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        長(zhǎng)期有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥配施對(duì)冬小麥籽粒產(chǎn)量及氨揮發(fā)損失的影響

        2017-06-13 11:05:47鄭鳳霞董樹(shù)亭劉鵬張吉旺趙斌
        關(guān)鍵詞:產(chǎn)量

        鄭鳳霞,董樹(shù)亭,劉鵬,張吉旺,趙斌

        長(zhǎng)期有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥配施對(duì)冬小麥籽粒產(chǎn)量及氨揮發(fā)損失的影響

        鄭鳳霞,董樹(shù)亭*,劉鵬*,張吉旺,趙斌

        (山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院/作物生物學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,山東泰安 271018)

        【目的】黃淮海地區(qū)作為華北平原重要的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)區(qū),氮肥投入量大、利用率低的現(xiàn)象較為普遍,氮肥損失和農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染嚴(yán)重。本研究在長(zhǎng)期肥料定位試驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ)上,連續(xù)多年監(jiān)測(cè)不同施肥處理下冬小麥田氮素?fù)]發(fā)損失量及其規(guī)律,探討減少黃淮海地區(qū)麥田氨揮發(fā)的有效施肥方式,為提高冬小麥產(chǎn)量及肥料利用效率提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。 【方法】2011~2015 年利用水肥滲漏研究池進(jìn)行試驗(yàn),以石麥 15 (SM15) 為材料,以不施氮肥(CK) 為對(duì)照處理,在同等施氮量下設(shè)置單施尿素 (U)、單施牛糞 (M) 和尿素牛糞 1∶1 配施 (U + M) 3 種氮肥配比處理,隨機(jī)區(qū)組設(shè)計(jì)。采用通氣法連續(xù) 4 年原位監(jiān)測(cè)不同施肥處理下小麥氨揮發(fā)損失量、小麥籽粒產(chǎn)量及氮肥利用率。 【結(jié)果】2011~2015 年氨揮發(fā)損失量年際間變化較大,最大變幅可達(dá) 19.69 kg/hm2,年際間施肥后氨揮發(fā)速率變化規(guī)律趨勢(shì)相似。不同施肥處理對(duì)土壤氨揮發(fā)有顯著影響,冬小麥季氨揮發(fā)主要發(fā)生在施肥后15 d 內(nèi),拔節(jié)期追肥的氨揮發(fā)速率顯著高于播種期施用基肥。四年間氨揮發(fā)損失量平均達(dá) 7.26~42.40 kg/hm2,與不施氮肥相比,施氮處理的氨揮發(fā)損失量升高 1.40~4.84 倍,表明施用氮肥顯著促進(jìn)土壤氨揮發(fā);施氮處理的氮肥損失率以 U 處理最高,達(dá)到 19.5%,M 處理最低,為 5.7%,U + M 處理為 12.3%,介于兩處理之間,U + M 處理和 M 處理的氮肥損失率較 U 處理四年平均分別降低了 37.0% 和 71.1%,表明單施有機(jī)肥或有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥配施可顯著抑制氨揮發(fā)損失。2011~2015 年各施肥處理冬小麥產(chǎn)量均以 U + M 處理最高,達(dá) 9461.5 kg/hm2,較U 和 M 處理分別增產(chǎn) 6.8% 和 9.1%。各處理的冬小麥籽粒吸氮量、地上部吸氮量同樣以 U + M 處理最大,較 U和 M 處理分別提高 7.1%、12.6% 和 5.4%、12.9%。U + M 處理的氮肥利用率在四年均最高,達(dá) 41.96%,較 U和 M 處理分別提高 16.5%~19.6% 和 38.6%~58.7%。 【結(jié)論】綜合籽粒產(chǎn)量及氮素利用效率,有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥配施比單施化肥能顯著降低氨揮發(fā)損失,提高籽粒產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用率,有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)冬小麥高產(chǎn)與肥料高效的協(xié)同,可作為黃淮海區(qū)域小麥生產(chǎn)中的增產(chǎn)增效的優(yōu)化施肥方式。

