亚洲免费av电影一区二区三区,日韩爱爱视频,51精品视频一区二区三区,91视频爱爱,日韩欧美在线播放视频,中文字幕少妇AV,亚洲电影中文字幕,久久久久亚洲av成人网址,久久综合视频网站,国产在线不卡免费播放

        ?

        2017 IHPWG共識:愛爾蘭成人幽門螺桿菌感染的診斷和治療

        2017-06-29 04:03:07段芳齡
        胃腸病學和肝病學雜志 2017年6期
        關(guān)鍵詞:耐藥檢測

        李 健 譯,段芳齡 審

        1.鄭州大學人民醫(yī)院 河南省人民醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,河南 鄭州 450003; 2.鄭州大學第二附屬醫(yī)院 鄭州大學消化疾病研究所

        ?

        2017 IHPWG共識:愛爾蘭成人幽門螺桿菌感染的診斷和治療

        李 健1譯,段芳齡2審

        1.鄭州大學人民醫(yī)院 河南省人民醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,河南 鄭州 450003; 2.鄭州大學第二附屬醫(yī)院 鄭州大學消化疾病研究所

        目前,愛爾蘭人群幽門螺桿菌(Helicobacter pylori,H.pylori)根除率不斷下降,其耐藥菌發(fā)生率逐年增加,這一趨勢引起研究者對當前H.pylori管理策略的質(zhì)疑。成立愛爾蘭幽門螺桿菌工作組(Irish Helicobacter pylori Working Group,IHPWG)并評估、修訂和調(diào)整現(xiàn)有推薦建議。邀請胃腸病學和微生物學領(lǐng)域?qū)<覅⒓覫HPWG。采用PICO方法提出與診斷、一線和補救治療相關(guān)的問題,并進行文獻檢索。然后,使用“證據(jù)推薦分級的評估、制訂與評價”方法對有效證據(jù)的質(zhì)量進行評估,并對推薦結(jié)果進行分級。IHPWG關(guān)鍵陳述(Statements,S)如下,S8:不再推薦持續(xù)7 d的標準三聯(lián)療法(推薦強度:強;證據(jù)質(zhì)量:中等)。S9:推薦14 d克拉霉素三聯(lián)療法與大劑量質(zhì)子泵抑制劑聯(lián)用作為一線療法。如果可以,14 d鉍劑四聯(lián)療法可作為替代療法(推薦強度:強;證據(jù)質(zhì)量:中等)。S12:二線療法基于一線治療而非相同治療。方案a:14 d左氧氟沙星為基礎(chǔ)治療和大劑量質(zhì)子泵抑制劑聯(lián)合;b:14 d克拉霉素三聯(lián)療法和大劑量質(zhì)子泵抑制劑聯(lián)合;c:14 d鉍劑四聯(lián)療法(推薦強度:強;證據(jù)質(zhì)量:中等)。S13:兩種治療方案失敗后應(yīng)進行H.pylori培養(yǎng)和藥敏試驗(推薦強度:弱;證據(jù)質(zhì)量:低或極低)。本文推薦意見旨在為愛爾蘭成人H.pylori感染管理提供最相關(guān)、最佳的實踐指南。

        阿莫西林;抗生素耐藥性;鉍;克拉霉素;幽門螺桿菌;左氧氟沙星;甲硝唑;質(zhì)子泵抑制劑;四聯(lián)療法;三聯(lián)療法

        幽門螺桿菌(Helicobacter pylori,H.pylori)感染參與慢性胃炎、消化性潰瘍、胃癌和胃黏膜相關(guān)淋巴組織(MALT)淋巴瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。盡管全球許多地方的H.pylori感染率在逐漸下降,但H.pylori感染管理已變得具有挑戰(zhàn)性[1]。研究[2]顯示,H.pylori治療應(yīng)旨在根除接受治療患者的90%以上。

        導(dǎo)致H.pylori根除率下降的主要原因包括抗生素耐藥和患者依從性差兩方面。歐洲幽門螺桿菌研究小組和共識小組近期發(fā)布了關(guān)于歐洲幽門螺桿菌管理的馬斯特里赫特Ⅴ/佛羅倫薩共識報告[3]。由于不同國家H.pylori感染率和抗生素耐藥率不同[4-5],馬斯特里赫特Ⅴ/佛羅倫薩共識報告中主要治療推薦是根據(jù)當?shù)乜股啬退幜餍星闆r制訂的。

        因此,為更好管理既定人群中的H.pylori感染,不同國家制定了各自的H.pylori共識意見[6-10]。本共識旨在成立國家愛爾蘭幽門螺桿菌工作組(IHPWG),在該領(lǐng)域國際專家協(xié)助下審查H.pylori感染管理相關(guān)文獻,并提供最適合愛爾蘭成人H.pylori感染管理的更新意見。

        1 方法

        1.1 成立愛爾蘭幽門螺桿菌工作組(IHPWG) 邀請愛爾蘭和歐洲胃腸病學和微生物學領(lǐng)域?qū)<覅⒓覫HPWG。根據(jù)專業(yè)將專家成員分配到3個亞組:(a)有癥狀成人H.pylori診斷組;(b)一線治療組;(c)補救治療組,以解決每個領(lǐng)域的主要問題。

        1.2 數(shù)據(jù)審查和證據(jù)評估 首先,每個亞組根據(jù)對象、干預(yù)措施、對照組和結(jié)果(PICO)四個問題提出與本領(lǐng)域相關(guān)的主要醫(yī)療保健問題。然后,根據(jù)PICO提出的相關(guān)問題,每個亞組審查當?shù)赜行?shù)據(jù),檢索已發(fā)表文獻和目前歐洲、國際指南。

        2016年6月22日在愛爾蘭都柏林舉辦的一次會議上,專家們公布了各自領(lǐng)域的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),并對這些數(shù)據(jù)深入討論并制訂了基于每個PICO相關(guān)問題的推薦意見[11]。使用“證據(jù)推薦分級的評估、制訂與評價”方法[12]對有效證據(jù)的質(zhì)量進行評估,并對推薦結(jié)果進行分級。

        每項意見的推薦強度和支持證據(jù)的強度也使用“證據(jù)推薦分級的評估、制訂與評價”方法[12]進行評估。整個研究過程中,將每個基于PICO提出的問題作為一個證據(jù)進行質(zhì)量評估。臨床實踐中與建議實施相關(guān)的方面也需考慮在內(nèi)。每項意見需要得到90%以上專家支持才能達成共識。推薦意見結(jié)果如下。

