謝鈺洪
時光荏苒,2017年高考即將到來。下面筆者從閱讀理解、七選五、完形填空、短文改錯四種題型出發(fā),幫助考生快速提分,減少失誤。
一、閱讀理解
閱讀理解主要有四類題型:細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、詞義猜測題、主旨大意題。
1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題
細(xì)節(jié)理解題一般占據(jù)閱讀理解的半壁江山。此類試題一般可分為兩類:一是直接理解題,答案可在原文中直接找到;二是詞義轉(zhuǎn)換題,答案是原文中有關(guān)詞語或句子的轉(zhuǎn)換,不能在原文中直接找到。細(xì)節(jié)理解題主要考查考生對文章主題的細(xì)節(jié)與具體事實(shí)的把握能力,內(nèi)容涉及詢問事實(shí)、原因、結(jié)果、目的等。
例1 (2017年河南省月考)Desert elephants can travel over 70 kilometers in search for feeding grounds and waterholes, and have a larger group of families.They drink only every 3—4 days, and can store water in a “bag” at the back of their throat, which is only used when badly needed.Desert elephants are careful feeders——they seldom root up trees and break fewer branches, and thus maintain what little food sources are available. Young elephants may even eat the dung(糞便)of the female leader of a group when facing food shortage.
Desert elephants are called careful feeders because they ________.
A. rarely ruin trees
B. only drink every 3—4 days
C. search for food in large groups
D. protect food sources for their young
【解析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)理解題,即要求考生找到相關(guān)的信息完成句子。依據(jù)題干可知,問題為非洲沙漠里的大象為什么被稱為小心翼翼的進(jìn)食者??忌稍谖恼虏牧系钠普厶柡笳业角逦拇鸢福核鼈兒苌龠B根拔起樹木和破壞樹枝。很多考生易錯選D項(xiàng),Young elephants may even eat the dung(糞便)of the female leader of a group when facing food shortage的意思是小象甚至在食物短缺時會以族群母象的糞便為食。
?易錯提醒:從文章出發(fā),忠于原文,切忌添加細(xì)節(jié),推斷選項(xiàng)。
?做題巧法:一般此類試題考查的范圍比較集中,考生可以根據(jù)題目的主要信息(人物、時間、地點(diǎn)、事件等)定位到相關(guān)的句子,理解分析即可。
2.推理判斷題
所謂推斷,就是根據(jù)閱讀材料中所提供的信息推斷出未知的信息。據(jù)以推斷的有關(guān)文字可能是一個詞或一個句子,也可能是若干句子,甚至是全文。
?解題策略點(diǎn)撥
(1)不能以自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的觀點(diǎn),要嚴(yán)格按照閱讀材料中提供的信息進(jìn)行推理。
(2)推理的根據(jù)來自上下文。
(3)如果某選項(xiàng)中的內(nèi)容是閱讀材料的簡單重復(fù),那它就不是推論,也就不是正確答案。
(4)如果某選項(xiàng)所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容與日常的經(jīng)驗(yàn)相吻合,文中卻沒有涉及,那它屬于主觀臆斷的結(jié)論,也不是正確答案。
(5)如果某個選項(xiàng)表達(dá)的內(nèi)容雖在文中提到,但很片面或很不完整,那也不是正確答案。
(6)文中的虛擬語氣和情態(tài)動詞(should,must,may,etc.)往往能流露出作者的弦外之音,這有助于考生確定正確答案。
(7)注意作者在文章中的措辭,比如作者在形容詞前用了too,excessively,rather等,這些詞語常表示否定的語氣。
(8)某些過渡詞(however,but,on the contrary,whats more)后面所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容往往能反映作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。
?易錯提醒:一般此類試題考查的范圍比較廣,考生謹(jǐn)記不要進(jìn)行二次推斷。
3.詞義猜測題
(1)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(合成、派生、轉(zhuǎn)化)進(jìn)行判斷
英語中,有很多詞可以加前綴或后綴,從而構(gòu)成一個新詞,乍看起來,這個詞可能是生詞,但掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞法知識,就不難猜出它的詞義。
例2 Market research shows that Gold and others who buy organic food can generally give clear reasons for their preferences——but their knowledge of organic food is far from complete.
【解析】根據(jù)熟知詞匯prefer及構(gòu)詞法,可推斷出preference為名詞,意為“偏好”。
(2)根據(jù)定義或解釋猜測詞義
例3 A bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful. It gives us some interesting phrases(短語). One is “ to let the cat out of the bag”. It is the same as “to tell a secret”…
Now when someone lets out (泄漏) a secret, he “l(fā)ets the cat out of the bag”...