        有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)配施;冬小麥;氨揮發(fā);籽粒產(chǎn)量

        黃淮海地區(qū)作為華北平原重要的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)區(qū),種植方式以冬小麥/夏玉米一年兩熟制為主,為了追求高產(chǎn)農(nóng)戶往往施用較多化肥,小麥生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中氮肥過(guò)量施用的現(xiàn)象已相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重[1–2],而氮肥利用率卻僅有 20%~40%[3],未被作物吸收利用的氮素則通過(guò)氨揮發(fā)、淋洗等途徑損失到環(huán)境中,由于土壤呈堿性,使氨揮發(fā)成為氮肥主要的氣態(tài)損失途徑[4–5],達(dá)到施氮量的 9%~40%[6–8]。通過(guò)氨揮發(fā)進(jìn)入大氣的氮素可隨降水等方式回歸農(nóng)田和自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng),造成土體及水體系統(tǒng)富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化,影響生物多樣性[9–10]。因此,探索降低土壤氨揮發(fā)、減少氮肥損失、控制面源污染的有效農(nóng)藝措施是實(shí)現(xiàn)冬小麥可持續(xù)發(fā)展亟需解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題。

        我國(guó)有機(jī)肥源豐富,每年畜禽糞便資源量可達(dá)26.1 × 108t[11]。這些有機(jī)肥可就地取材,直接還田,既可解決有機(jī)肥堆放問(wèn)題,又可減少對(duì)環(huán)境的污染。有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥配施可以使化肥與有機(jī)肥在養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)上優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ),在提升土壤肥力、增加作物產(chǎn)量、提升肥料利用率等方面效果顯著[12–15],是合理利用資源、減少化肥用量、保持作物高產(chǎn)高效的施肥方式。前人關(guān)于有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥配施對(duì)土壤氨揮發(fā)損失的研究已有很多[16–19],但多以 1~2 年短期監(jiān)測(cè)為背景,對(duì)田間氨揮發(fā)的長(zhǎng)期原位監(jiān)測(cè)較少,氨揮發(fā)還易受環(huán)境條件影響,其損失量的年際間變化趨勢(shì)及差別不明確。本研究在定位施肥試驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,連續(xù) 4 年對(duì)黃淮海地區(qū)冬小麥有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥配合施用下的氨揮發(fā)進(jìn)行原位監(jiān)測(cè),研究有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥配施對(duì)冬小麥田氨揮發(fā)損失、產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用率的影響,旨在為通過(guò)合理施肥以協(xié)同提高冬小麥產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用率、減肥減排提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。

        1 材料與方法

        1.1 試驗(yàn)地概況

        田間試驗(yàn)于 2011~2015 年在山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)黃淮海玉米技術(shù)創(chuàng)新中心大型水肥滲漏研究池 (36°09′ N,117°09′ E) 進(jìn)行。所在區(qū)域年平均氣溫 12.8℃,7 月份氣溫最高,平均 26.4℃,1 月份最低,平均 –2.6℃。年平均降水 697 mm,夏季降水較多,占 65%,冬季較少,僅占 3.6%。無(wú)霜期 195 d。種植制度為冬小麥–夏玉米一年兩熟制。

        水肥滲漏研究池 (2.5 m × 2.5 m × 2.0 m) 由混凝土砌成,每個(gè)池子相互獨(dú)立,底部密封且設(shè)有排水口。池子由下往上依次填 15 cm 粗砂、5 cm 細(xì)砂和180 cm 土壤,土壤取自附近農(nóng)田,同層土壤混勻后填入,按照當(dāng)?shù)亓?xí)慣種植玉米和小麥預(yù)試三年之后開(kāi)始本研究定位試驗(yàn)。2011~2015 年播種前滲漏池0—20 cm 土層土壤化學(xué)性質(zhì)見(jiàn)表 1。