        2 推薦意見

        2.1 有癥狀成人H.pylori感染的診斷 陳述1:有上消化道相關(guān)癥狀患者均應(yīng)接受H.pylori檢測

        推薦強度:強;證據(jù)質(zhì)量:高。

        由于H.pylori感染與消化性潰瘍、胃癌和MALT淋巴瘤的發(fā)生相關(guān),因此,凡有癥狀患者建議實施H.pylori檢測和治療。研究[13-14]發(fā)現(xiàn),H.pylori感染根除治療可使多數(shù)與NSAID類使用無關(guān)的消化性潰瘍患者得到長期治愈。而且,根除H.pylori可減緩萎縮性胃炎的進展、降低無胃癌癌前病變的H.pylori感染個體發(fā)生癌癥的風險[15-22]。此外,H.pylori感染根除治療可使局部胃MALT淋巴瘤得到逆轉(zhuǎn)[23-26]。

        檢測-治療策略即對有消化不良癥狀患者進行無創(chuàng)性H.pylori檢測,然后對檢測到H.pylori感染患者進行治療。目前,歐洲指南推薦H.pylori患病率≥20%的國家及胃癌風險較低患者實施該項策略。其中胃癌低風險是指年齡達到45歲且無報警癥狀,如體質(zhì)量減輕、吞咽困難、顯性消化道出血、腹部腫塊、缺鐵性貧血等[3,27]。

        H.pylori無創(chuàng)檢測包括尿素呼氣試驗(UBT)、糞便抗原檢測和血清學抗體檢測。來自愛爾蘭醫(yī)療機構(gòu)的最新數(shù)據(jù)表明,在接受UBT檢測的患者中,H.pylori感染率為36%~37%[28-29],內(nèi)鏡檢查為19%~36%[30][還包括Adelaide和Meath醫(yī)院合并國立兒童醫(yī)院(AMNCH)及Whitfield診所的未公布數(shù)據(jù)]。

        建議胃癌高風險患者行內(nèi)鏡-治療策略。其中,胃癌高風險是指年齡≥45歲,或有報警癥狀和胃癌家族史。在低H.pylori感染率(<20%)人群中,伴有消化不良患者也應(yīng)進行內(nèi)鏡-治療策略[3]。內(nèi)鏡下H.pylori感染的檢測方法包括通過組織活檢進行快速尿素酶試驗、組織病理學和/或H.pylori培養(yǎng)。

        陳述2:推薦尿素呼氣試驗作為H.pylori的一項無創(chuàng)檢查

        推薦強度:強;證據(jù)質(zhì)量:高。

        UBT包括13C或14C標記的尿素呼氣試驗,原理是指利用H.pylori尿素酶把C標記的尿素分解成標記的CO2,其可在呼吸樣本中檢測到[31]。建議測試前禁食至少4 h[32]。UBT具有操作簡單,靈敏度(88%~96%)和特異度(93%~100%)均高的特點[33-34],對有條件地區(qū)推薦該項無創(chuàng)檢查。

        糞便抗原試驗是指利用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗測定糞便中H.pylori抗原,其準確性高。Gisbert等[35]一項Meta分析顯示,單克隆糞便抗原酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測定法測定H.pylori抗原的靈敏度和特異度分別為95%和97%。

        AMNCH當?shù)財?shù)據(jù)[28]顯示,糞便抗原試驗(Premier Platinum HpSA PLUS test方法,Meridian Bioscience,美國)檢測的靈敏度為62%,特異度為99%,與UBT相比較差。HpSA試驗靈敏度可能受糞便樣本的儲存和轉(zhuǎn)運過程的影響。但是設(shè)施資源有限,HpSA試驗引進得到當?shù)仳炞C和愛爾蘭國家鑒定委員會的認可,且要求在檢測過程中盡量減少樣品存儲和運輸對該試驗準確性的影響。

        血清學試驗檢測H.pylori的IgG抗體,其試劑盒準確性波動明顯(靈敏度79%~85%和特異度79%~82%)[36-37]。因此,血清學檢測在使用前應(yīng)在本地進行驗證。

        陳述3:侵入性H.pylori檢測推薦使用胃竇和胃體組織學和快速尿素酶試驗的結(jié)合

        推薦強度:強;證據(jù)質(zhì)量:高

        胃鏡檢查時,H.pylori感染可通過組織活檢病理檢查、快速尿素酶檢測/CLO檢測和/或培養(yǎng)得到確診。盡管活檢標本的組織學檢查要求技術(shù)人員經(jīng)過嚴格培訓,但該方法可準確檢測到細菌,評估炎癥程度和診斷慢性活動性胃炎、腸化生或惡性腫瘤。

        H.pylori在胃內(nèi)呈片狀分布,組織活檢應(yīng)包括胃竇(幽門前2~3 cm)和胃體[38]。多數(shù)情況下組織切片通過HE組化或Giemsa染色可診斷H.pylori感染。對于某些組織化學檢測未能診斷H.pylori感染的慢性(活動性)胃炎患者,推薦H.pylori免疫組化染色。組織學正常時,不需要免疫組化染色[3]。

        快速尿素酶試驗簡單易行且診斷迅速,對診斷明確的患者可立即行H.pylori治療,其靈敏度和特異度分別為78%~97%和94%~100%[39-41]。AMNCH數(shù)據(jù)顯示,與組織學相比,快速尿素酶檢測(Tri-Med Distributors Pty Ltd,美國)的靈敏度和特異度分別為80%和90%[42]。

        來自布蘭察斯鎮(zhèn)康諾利醫(yī)院的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,快速尿素酶試驗(Kimberly Clark,美國)的靈敏度和特異度分別為88%和97%,快速檢測的靈敏度和特異度分別為78%和97%[43]。盡管快速檢測更便宜迅速,但其靈敏度低于CLO試驗;僅使用快速檢測而未同時進行胃組織病理學檢測的H.pylori感染患者中,近1/4未被診斷出H.pylori感染。因此,不推薦行快速尿素酶檢測,尤其是快速檢測[43]。

        組織樣本進行H.pylori培養(yǎng)主要用于細菌藥敏試驗。盡管培養(yǎng)特異性高,但H.pylori生長緩慢且對營養(yǎng)液要求苛刻。因此,培養(yǎng)不但耗時,還需要對相關(guān)人員進行專業(yè)培訓。研究報道,H.pylori培養(yǎng)檢出陽性率為55%~93%[44-45]。

        陳述4:應(yīng)取胃體和胃竇活檢標本用于快速尿素酶試驗

        推薦強度:強;證據(jù)質(zhì)量:低或極低

        H.pylori在胃內(nèi)分布不均,呈片狀分布,應(yīng)對胃竇和胃體的活檢標本進行快速尿素酶試驗。國外和愛爾蘭新的證據(jù)表明,與單次胃竇活檢相比,同一檢測試驗中分別對胃竇和胃體進行組織活檢[40]或聯(lián)合檢測[30,39,43]顯著提高快速尿素酶檢測的診斷準確性。此外,聯(lián)合檢測減少了測試時間,使診斷更快速[39]。