John “l(fā)ets the cat out of the bag” means he _____.
A. makes everyone know a secret
B. let the woman buy a cat
C. buys a cat in the bag
D. sells the cat in the bag
【解析】A。根據(jù)文中“It is the same as”可知,此俗語意為“泄露秘密”。
(3)根據(jù)情景和邏輯進(jìn)行判斷
例4 As they go around town, the police help people. Sometimes they find lost children. They take the children home. If the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. Sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. The police can always tell the people which way to go. They know all the streets and roads well.
In the text, “put an end to” means “______”.
A. stop B. cut C. kill D. Fly
【解析】A。根據(jù)情境,警察經(jīng)常幫助人,當(dāng)看到有人斗毆,肯定會立即制止。
(4)根據(jù)并列或同位關(guān)系猜測詞義
例5 There is a place on our earth where hot water and steam come up from under the ground. It is a large island in the Pacific Ocean. The island is North Island, in New Zealand.
What does the word “steam” mean in Chinese?
A.自來水 B. 大氣 C. 冰川 D. 蒸汽
【解析】D。同位關(guān)系,熱水從地下冒出來,伴隨著蒸汽。
(5)根據(jù)背景和常識判斷
例6 The doctor is studying glaucoma and other diseases of the eye.
【解析】根據(jù)背景及常識可知,下劃線詞意為“一類眼科疾病”。
(6)根據(jù)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號和提示詞猜測詞義
例7 One of the obstacles to false reading is vocali-zing——saying the words to themselves in a low voice.
【解析】通常破折號后為對前文內(nèi)容的解釋,可知下劃線詞意為“輕聲默讀”。
(7)根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷
根據(jù)上下句的連接詞,如but,however,otherwise等,就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別,從而依據(jù)某一句的含義,來確定另一句的含義。分號還可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或不相干的意義。
例8 He has been getting better,but during the night his condition deteriorated.
【解析】根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折詞but可知,前后文語義相反,下劃線詞為“惡化”之意。
(8)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷
根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果,根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。
例9 The biggest power failure happened yesterday. All of our ice-cream and frozen foods melted.
【解析】后一句承接前一句,前一句的原因引發(fā)后一句的結(jié)果。根據(jù)因果關(guān)系,停電很可能導(dǎo)致冰淇淋和冷凍食品溶化,所以melted的詞義應(yīng)為“溶化”。
4.主旨大意題
主旨大意題要求考生掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意,如基本論點(diǎn)(argument)、文章標(biāo)題(title)、主題(topic)、大意(general idea)或段落大意(main idea of paragraph)等。主旨大意題可分為兩類:一類為記敘文主旨大意題,一類為說明文、議論文主旨大意題。
?公式巧解:何人/何物+怎么了。所有的文章,主旨大意題均可按此公式答題。
?做題方法:尋找主題句,從而抓住文章的中心思想。
?易錯提醒:所選選項(xiàng)覆蓋面太大或太窄,只關(guān)注細(xì)節(jié);所選選項(xiàng)與文章有部分交集,但偏離文章主題。
二、七選五
該題型的選項(xiàng)大致可分為主旨概括句(文章整體內(nèi)容)、過渡性句子(文章結(jié)構(gòu))和注釋性句子(上下文的邏輯意義)三類。多余的干擾項(xiàng)可以通過這三個特點(diǎn)來排除,例如主旨概括句要么過于寬泛,要么以偏概全或偏離主題;過渡性句子不能反映文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu);注釋性句子與上文脫節(jié)等。
★三大注意
1.注意代詞或定冠詞。在做這類題目的時候,一定要注意句子中出現(xiàn)的人稱代詞或者指示代詞。代詞指代一個名詞或者一個句子,通過代詞在句子中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞挚梢酝茢喑鏊复渥拥念愋?,考生要做的就是從選項(xiàng)中找出這類句型。