        1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

        供試冬小麥品種為石麥 15 (SM15),種植密度為240 × 104株/hm2,每個(gè)小區(qū)種植 12 行,行距 20 cm。設(shè)置 4 個(gè)不同施肥方式:不施氮肥 (CK)、單施尿素(U)、單施牛糞 (M) 和尿素牛糞 1∶1 配施 (U + M)。隨機(jī)區(qū)組設(shè)計(jì),每個(gè)處理設(shè) 3 次重復(fù),共 12 個(gè)小區(qū)。氮肥類型為普通尿素和腐熟的牛糞,尿素中含氮量為 46.0%,過(guò)磷酸鈣中 P2O5含量 11.2%,硫酸鉀中 K2O 含量為 51.1%,每年施入的有機(jī)肥料養(yǎng)分含量通過(guò)測(cè)定得出,具體見(jiàn)表 2。施氮處理的氮水平均為純 N 180 kg/hm2。各處理的磷鉀肥施用量保持相同,均為 P2O5150 kg/hm2和 K2O 150 kg/hm2。若牛糞處理不足 150 kg/hm2,則用過(guò)磷酸鈣和硫酸鉀補(bǔ)齊,若單施牛糞處理中的 P2O5或 K2O 量超過(guò) 150 kg/hm2,則其他處理用過(guò)磷酸鈣和硫酸鉀補(bǔ)充至牛糞處理的量。2011~2015 年具體施肥量見(jiàn)表 3。牛糞 (濕基)、過(guò)磷酸鈣、硫酸鉀一次性基施,尿素分基肥和拔節(jié)追肥施用,基施和追施 1∶1。施肥方式為基肥播前撒施在地表,翻耕埋入土后播種并立即灌水;追肥在小麥拔節(jié)期開(kāi)溝施用覆蓋后灌水。2011~2014 年均于 10 月 10 日播種,田間管理同小麥高產(chǎn)田。

        表1 播種前滲漏池 0—20 cm 土層土壤化學(xué)性質(zhì)Table1 Soil chemical properties in 0–20 cm soil layer of the experiment field before sowing

        表2 不同生長(zhǎng)季有機(jī)肥水分、養(yǎng)分含量 (%)Table2 Water and nutrient contents in organic fertilizers in different growing seasons

        1.3 測(cè)定項(xiàng)目與方法

        1.3.1 土壤氨揮發(fā)測(cè)定 土壤氨揮發(fā)的收集及測(cè)定參照王朝輝等的通氣法[20]。施入氮肥后,第一周每天收集一次樣品,第二周每隔 2~3 d 收集一次,之后每隔 5~7 d 收集一次,直到氨揮發(fā)速率 (AVR) 降到接近于零并穩(wěn)定,該過(guò)程最多持續(xù) 30 d。

        田間土壤的氨揮發(fā)速率計(jì)算公式:

        NH3-N [kg/(hm2·d)] = [M/(A × D)]/100

        式中:M 為通氣法單個(gè)裝置平均每次測(cè)得的氨量(NH3-N, mg);A 為收集裝置的截面積 (m2);D 為每次連續(xù)收集的時(shí)間 (d)。

        氨揮發(fā)累積量 = ∑(氨揮發(fā)速率 × 每次連續(xù)收集的時(shí)間)

        氨揮發(fā)肥料損失率 = (施肥處理氨揮發(fā)累積量 –不施肥處理氨揮發(fā)累積量)/施肥量 × 100%

        1.3.2 土樣測(cè)定 用直徑 2 cm 的土鉆,多點(diǎn)采集0—20 cm 耕層土壤,形成混合土樣。用烘干法測(cè)定土壤含水量。pH 值采用 pH 計(jì)測(cè)定;土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)用水合熱重鉻酸鉀氧化—比色法測(cè)定;土壤全氮用凱氏定氮法測(cè)定;土壤全磷采用濃硫酸加熱消煮—鉬酸銨比色法測(cè)定;土壤速效鉀采用 1 mol/L 醋酸銨溶液浸提—FP6410 型火焰光度計(jì)測(cè)定[21]。