        陳述5:如果需要進行H.pylori培養(yǎng),應(yīng)取胃體和胃竇處活檢

        推薦強度:強;證據(jù)質(zhì)量:低或極低

        在愛爾蘭,H.pylori培養(yǎng)和藥敏試驗缺乏廣泛實用性,因此,H.pylori培養(yǎng)僅在治療失敗后才被推薦應(yīng)用(見推薦意見10和13)。與其他侵入性H.pylori診斷試驗一樣,應(yīng)從胃竇和胃體進行組織活檢,以提高H.pylori檢測成功的可能性[46]。值得注意的是胃竇、胃體不同部位分離出來的H.pylori藥物敏感性分布有差異[47]。因此,如僅從胃一個解剖部位取出單一樣本,可能會遺漏耐藥性H.pylori。

        為了避免活檢標本與空氣接觸和脫水,應(yīng)將標本放在特殊傳輸容器(Portagerm pylori,德國)中運送,而且在胃鏡檢查之后盡快進行培養(yǎng),理想時間在6 h內(nèi)[48]。如果處理過程延遲,建議標本冷藏[46,48]。然后,標本接種在Columbia血瓊脂平板(Columbia血瓊脂;10%裂解馬血)上,并在37 ℃、微需氧條件下連續(xù)孵育7~10 d[49](通常情況下,孵育3~5 d即可見到細菌菌落[48])。

        將抗微生物制劑加入到生長培養(yǎng)基中以抑制污染細菌和/或真菌的過度生長[49-50]。培養(yǎng)結(jié)束后,使用Gram染色法和氧化酶、脲酶和過氧化氫酶檢測證實H.pylori的存在[5]。目前的識別技術(shù)還包括基質(zhì)輔助激光解析電離飛行時間質(zhì)譜。H.pylori藥敏試驗的臨床折點是從歐洲抗菌藥敏試驗委員會獲得(http://www.eucast.org),并于2017年初更新。

        陳述6:必須進行根除后檢測,如果不需要胃鏡檢查,建議用尿素呼氣試驗進行根除后檢測

        推薦強度:強;證據(jù)質(zhì)量:高

        隨著H.pylori根除率下降,癥狀不是判斷根除成功的良好指標?;颊咝枰M行H.pylori根除后檢測,即患者完成H.pylori治療后至少間隔4周再進行H.pylori根除檢測。UBT被認為是證實H.pylori根除的最佳選擇[34,51]。

        可選擇單克隆糞便抗原檢測作為替代方案,但準確性欠佳[35,52],這可能受糞便標本的儲存和送檢過程的影響。由于抗體于H.pylori感染后可持續(xù)數(shù)月存在,不推薦血清學檢測用于根除后的驗證檢測。如果需要內(nèi)鏡檢查時,應(yīng)從胃竇和胃體取活檢,并進行快速尿素酶檢測,該方法的敏感度和特異度分別為44%~88%和98%~100%[39,53]。

        陳述7:質(zhì)子泵抑制劑(PPI)顯著降低H.pylori檢測試驗的準確性,因此,PPI應(yīng)在檢測前14 d停藥

        推薦強度:強;證據(jù)質(zhì)量:低或極低

        PPI提高胃內(nèi)pH,從而導(dǎo)致細菌負荷降低,因此,在進行UBT、糞便抗原檢測或內(nèi)鏡檢查診斷前應(yīng)停藥2周[3,27,49,54]。

        已有研究[54-57]證明,PPI可降低UBT、HpSA和內(nèi)鏡檢測H.pylori的靈敏度和特異度,增加檢測假陰性結(jié)果。雖然研究證明PPI停藥7 d是足夠的,但仍建議將14 d作為“安全”間隔[58]。盡管H2受體拮抗劑也可輕微降低H.pylori負荷,在診斷H.pylori時,它的使用并不影響檢測結(jié)果[3,27]??股啬芤种艸.pylori感染且降低檢測敏感度,應(yīng)在測試(UBT、HpSA和內(nèi)鏡檢測H.pylori)前停用4周[3,27]。

        2.2 一線療法 陳述8:不再推薦連續(xù)7 d的標準三聯(lián)療法

        推薦強度:強;證據(jù)質(zhì)量:中等

        近年來,多數(shù)國家7 d克拉霉素標準三聯(lián)療法的H.pylori根除率已經(jīng)下降[6],其中西歐國家的根除率低至55%[59]。最近,愛爾蘭一項研究[60]表明,克拉霉素三聯(lián)療法的根除率僅有57%。共識建議意向性分析(ITT)H.pylori根除率<80%的治療方案不被接受[27],故7 d標準三聯(lián)療法不再被推薦。

        陳述9:推薦14 d克拉霉素三聯(lián)療法與大劑量PPI聯(lián)用。如果可以,14 d鉍劑四聯(lián)療法可作為替代療法

        推薦強度:強;證據(jù)質(zhì)量:中等

        H.pylori根除治療失敗原因很多,如細菌高負荷、胃內(nèi)低pH、黏膜免疫受損、抗生素耐藥、患者依從性差,其中后兩者是根除失敗的主要原因[5,61-63]。馬斯特里赫特共識指南[3]建議,當?shù)乜死顾啬退幝?15%并無以往藥敏試驗,建議直接放棄含克拉霉素的三聯(lián)療法。

        2010年一項報道[64]顯示,愛爾蘭的克拉霉素耐藥率為9.3%。雖然AMNCH最近的調(diào)查[65-66]結(jié)果顯示,克拉霉素耐藥率明顯增加,但工作組認為,缺乏關(guān)于克拉霉素耐藥率的全國數(shù)據(jù),故并未放棄應(yīng)用克拉霉素治療H.pylori。

        一些方案已經(jīng)顯示出可提高標準三聯(lián)療法H.pylori根除率。眾多薈萃分析和新近觀察性研究[67-73]已經(jīng)表明,增加一線三聯(lián)療法療程可提高根除率,14 d療程顯示根除最為有效。

        由于PPIs抑制胃酸分泌且抗生素在低酸環(huán)境下更穩(wěn)定,因此,PPIs可增加H.pylori根除效果。研究[74-75]顯示,增加PPIs給藥次數(shù)(從1次/d到2次/d)可提高H.pylori根除率。此外,與第一代PPIs(奧美拉唑、蘭索拉唑、泮托拉唑)相比,新一代PPIs具有更好的H.pylori根除率。已有報道[75-76]顯示,口服埃索美拉唑40 mg,2次/d,顯示出最顯著的臨床益處。

        歐洲指南[3]推薦鉍劑四聯(lián)療法可作為克拉霉素三聯(lián)療法的有效替代方案。14 d鉍劑四聯(lián)療法ITT意向分析H.pylori根除率>95%[77]。鉍劑四聯(lián)療法在克拉霉素和甲硝唑雙重耐藥地區(qū)仍有效[3],而非鉍劑四聯(lián)療法(序貫療法、伴同療法或混合療法)顯示在這些地區(qū)受到影響[78]。

