher CRP than the non-perforated group did(P<0.05).When CRP was greater than 50 mg/L,it provided a sensitivity of 78.8%,and specificity of 90.9% for diagnosing perforated appendicitis.The young and middle-aged in the perforated group had higher CRP levels than those in the non-perforated group(P<0.05).Higher CRP levels were found in the elderly in the perforated group than in those in the non-perforated group(P<0.05).When CRP was greater than 25 mg/L,it provided a sensitivity of 82.4%,and specificity of 81.0% for diagnosing perforated appendicitis in the elderly;when it was over 50 mg/L,its sensitivity and specificity was respectively 80.2% and 89.7% for the diagnosis of perforated appendicitis in the young and middle-aged.Conclusion White blood cell count and neutrophil percentage cannot accurately predict perforated appendicitis preoperatively,but CRP can be used as a predictor for acute appendicitis accompanied by perforation,and its diagnostic performance is better for the young and middle-aged than the elderly.
Appendicitis;Perforated appendicitis;C-reactive protein;Leukocyte count
R 574.61
B
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2017.17.020
2016-10-20;
2017-03-20)
315040浙江省寧波市,寧波大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬鄞州醫(yī)院普外科
*通信作者:華科俊,主治醫(yī)師;E-mail:survivin2@126.com