2.注意一些特殊疑問詞。如果選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)特殊疑問詞,一定要把特殊疑問詞所在的句子仔細(xì)讀幾遍,因?yàn)閷τ诓煌奶厥庖蓡栐~,回答方式是不一樣的,比如對why的回答,后面要有because等表原因的詞;對when的回答,后面要有表時間的狀語;對where的回答,后面要有表地點(diǎn)的名詞;對how的回答,后面要有方式狀語等。
3.注意一些連詞。如一些表示轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞:but,however,yet,though等;另外還有一些表示并列關(guān)系的連詞,如and,also,as well as,neither…nor…,either…or…,not only…but also…,on one hand…on the other hand等。這些連詞可以表示句子與句子之間的關(guān)系,通過不同的連詞,考生可以推知句子與句子之間不同的關(guān)系。
?易錯提醒:考生未注意到全文的主題和段落的主題,一般來說,比較易選錯的干擾項(xiàng)為概括全文大意的句子。這樣的選項(xiàng)似乎適用于任意一道題目,但這樣的選項(xiàng)通常不可選。
三、完形填空
完形填空中考生常見的錯誤為:缺乏背景知識;見空填空,忽視文章的中心意思;熟詞生意。
?助力提醒:(1)進(jìn)一步熟悉英美文化知識,包括英美簡史、地理名勝、政治經(jīng)濟(jì)、教育系統(tǒng)、宗教、媒體、傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日等。(2)在通讀完全文后,對于較難的選項(xiàng),一定要結(jié)合文章中心大意選擇最佳選項(xiàng),因?yàn)槲恼滤械脑~匯和細(xì)節(jié)都是為了體現(xiàn)文章中心。(3)積累熟詞生義。
Tips:2017高考必備知識庫·熟詞生義
1. address①稱呼(熟義:地址,寫地址)
The president should be addressed as “Mr. President”.總統(tǒng)應(yīng)稱為“總統(tǒng)先生”。
②直接向……說;③向……發(fā)表演說
She turned to address the man on her left.她轉(zhuǎn)身過去,向她左邊的那人講話。
He is going to address the meeting in a minute.他一會兒就要在大會上講話了。
It is said that our headmaster will address the meeting. (vt. 向……發(fā)表演說)
2. age(熟義:n.年齡)
Worry aged him rapidly.(v. 使變老)
3. air(熟義:n. 空氣)
Dont air your troubles too often. 不要經(jīng)常發(fā)牢騷。(v. 抒發(fā),傾訴,傳播)
There was a comfortable air about her room.(n. 樣子,神態(tài),氣氛)
4. arm (熟義:n. 手臂)
Lay down your arms or well fire?。╪. 武器; v. 武裝)
5.balance (熟義: n. /v. 平衡)
I must check my bank balance. (n. 差額,余款)
The school aims to balance the amount of time spent on arts and science subjects. (v. 權(quán)衡)
6.bar(熟義:n. 棒,條,酒吧,房間)
Poor health may be a bar to success in life.(n. 障礙)
7. blank (熟義:adj. 空白的;n. 空白)
The stranger returned my greeting with a blank look.(adj. 沒表情的,空虛的,沒興趣的)
I cant think where Ive left my umbrella, my mind is a complete blank.(n. 記憶中的空白,遺忘)
8. blue(熟義:adj./n.,藍(lán)色)
His songs always make me feel blue.(adj. 憂傷的)
9. bear(熟義:vt. 忍受,容忍)
He was badly wounded in the war and still bears the scars. (v. 顯示,帶有)
10.cause (熟義:n. 起因;v. 引起)
The UN has done a lot for the cause of world peace.聯(lián)合國為世界和平事業(yè)做了許多貢獻(xiàn)。
We are struggling for revolutionary cause.(n. 事業(yè))
11. cover(熟義:v. 走完一段路,看完多少頁書;涉及;覆蓋)
Here is£5,that should cover all your expenses.(v. 夠付……的費(fèi)用)
12. course(熟義:n. 課程,過程)
The main course was a vegetable stew.這道主菜是蔬菜燉肉。(n. 一道菜)
13. desert(熟義:n. 沙漠)
He deserted his wife and went abroad.(v. 拋棄,離棄)
We sheltered from the storm in a deserted hut.我們在一間無人住的茅屋里躲暴風(fēng)雨。
14. develop (熟義:v. 發(fā)展,開發(fā),研制)
Did you have the film developed?(v. 沖印,沖洗)
develop a disease 得病,出現(xiàn)問題
He developed a cough. 他咳嗽起來了。
develop a habit 逐漸形成
15. do (熟義:做,制作)
The shoes wont do for mountain-climbing.(vi. 可以,行;夠了)
Practice and determination will do wonders.(v. 創(chuàng)造)
Everything is doing well.(vi. 進(jìn)展)
16. draw (熟義:畫)