        然而,鉍劑四聯(lián)療法在愛爾蘭并未廣泛應(yīng)用,故不能作為多數(shù)人的選擇。De-Noltab(枸櫞酸鉍鉀120 mg;Astellas制藥公司,Leiden,荷蘭)在英國獲得許可和銷售,但在愛爾蘭被認為是豁免藥用產(chǎn)品而未獲得許可。

        因此,該藥由藥劑師從專門批發(fā)商采購。德諾被列入愛爾蘭健康服務(wù)執(zhí)委會的豁免藥用產(chǎn)品目錄,該目錄可根據(jù)綜合醫(yī)療服務(wù)計劃或藥品支付方案為患者報銷。Pylera(140 mg枸櫞酸鉍鉀,125 mg甲硝唑,125 mg鹽酸四環(huán)素,Aptalis制藥公司,Houdan,法國)在愛爾蘭獲得許可但未上市,藥劑師很難采購到本藥。

        工作組認為在愛爾蘭不推薦序貫療法(PPI+阿莫西林5 d,PPI+克拉霉素+甲硝唑5 d),因其療效并不優(yōu)于14 d克拉霉素三聯(lián)療法[79-80]。最新一項愛爾蘭研究報道,序貫療法H.pylori根除率為69%[60]。一線治療方案和選擇見表1、圖1。

        陳述10:目前,不推薦在一線治療前進行培養(yǎng)和藥敏試驗

        推薦強度:弱;證據(jù)質(zhì)量:低或極低

        雖然當?shù)豙65]和已發(fā)表的證據(jù)[81-84]在抗菌藥敏試驗基礎(chǔ)上為制定一線療法提供了依據(jù),但在愛爾蘭大多數(shù)醫(yī)院中H.pylori培養(yǎng)和藥敏試驗并非常規(guī)開展。因此,工作組認為,不推薦在一線治療之前進行抗菌藥敏試驗檢測,但應(yīng)多鼓勵當?shù)貝蹱柼m醫(yī)療機構(gòu)進行該項檢測。

        陳述11:可通過分子生物學方法檢測克拉霉素耐藥性

        推薦強度:強;證據(jù)質(zhì)量:中等

        H.pylori的分子學檢測可作為H.pylori培養(yǎng)的一種具有吸引力的替代方法,可直接從活檢標本中進行H.pylori和抗生素耐藥的分子基因鑒定,使其進行快速分析和當天診斷成為可能。編碼23S核糖體亞基的H.pylorirrl基因單點突變導(dǎo)致克拉霉素耐藥,其中三個主要突變位點為:A2146C、A2146G和A2147G(Genbank accession number NC_000915)[85-86]。

        通過PCR為基礎(chǔ)的分子學方法測得這些突變位點??捎糜跈z測克拉霉素耐藥的分子檢測試劑盒包括MutaREAL試劑盒(Immunodiagnostik,Benshiem,德國)、ClariRes實時PCR檢測(Ingentix,Vienna,奧地利)、the Seeplex ClaR-HP ACE檢測系統(tǒng)(Seegene,Eschborn,德國)、GenoTypeHelicoDR測定(Hain Lifescience,Nehren,德國)[5,86]。越來越多的證據(jù)顯示,分子學檢測到的突變存在與培養(yǎng)為基礎(chǔ)的抗生素耐藥高度吻合[5],當?shù)財?shù)據(jù)顯示有85%的相關(guān)性[66]。分子學檢測方法被認為是監(jiān)控全國H.pylori克拉霉素耐藥流行的有效方法,也可作為制定個體化治療的一種手段。

        2.3H.pylori補救療法 陳述12:二線療法以一線治療為基礎(chǔ),并非相同治療。方案a:14 d左氧氟沙星為基礎(chǔ)的三聯(lián)治療聯(lián)合大劑量PPI;b:14 d克拉霉素三聯(lián)療法聯(lián)合大劑量PPI;c:14 d鉍劑四聯(lián)療法

        推薦強度:強;證據(jù)質(zhì)量:中等

        一線治療結(jié)束后必須進行H.pylori檢測??死顾厝?lián)治療根除細菌失敗情況下,應(yīng)假定克拉霉素耐藥[3],避免重復(fù)給予相同治療方案。除非本地區(qū)數(shù)據(jù)顯示左氧氟沙星耐藥,否則左氧氟沙星三聯(lián)療法可作為有效的二線治療方案[87-89]。2008年-2009年檢測到愛爾蘭左氧氟沙星耐藥率為11.7%[90],至今其耐藥率未增加[91]。

        研究[87-88]表明,同一線治療類似,延長左氧氟沙星三聯(lián)療法持續(xù)時間可提高H.pylori根除成功率。最近一項薈萃分析[92]認為,左氧氟沙星三聯(lián)療法或含鉍劑四聯(lián)療法可作為克拉霉素三聯(lián)療法治療失敗后的方案選擇。文獻[93-94]顯示,對前次治療方案無效(包括對甲硝唑耐藥)的患者給予鉍劑治療顯示高H.pylori根除率。二線治療方案見表1、圖1。

        陳述13:兩種治療失敗后應(yīng)進行培養(yǎng)和藥敏試驗

        推薦強度:弱;證據(jù)質(zhì)量:低或極低

        如果條件允許,應(yīng)在兩次治療失敗后進行培養(yǎng)和藥敏試驗檢測(見圖1),以制定治療個體化治療方案并增加根除成功的可能性。

        相比于標準療法,基于藥敏試驗而制定的一線療法可提高H.pylori的根除率[81-84],但是針對二次和后續(xù)療法的相關(guān)研究較少。盡管如此,目前所進行的有限研究數(shù)據(jù)[44,95]還是令人鼓舞的。培養(yǎng)和藥敏試驗應(yīng)在完成任何治療后至少4周進行。

        陳述14:利福平應(yīng)用于三線或后續(xù)治療

        推薦強度:弱;證據(jù)質(zhì)量:低或極低

        原發(fā)性H.pylori相關(guān)性利福平耐藥性低[96],因此,利福平對甲硝唑和克拉霉素雙重耐藥的患者是有效的[97]。據(jù)報道[98],基于利福平的治療是多次根除失敗后的有效補救療法。但是,應(yīng)用利福平引起的不良反應(yīng)需引起人們的關(guān)注。在應(yīng)用利福平行H.pylori根除治療中,骨髓抑制雖發(fā)生率低,但最嚴重。

        Meta分析[96]顯示,大多數(shù)患者的白細胞減少可在數(shù)天內(nèi)恢復(fù)。由于利福平的普遍應(yīng)用可導(dǎo)致繼發(fā)結(jié)核分枝桿菌耐藥菌的產(chǎn)生,因此,我們建議利福平作為三線及后續(xù)的H.pylori根除治療。利福平三聯(lián)療法見表1。