        1.3.3 植株樣品測(cè)定 成熟期在每個(gè)小區(qū)取 30~40株長(zhǎng)勢(shì)均勻、具有代表性的小麥植株,按莖、葉、穗軸 + 穎殼和籽粒分樣,105℃ 下殺青 30 min,75℃ 烘干至恒重,稱干重。小麥植株干樣研磨過(guò)篩后經(jīng)濃H2SO4–H2O2聯(lián)合消煮,消煮液中的植株全氮含量用AA3 型連續(xù)流動(dòng)分析儀 (SEAL Analytical,Germany)測(cè)定。

        冬小麥成熟期每個(gè)小區(qū)中部 1 m2收獲測(cè)產(chǎn),脫粒并經(jīng)自然風(fēng)干后稱重,折算成公頃產(chǎn)量。收獲時(shí)計(jì)數(shù)穗數(shù)和穗粒數(shù),在脫粒后風(fēng)干的籽粒中隨機(jī)取樣測(cè)定千粒重,重復(fù) 3 次。

        表3 不同施肥處理的具體施肥量 (kg/hm2)Table3 Application amounts of the fertilizers for different nitrogen treatments

        1.4 計(jì)算方法及統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

        氮肥利用效率指標(biāo)根據(jù)韓寶文等[22]的計(jì)算方法:氮肥利用率 = (施氮區(qū)地上部吸氮量 – 不施氮區(qū)地上部吸氮量)/施氮量 × 100%;氮素收獲指數(shù)=籽粒氮素積累量/植株氮素積累量。

        所有試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用 Excel 2003 軟件計(jì)算,用SPSS 20.0 軟件進(jìn)行單因素方差分析,用 LSD 法比較處理間在 P = 0.05 水平上的差異顯著性,利用 Sigma Plot 10.0 軟件作圖。

        2 結(jié)果與分析

        2.1 不同施肥處理對(duì)冬小麥季施肥后土壤氨揮發(fā)速率的影響

        2011~2015 年施用氮肥后冬小麥田間氨揮發(fā)速率趨勢(shì)一致 (圖 1),在施用基肥、播種小麥并立即灌水的情況下,各施肥處理均有明顯的氨揮發(fā)。在最開(kāi)始的 7 d,各施肥處理的氨揮發(fā)速率較高且呈現(xiàn)不規(guī)則變化,之后速率逐漸降低。施氮處理在一周內(nèi)均出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)峰值,最大峰出現(xiàn)在施肥后 4~5 d,U處理與 U + M 處理最高,分別達(dá) 2.23~2.74 kg/(hm2·d) 和 1.91~2.31 kg/(hm2·d),M 處理最低,降低至 1.47~2.14 kg/(hm2·d),U + M 和 M 處理較 U處理分別降低 14.3%~15.7% 和 21.9%~34.1%。第14 d 后與 CK 無(wú)顯著差異,20 d 后氨揮發(fā)速率接近于 0。

        與小麥基肥有所不同,追肥并灌溉后氨揮發(fā)速率在 1~2 d 即達(dá)到峰值,U 處理仍為最高 [2.52~2.85 kg/(hm2·d)],其次為 U + M 處理 [1.58~2.32 kg/(hm2·d)],M 處理的氨揮發(fā)速率由于基肥施入的牛糞緩慢釋放氮素而維持在一個(gè)較低水平,與 CK 處理無(wú)顯著差異。

        2.2 不同施肥處理對(duì)冬小麥季施肥后土壤氨揮發(fā)損失總量的影響

        表4 表明,2011~2015 年,冬小麥生育期內(nèi)田間氨揮發(fā)損失量變化較大,最大變幅可達(dá) 19.69 kg/hm2,這可能與不同年份氣溫等環(huán)境因素不同有關(guān)。各處理四年的氨揮發(fā)損失量平均達(dá) 7.26~42.40 kg/hm2,氮肥損失率最高可達(dá) 19.52%,是黃淮海平原主要的氮素?fù)p失途徑。各施肥處理的氨揮發(fā)損失總量表現(xiàn)為 U > U + M > M > CK。U 處理四年平均損失量為 42.40 kg/hm2,較 U + M 和 M 處理分別高 44.3% 和 143.4%;施氮量相等的條件下,氨揮發(fā)的氮肥損失率表現(xiàn)為 U > U + M > M,與 U 處理相比,U + M 和 M 處理的氨揮發(fā)氮肥損失率分別降低了 37.0% 和 71.1%。由表 4 還可看出,在基肥和追肥施氮量相同 (U 處理) 的情況下,追肥時(shí)期發(fā)生的氨揮發(fā)損失顯著高于基肥,占全生育期內(nèi)氨揮發(fā)總量的 53.5%。