The football match between the Korean team and the American team was so wonderful that it drew a lot of people, though in the end they drew the match.(v. 拉,拔出,吸引;不分勝負(fù)地結(jié)束)
What moral are we to draw from the story.(v. 獲得,取得,推斷出)
17. drive(熟義:駕駛)
Hunger drove her steal.(v. 迫使某人做不好的事)
18. escape (熟義:逃走)
His name escaped me for the moment.(v. 被忘記,一時想不起)
19. even(熟義:adv. 甚至,更)
The road wasnt even.(adj. 平坦的,平的,平滑的)
Her teeth were white and even.(adj. 齊的,同樣的,一致的)
The score is now even. (adj.相等的,對等的,均等的)
The car went with an even motion.(adj. 均勻的,平穩(wěn)的)
She evened the edges by trimming(清理焊縫) them.(vt. 弄平,使平坦)
Our team evened the score in the last minute.(vt. 使相等)
20. fail (熟義:n. 失敗,不及格)
Our water supply failed.我們供水不足了。
He is failing in health./His health is failing.(v. 衰退,衰弱)
He failed to lend her a hand.(v. 未能)
He never fails to write to his mother every month. 他從來不忘記每月寫信給他的母親。
21. grade(熟義:n. 年級)
He got excellent grades in exams.(n. 分?jǐn)?shù),等級)
Eggs are grade from small to extra-large.(v. 分等級,給分?jǐn)?shù))
22. hit (熟義:v. 擊中,打擊)
The film Big Hero 6 is quite a hit of this year.( n. 成功,紅極一時的人或事)
23. introduce(熟義:v. 以……開始,介紹,引進(jìn))
He introduced his speech with a joke. 他的演講以一個笑話開始。
The company is introducing a new family saloon this year. (v. 初次投入使用或運(yùn)作,采用)
He introduced his speech with a joke.(v. 以……開始)
24. late(熟義:adj. 遲到的,最新的)
She was an admirer of the late president.她崇拜前總統(tǒng)。
She missed her late husband very much. (adj. 已故的)
25. note(熟義:n. 筆記;音符;紙幣)
Learn the notes by heart.(n. 臺詞)
I noticed that her hands were dirty.(v. 注意到)
四、短文改錯
1.分清錯誤類型,對癥下藥
(1)缺詞
短文改錯中所缺的詞常常是冠詞、介詞、代詞等虛詞,它通常與詞的搭配相關(guān),如見到名詞,應(yīng)考慮是否缺了冠詞;見到動詞,要注意后面是否少了應(yīng)與之搭配的介詞或其他詞;見到某些固定表達(dá),如in fact,as soon as等,應(yīng)考慮是否完整;還有某些短語加冠詞與不加冠詞的意義不同,如in front of和in the front of;某些短語加介詞與不加介詞的用法不同,如as a result和as a result of。高考常考點(diǎn)如下表:
例10 In the car park there Gina nearly got knocked over as car drove out far too quickly from behind a lorry.
【解析】在as后加a。car是可數(shù)名詞,此處表示“有一輛汽車沖了過來”,表泛指,故要用a。
(2)多詞
短文改錯中多余的詞常常是虛詞,如冠詞、介詞、代詞、副詞、連詞等。根據(jù)涉及的名詞、動詞的特點(diǎn)等判斷句子中是否多了冠詞、介詞、副詞或其他詞;根據(jù)全句的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義,判斷是否多了連詞或其他詞。高考常考點(diǎn)如下表:
例11 Otherwise,it is impossible for them to help each other and to make their friendship to last long.
【解析】把last前的to去掉。make表示“使,讓”,后面接賓語補(bǔ)足語時,要省略to的不定式,構(gòu)成make sb. do sth. 結(jié)構(gòu)。
(3)錯詞
錯詞是短文改錯中最主要的錯誤類型,錯詞的情況最為復(fù)雜,大致可分為虛詞選擇錯誤,實(shí)詞用法錯誤,同(近)義、形似詞選擇錯誤等。最常見的是搭配錯誤與語法錯誤。
2.保持原意的原則
考生做題時應(yīng)遵循保持句子原意的原則,即不能隨便改變文章或作者想要表達(dá)的意思,包括其語氣和上下文的邏輯關(guān)系。要對短文中的用詞錯誤、語法錯誤、行文邏輯關(guān)系錯誤進(jìn)行改正,且小改不能大改;要做到“換詞不能改意,加詞不能增意,去詞不能減意”。如有多種改法,應(yīng)以保持原意為條件。
例12 The more friends we have,the more we can learn for one another,and the more pleasure we can share together.
【解析】將for改為from。固定表達(dá)learn from sb.意為“向某人學(xué)習(xí)”,符合語境。也有考生把for改為about, learn about意為“了解……的有關(guān)情況”,這樣改會改變原意,作者想說的是“相互學(xué)習(xí)”,而不是“相互了解情況”。