        陳述15:序貫療法不能作為補救療法

        推薦強度:強;證據(jù)質(zhì)量:中等

        圖1 治療決策示意圖Fig 1 Treatment decision schematic

        序貫療法作為H.pylori感染補救治療的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)有限[95,99]。但是,當?shù)財?shù)據(jù)[60]顯示,作為一線治療的序貫療法療效不太理想。此外,研究[80,100]還表明,序貫治療的療效受克拉霉素耐藥及和甲硝唑雙重耐藥的影響。

        克拉霉素三聯(lián)療法治療失敗,應(yīng)考慮克拉霉素耐藥。同樣,作為補救治療的伴隨和混合治療的數(shù)據(jù)也是有限的,至今尚未在愛爾蘭進行調(diào)查。因此,序貫、伴隨或混合治療不能被推薦用于補救治療。

        表1 推薦治療處方

        Tab 1 Recommended treatment descriptions

        治療方案處方持續(xù)時間(d)克拉霉素三聯(lián)療法PPIabid.14500mg克拉霉素bid.1g阿莫西林bid.鉍劑四聯(lián)療法PPIabid.14120mg枸櫞酸鉍鉀qid.400mg甲硝唑tid.500mg四環(huán)素qid.左氧氟沙星三聯(lián)療法PPIabid.14250mg左氧氟沙星bid.1g阿莫西林bid.利福平三聯(lián)療法PPIabid.14150mg利福平bid.1g阿莫西林bid.

        注:a:推薦新一代PPI:埃索美拉唑(40 mg bid)和雷貝拉唑(40 mg bid);bid:2次/d;tid:3次/d;qid:4次/d。

        3 結(jié)論

        本文所提供建議旨在為愛爾蘭成年患者的H.pylori感染管理提供最相關(guān)、最佳的實踐指南,以期提高H.pylori的根除率和預(yù)防與H.pylori相關(guān)疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。這些建議需要在實施之后再進一步評估。在愛爾蘭,H.pylori感染率相對較低的地區(qū),應(yīng)該實施非侵入性H.pylori檢測診斷的驗證。

        由于抗生素耐藥不斷發(fā)生,應(yīng)用H.pylori培養(yǎng)和分子學方法監(jiān)測抗生素耐藥性是未來繼續(xù)努力的方向,這個方向應(yīng)基于國家層面建立集中式數(shù)據(jù)采集以精準監(jiān)測抗生素耐藥。

        [1]Smith SM, Haider RB, O’Connor H, et al. Practical treatment of Helicobacter pylori: a balanced view in changing times [J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2014, 26(8): 819-825.

        [2]Graham DY. Helicobacter pylori update: gastric cancer, reliable therapy, and possible benefits [J]. Gastroenterology, 2015, 148(4): 719-731.e3.

        [3]Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O’Morain CA, et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht V/Florence Consensus Report [J]. Gut, 2017, 66(1): 6-30.

        [4]Megraud F, Coenen S, Versporten A, et al. Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics in Europe and its relationship to antibiotic consumption [J]. Gut, 2013, 62(1): 34-42.

        [5]Smith SM, O’Morain C, McNamara D. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for Helicobacter pylori in times of increasing antibiotic resistance [J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(29): 9912-9921.

        [6]Fallone CA, Chiba N, van Zanten SV, et al. The Toronto consensus for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in adults [J]. Gastroenterology, 2016, 151(1): 51-69.e14.

        [7]Gisbert JP, Molina-Infante J, Amador J, et al. IV Spanish Consensus Conference on Helicobacter pylori infection treatment [J]. Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2016, 39(10): 697-721.

        [8]Zagari RM, Romano M, Ojetti V, et al. Guidelines for the management of Helicobacter pylori infection in Italy: The III Working Group Consensus Report 2015 [J]. Dig Liver Dis, 2015, 47(11): 903-912.

        [9]Rollan A, Arab JP, Camargo MC, et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection in Latin America: a Delphi technique-based consensus [J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(31): 10969-10983.

        [10]Mahachai V, Vilaichone RK, Pittayanon R, et al. Thailand Consensus on Helicobacter pylori treatment 2015 [J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2016, 17(5): 2351-2360.

        [11]Oxman AD, Sackett DL, Guyatt GH. Users’ guides to the medical literature. I. How to get started. The Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group [J]. JAMA, 1993, 270(17): 2093-2095.

        [12]Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, et al. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of ndings tables [J]. J Clin Epidemiol, 2011, 64(4): 383-394.

        [13]Hentschel E, Brandstfitter G, Dragosics B, et al. Effect of ranitidine and amoxicillin plus metronidazole on the eradication of Helicobacter pylori and the recurrence of duodenal ulcer [J]. N Engl J Med, 1993, 328(5): 308-312.

        [14]Axon AT, O’Moráin CA, Bardhan KD, et al. Randomised double blind controlled study of recurrence of gastric ulcer after treatment for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection [J]. BMJ, 1997, 314(7080): 565-568.

        [15]Leung WK, Lin SR, Ching JY, et al. Factors predicting progression of gastric intestinal metaplasia: results of a randomised trial on Helicobacter pylori eradication [J]. Gut, 2004, 53(9): 1244-1249.

        [16]Wong BC, Lam SK, Wong WM, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer in a high-risk region of China: a randomized controlled trial [J]. JAMA, 2004, 291(2): 187-194.

        [17]Malfertheiner P, Sipponen P, Naumann M, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication has the potential to prevent gastric cancer: a state-of-the-art critique [J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2005, 100(9): 2100-2115.

        [18]Correa P, Fontham ET, Bravo JC, et al. Chemoprevention of gastric dysplasia: randomized trial of antioxidant supplements and anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy [J]. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2000, 92(23): 1881-1888.

        [19]Mera R, Fontham ET, Bravo LE, et al. Long term follow up of patients treated for Helicobacter pylori infection [J]. Gut, 2005, 54(11): 1536-1540.

        [20]You WC, Brown LM, Zhang L, et al. Randomized double-blind factorial trial of three treatments to reduce the prevalence of precancerous gastric lesions [J]. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2006, 98(14): 974-983.

        [21]Take S, Mizuno M, Ishiki K, et al. The effect of eradicating Helicobacter pylori on the development of gastric cancer in patients with peptic ulcer disease [J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2005, 100(5): 1037-1042.

        [22]Fuccio L, Zagari RM, Eusebi LH, et al. Meta-analysis: can Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment reduce the risk for gastric cancer? [J]. Ann Intern Med, 2009, 151(2): 121-128.

        [23]Fischbach W, Goebeler-Kolve ME, Dragosics B, et al. Long term outcome of patients with gastric marginal zone B cell lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) following exclusive Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: experience from a large prospective series [J]. Gut, 2004, 53(1): 34-37.

        [24]Wotherspoon AC, Doglioni C, Diss TC, et al. Regression of primary low-grade B-cell gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type after eradication of Helicobacter pylori [J]. Lancet, 1993, 342(8871): 575-577.

        [25]Chen LT, Lin JT, Tai JJ, et al. Long-term results of anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy in early-stage gastric high-grade transformed MALT lymphoma [J]. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2005, 97(18): 1345-1353.

        [26]Wündisch T, Thiede C, Morgner A, et al. Long-term follow-up of gastric MALT lymphoma after Helicobacter pylori eradication [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2005, 23(31): 8018-8024.

        [27]Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O’Morain CA, et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection--the Maastricht IV/Florence Consensus Report [J]. Gut, 2012, 61(5): 646-664.

        [28]Omorogbe J, Brennan D, Smith S, et al. Comparison of non-invasive tests, stool HpSA, ELISA and C13 urea breath test in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in a low prevalence cohort [J]. United Eur Gastroenterol J, 2015, 3: A493.

        [29]Brennan D, Smith SM, Omorogbe JA, et al. Detection of Helicobacter and antibiotic resistance using a molecular genetics-based approach in human faecal samples [J]. Gastroenterology, 2015, 148: S145.

        [30]Parihar V, Holleran G, Hall B, et al. A combined antral and corpus rapid urease testing protocol can increase diagnostic accuracy despite a low prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients undergoing routine gastroscopy [J]. United Eur Gastroenterol J, 2015, 3(5): 432-436.

        [31]McColl KE. Clinical practice. Helicobacter pylori infection [J]. N Engl J Med, 2010, 362(17): 1597-1604.

        [32]Savarino V, Vigneri S, Celle G. The 13C urea breath test in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection [J]. Gut, 1999, 45 Suppl 1: I18-I22.

        [33]Ferwana M, Abdulmajeed I, Alhajiahmed A, et al. Accuracy of urea breath test in Helicobacter pylori infection: meta-analysis [J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2015, 21(4): 1305-1314.

        [34]Gisbert JP, Pajares JM. Review article: 13C-urea breath test in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection--a critical review [J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2004, 20(10): 1001-1017.

        [35]Gisbert JP, de la Morena F, Abraira V. Accuracy of monoclonal stool antigen test for the diagnosis of H.pylori infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2006, 101(8): 1921-1930.

        [36]Leal YA, Flores LL, García-Cortés LB, et al. Antibody-based detection tests for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children: a meta-analysis [J]. PLoS One, 2008, 3(11): e3751.

        [37]Loy CT, Irwig LM, Katelaris PH, et al. Do commercial serological kits for Helicobacter pylori infection differ in accuracy?A meta-analysis [J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 1996, 91(6): 1138-1144.

        [38]van IJzendoorn MC, Laheij RJ, de Boer WA, et al. The importance of corpus biopsies for the determination of Helicobacter pylori infection [J]. Neth J Med, 2005, 63(4): 141-145.

        [39]Hsu WH, Wang SS, Kuo CH, et al. Dual specimens increase the diagnostic accuracy and reduce the reaction duration of rapid urease test [J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2010, 16(23): 2926-2930.

        [40]Lan HC, Chen TS, Li AF, et al. Additional corpus biopsy enhances the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in a background of gastritis with atrophy [J]. BMC Gastroenterol, 2012, 12: 182.

        [41]Roy AD, Deuri S, Dutta UC. The diagnostic accuracy of rapid urease biopsy test compared to histopathology in implementing “test and treat” policy for Helicobacter pylori [J]. Int J Appl Basic Med Res, 2016, 6(1): 18-22.

        [42]Brennan D, Heffernan T, Omorogbe J, et al. Accuracy of the CLO test versus histology in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients undergoing gastroscopy at Tallaght Hospital [C]. Irish Society for Gastroenterology Winter Meeting, 2015, 15: W161.

        [43]Chan G, Craig O, Cretu I, et al. Detection of Helicobacter pylori: a single centre cohort study comparing CLO test and quick test [C]. Irish Society for Gastroenterology Winter Meeting, 2010, 10: W12.

        [44]Fiorini G, Vakil N, Zullo A, et al. Culture-based selection therapy for patients who did not respond to previous treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection [J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2013, 11(5): 507-510.

        [45]Savarino V, Zentilin P, Pivari M, et al. The impact of antibiotic resistance on the efficacy of three 7-day regimens against Helicobacter pylori [J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2000, 14(7): 893-900.

        [46]Mégraud F, Lehours P. Helicobacter pylori detection and antimicrobial susceptibility testing [J]. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2007, 20(2): 280-322.

        [47]Selgrad M, Tammer I, Langner C, et al. Different antibiotic susceptibility between antrum and corpus of the stomach, a possible reason for treatment failure of Helicobacter pylori infection [J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(43): 16245-16251.

        [48]Investigation of gastric biopsies for Helicobacter pylori. Health Protection Agency Standards Unit, Microbiology Services, Public Health England. 2015, 6: 1-23. Available from: http://www.hpa.org.uk/ webc/hpaweb le/hpaweb_c/1317132860197. [Accessed 19 September 2016].

        [49]McNulty CA, Lasseter G, Shaw I, et al. Is Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance surveillance needed and how can it be delivered? [J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2012, 35(10): 1221-1230.

        [50]Dent JC, McNulty CA. Evaluation of a new selective medium for Campylobacter pylori [J]. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1988, 7(4): 555-558.

        [51]Gatta L, Ricci C, Tampieri A, et al. Accuracy of breath tests using low doses of 13C-urea to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection: a randomised controlled trial [J]. Gut, 2006, 55(4): 457-462.

        [52]Gisbert JP, Pajares JM. Stool antigen test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection: a systematic review [J]. Helicobacter, 2004, 9(4): 347-368.

        [53]Nishikawa K, Sugiyama T, Kato M, et al. A prospective evaluation of new rapid urease tests before and after eradication treatment of Helicobacter pylori, in comparison with histology, culture and 13C-urea breath test [J]. Gastrointest Endosc, 2000, 51(2): 164-168.

        [54]Graham DY, Opekun AR, Hammoud F, et al. Studies regarding the mechanism of false negative urea breath tests with proton pump inhibitors [J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2003, 98(5): 1005-1009.

        [55]Gatta L, Vakil N, Ricci C, et al. Effect of proton pump inhibitors and antacid therapy on 13C urea breath tests and stool test for Helicobacter pylori infection [J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2004, 99(5): 823-829.

        [56]Savarino V, Bisso G, Pivari M, et al. Effect of gastric acid suppression on 13C-urea breath test: comparison of ranitidine with omeprazole [J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2000, 14(3): 291-297.

        [57]Bravo LE, Realpe JL, Campo C, et al. Effects of acid suppression and bismuth medications on the performance of diagnostic tests for Helicobacter pylori infection [J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 1999, 94: 2380-2383.

        [58]Malfertheiner P. Diagnostic methods for H.pylori infection: choices, opportunities and pitfalls [J]. United Eur Gastroenterol J, 2015, 3(5): 429-431.

        [59]Malfertheiner P, Bazzoli F, Delchier JC, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication with a capsule containing bismuth subcitrate potassium, metronidazole, and tetracycline given with omeprazole versus clarithromycin-based triple therapy: a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial [J]. Lancet, 2011, 377(9769): 905-913.

        [60]Haider RB, Brennan DE, Omorogbe J, et al. A randomized-controlled study to compare the efficacy of sequential therapy with standard triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication in an Irish population [J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2015, 27(11): 1265-1269.

        [61]Smith SM. An update on the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection [J]. EMJ Gastroenterology, 2015, 4: 101-107.

        [62]O’Connor JP, Taneike I, O’Morain C. Improving compliance with Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: when and how? [J]. Therap Adv Gastroenterol, 2009, 2(5): 273-279.

        [63]Thung I, Aramin H, Vavinskaya V, et al. Review article: the global emergence of Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance [J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2016, 43(4): 514-533.

        [64]O’connor A, Taneike I, Nami A, et al. Helicobacter pylori resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin in Ireland [J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2010, 22(9): 1123-1127.

        [65]Haider RB, Smith SM, Hall B, et al. Does tailored therapy based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing overcome the increasing failure of standard empirical therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection? [J]. Helicobacter, 2014, 19: 146.

        [66]Smith SM, Haider RB, Holleran G, et al. A molecular genetics-based approach for the detection of clarithromycin and uoroquinolone resistant H.pylori infection [J]. Helicobacter, 2014, 19: 78.

        [67]Calvet X, García N, López T, et al. A meta-analysis of short versus long therapy with a proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin and either metronidazole or amoxycillin for treating Helicobacter pylori infection [J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2000, 14(5): 603-609.

        [68]Ford A, Moayyedi P. How can the current strategies for Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy be improved? [J]. Can J Gastroenterol, 2003, 17 Suppl B: 36B-40B.

        [69]Fuccio L, Minardi ME, Zagari RM, et al. Meta-analysis: duration of first-line proton-pump inhibitor based triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication [J]. Ann Intern Med, 2007, 147(8): 553-562.

        [70]Yuan Y, Ford AC, Khan KJ, et al. Optimum duration of regimens for Helicobacter pylori eradication [J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013, (12): CD008337.

        [71]Chen YI, Fallone CA. A 14-day course of triple therapy is superior to a 10-day course for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori: a Canadian study conducted in a ‘real world’ setting [J]. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2015, 29(8): e7-e10.

        [72]Arama SS, Tiliscan C, Negoita C, et al. Efficacy of 7-day and 14-day triple therapy regimens for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori: a comparative study in a cohort of romanian patients [J]. Gastroenterol Res Pract, 2016, 2016: 5061640.

        [73]Wang J, Zhang G, Hu X, et al. Two-week triple therapy has a higher Helicobacter pylori eradication rate than 1-week therapy: a single-center randomized study [J]. Saudi J Gastroenterol, 2015, 21(6): 355-359.

        [74]Vallve M, Vergara M, Gisbert JP, et al. Single vs. double dose of a proton pump inhibitor in triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a meta-analysis [J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2002, 16(6): 1149-1156.

        [75]Villoria A, Garcia P, Calvet X, et al. Meta-analysis: high-dose proton pump inhibitors vs. standard dose in triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication [J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2008, 28(7): 868-877.

        [76]McNicholl AG, Linares PM, Nyssen OP, et al. Meta-analysis: esomeprazole or rabeprazole vs. first-generation pump inhibitors in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection [J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2012, 36(5): 414-425.

        [77]Salazar CO, Cardenas VM, Reddy RK, et al. Greater than 95% success with 14-day bismuth quadruple anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy: a pilot study in US Hispanics [J]. Helicobacter, 2012, 17(5): 382-390.

        [78]Graham DY, Lee YC, Wu MS. Rational Helicobacter pylori therapy: evidence-based medicine rather than medicine-based evidence [J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2014, 12(2): 177-186.e3; Discussion e12-e13.

        [79]Liou JM, Chen CC, Chen MJ, et al. Sequential versus triple therapy for the first-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori: a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial [J]. Lancet, 2013, 381(9862): 205-213.

        [80]Gatta L, Vakil N, Vaira D, et al. Global eradication rates for Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis of sequential therapy [J]. BMJ, 2013, 347: f4587.

        [81]Romano M, Marmo R, Cuomo A, et al. Pretreatment antimicrobial susceptibility testing is cost saving in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori [J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2003, 1(4): 273-278.

        [82]Cosme A, Montes M, Martos M, et al. Usefulness of antimicrobial susceptibility in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori [J]. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2013, 19(4): 379-383.

        [83]López-Góngora S, Puig I, Calvet X, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis: susceptibility-guided versus empirical antibiotic treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection [J]. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2015, 70(9): 2447-2455.

        [84]Cosme A, Lizasoan J, Montes M, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility-guided therapy versus empirical concomitant therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori in a region with high rate of clarithromycin resistance [J]. Helicobacter, 2016, 21(1): 29-34.

        [85]Mégraud F, Bénéjat L, Ontsira Ngoyi EN, et al. Molecular approaches to identify Helicobacter pylori antimicrobial resistance [J]. Gastroenterol Clin North Am, 2015, 44(3): 577-596.

        [86]Brennan D, McNamara D, Smith SM. Non-invasive molecular tests for H.pylori[M]. London: Hospital Healthcare Europe, Cogora, 2016: 197-199.

        [87]Saad RJ, Schoenfeld P, Kim HM, et al. Levofloxacin-based triple therapy versus bismuth-based quadruple therapy for persistent Helicobacter pylori infection: a meta-analysis [J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2006, 101(3): 488-496.

        [88]Gisbert JP, Morena F. Systematic review and meta-analysis: levofloxacin-based rescue regimens after Helicobacter pylori treatment failure [J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2006, 23(1): 35-44.

        [89]Gisbert JP, Pérez-Aisa A, Bermejo F, et al. Second-line therapy with levo?oxacin after failure of treatment to eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection: time trends in a Spanish Multicenter Study of 1000 patients [J]. J Clin Gastroenterol, 2013, 47(2): 130-135.

        [90]O’Connor A, Taneike I, Nami A, et al. Helicobacter pylori resistance rates for levofloxacin, tetracycline and rifabutin among Irish isolates at a reference centre [J]. Ir J Med Sci, 2013, 182(4): 693-695.

        [91]Brennan DE, Omorogbe J, Hussey M, et al. Molecular detection of Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance in stool vs biopsy samples [J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2016, 22(41): 9214-9221.

        [92]Marin AC, McNicholl AG, Gisbert JP. A review of rescue regimens after clarithromycin-containing triple therapy failure (for Helicobacter pylori eradication) [J]. Expert Opin Pharmacother, 2013, 14(7): 843-861.

        [93]Liang X, Xu X, Zheng Q, et al. Efficacy of bismuth-containing quadruple therapies for clarithromycin-, metronidazole-, and fiuoroquinolone-resistant Helicobacter pylori infections in a prospective study [J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2013, 11(7): 802-807.e1.

        [94]Delchier JC, Malfertheiner P, Thieroff-Ekerdt R. Use of a combination formulation of bismuth, metronidazole and tetracycline with omeprazole as a rescue therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori [J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2014, 40(2): 171-177.

        [95]Liou JM, Chen CC, Chang CY, et al. Efficacy of genotypic resistance-guided sequential therapy in the third-line treatment of refractory Helicobacter pylori infection: a multicentre clinical trial [J]. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2013, 68(2): 450-456.

        [96]Gisbert JP, Calvet X. Review article: rifabutin in the treatment of refractory Helicobacter pylori infection [J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2012, 35(2): 209-221.

        [97]Toracchio S, Capodicasa S, Soraja DB, et al. Rifabutin based triple therapy for eradication of H.pylori primary and secondary resistant to tinidazole and clarithromycin [J]. Dig Liver Dis, 2005, 37(1): 33-38.

        [98]Gisbert JP, Castro-Fernandez M, Perez-Aisa A, et al. Fourth-line rescue therapy with rifabutin in patients with three Helicobacter pylori eradication failures [J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2012, 35(8): 941-947.

        [99]Urgesi R, Pelecca G, Cianci R, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection: is sequential therapy superior to standard triple therapy? A single-centre Italian study in treatment-naive and non-treatment-naive patients [J]. Can J Gastroenterol, 2011, 25(6): 315-318.

        [100]Zullo A, De Francesco V, Hassan C, et al. The sequential therapy regimen for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a pooled-data analysis [J]. Gut, 2007, 56(10): 1353-1357. 2017年1月,愛爾蘭幽門螺桿菌工作組(IHPWG)發(fā)布了成人幽門螺桿菌感染的診斷和治療共識,并于5月在European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology雜志上發(fā)表。本文譯自Smith S, Boyle B, Brennan D, et al. The Irish Helicobacter pylori Working Group consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of H.pylori infection in adult patients in Ireland [J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2017, 29(5): 552-559. 主要目的是為該領(lǐng)域?qū)<姨峁┲С?,并為幽門螺桿菌的管理提供循證建議。

        The Irish Helicobacter pylori Working Group consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in adult patients in Ireland

        LI Jian1, DUAN Fangling2

        1.Department of Gastroenterology, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003; 2.Institute of Digestive Diseases, Zhengzhou University, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China

        Irish eradication rates for Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) are decreasing and there is an increase in the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. These trends call into question current management strategies. To establish an Irish Helicobacter pylori Working Group (IHPWG) to assess, revise and tailor current available recommendations.Experts in the areas of gastroenterology and microbiology were invited to join the IHPWG. Questions of relevance to diagnosis, first-line and rescue therapy were developed using the PICO system. A literature search was performed. The ‘Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation’ approach was then used to rate the quality of available evidence and grade the resulting recommendations.Key resultant IHPWG statements (S), the strength of recommendation and quality of evidence include S8: standard triple therapy for 7 days’ duration can no longer be recommended (strong and moderate). S9: 14 days of clarithromycin-based triple therapy with a high-dose proton pump inhibitor (PPI) is recommended as first-line therapy. Bismuth quadruple therapy for 14 days is an alternative if available (strong and moderate). S12: second-line therapy depends on the first-line treatment and should not be the same treatment. The options are (a) 14 days of levofloxacin-based therapy with high-dose PPI, (b) 14 days of clarithromycin-based triple therapy with high-dose PPI or (c) bismuth quadruple therapy for 14 days (strong and moderate). S13: culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing should be performed following two treatment failures (weak and low/very low).These recommendations are intended to provide the most relevant current best-practice guidelines for the management ofH.pyloriinfection in adults in Ireland.

        Amoxicillin; Antibiotic resistance; Bismuth; Clarithromycin; Helicobacter pylori; Levofloxacin; Metronidazole; Proton pump inhibitor; Quadruple therapy; Triple therapy

        李健,主任醫(yī)師,碩士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:胃腸道疾病的基礎(chǔ)與臨床。E-mail:jiuwei@163.com

        10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2017.06.003

        R378

        A

        1006-5709(2017)06-0625-08

        2017-05-09

        猜你喜歡
        耐藥檢測
        如何判斷靶向治療耐藥
        Ibalizumab治療成人多耐藥HIV-1感染的研究進展
        miR-181a在卵巢癌細胞中對順鉑的耐藥作用
        “不等式”檢測題
        “一元一次不等式”檢測題
        “一元一次不等式組”檢測題
        “幾何圖形”檢測題
        “角”檢測題
        超級耐藥菌威脅全球,到底是誰惹的禍?
        科學大眾(2020年12期)2020-08-13 03:22:22
        小波變換在PCB缺陷檢測中的應(yīng)用
        美女丝袜美腿玉足视频| 欧洲亚洲色一区二区色99| 亚洲av乱码一区二区三区观影| 日韩一区二区三区久久精品| 国产动作大片中文字幕| 免费精品无码av片在线观看| 亚洲国产AⅤ精品一区二区不卡| 久久婷婷综合激情亚洲狠狠| 国产午夜免费高清久久影院| 丰满人妻av无码一区二区三区| 欧美性一区| 国产精品三级在线不卡| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一出口述 | 就爱射视频在线视频在线| 成人aaa片一区国产精品| 欧美午夜刺激影院| 少妇爽到爆视频网站免费| 久久精品国产亚洲av四叶草| 中文在线8资源库| 婷婷丁香91| 国产精品亚洲av无人区一区蜜桃| 日韩亚洲精品中文字幕在线观看| 污污内射在线观看一区二区少妇| 久久半精品国产99精品国产 | 2022国内精品免费福利视频| 亚洲av熟女天堂久久天堂| 午夜精品久久久久久久| 色综合中文综合网| 亚洲AV无码成人精品区H| 成人免费av色资源日日| 把女邻居弄到潮喷的性经历| 亚洲久无码中文字幕热| 偷拍美女一区二区三区视频| 射精区-区区三区| 色窝窝免费播放视频在线| 欧美片欧美日韩国产综合片| 亚洲一区精品在线中文字幕| 国产探花在线精品一区二区| 毛片无码高潮喷白浆视频| 日韩精品免费av一区二区三区 | 国产av自拍在线观看|