        2.3 不同施肥處理對(duì)冬小麥產(chǎn)量及產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素的影響

        施氮肥能有效提高冬小麥籽粒產(chǎn)量 (表 5),U + M、U 和 M 處理分別比對(duì)照增產(chǎn) 73.9%、62.7% 和59.4%,各施肥處理小麥產(chǎn)量均以 U + M 處理最高,達(dá)到 9 175.3~9 781.6 kg/hm2,較 U 和 M 處理分別提高 6.8% 和 9.1%,U 和 M 處理間差異不顯著。從產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素分析,有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥配施顯著影響冬小麥產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素,四年的數(shù)據(jù)均顯示 U + M 處理和 U處理可獲得較高的公頃穗數(shù)和穗粒數(shù),其次為 M 處理,CK 處理最低;而千粒重則表現(xiàn)為 CK 和 M 處理較大,其次為 U + M 處理,U 處理最小。綜合分析,公頃穗數(shù)和穗粒數(shù)對(duì)提高產(chǎn)量的貢獻(xiàn)較大,有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)配施處理下構(gòu)成產(chǎn)量的各因素均達(dá)較高水平,最終其產(chǎn)量最高。

        2.4 不同施肥處理對(duì)冬小麥氮素利用效率的影響

        由表 6 可以看出,增施氮肥可以顯著增加冬小麥籽粒吸氮量和地上部吸氮總量,與對(duì)照處理相比,施氮處理小麥籽粒吸氮量增加 33.04~51.19 kg/hm2,地上部總吸氮量提高 32.7%~49.9%。在施用等量氮肥情況下,U + M 處理的籽粒吸氮量顯著高于 U 和M 處理,增幅分別達(dá)到 7.1% 和 12.6%,在 2011~2015 年 U 處理顯著高于 M 處理。各處理的地上部總吸氮量與籽粒吸氮量趨勢(shì)一致。氮素收獲指表現(xiàn)為CK > M > U + M > U,處理間差異不顯著。氮肥利用率以 U + M 處理最高,達(dá) 40.5%~45.0%,四年平均較 U 和 M 處理分別提高 18.2% 和 52.5%。表明有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥配施可加強(qiáng)冬小麥對(duì)氮肥的吸收利用,提高氮肥的有效利用率。

        3 討論

        有機(jī)肥與無(wú)機(jī)肥配施,既能使作物高產(chǎn),又能培肥地力,是實(shí)現(xiàn)作物高產(chǎn)高效和促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的一種有效措施。前人在 1~2 年試驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上得出,有機(jī)肥與無(wú)機(jī)肥配合施用能有效降低氨揮發(fā)損失[24–26]。劉紅梅等[4]于 2006~2007 年進(jìn)行大田試驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明,華北平原東北部小麥季累計(jì)氨揮發(fā)量在 5.35~8.92 kg/hm2,且不同施氮水平下的氨揮發(fā)損失均以有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥配施較低。本研究連續(xù) 4 年的數(shù)據(jù)均表明,在施氮量 180 kg/hm2的條件下,冬小麥田的氨揮發(fā)損失量可達(dá) 13.09~52.84 kg/hm2,不同年份間波動(dòng)幅度最大可達(dá) 19.69 kg/hm2。有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥配施能有效降低氨揮發(fā)損失,其氨揮發(fā)損失量較尿素處理降低 13.02 kg/hm2。究其原因,主要是尿素與有機(jī)肥施入土壤后發(fā)生的反應(yīng)不同,尿素在土壤脲酶的作用下被水解成 NH4HCO3,NH4HCO3迅速轉(zhuǎn)化為 NH4+-N,為氨揮發(fā)提供較多底物,使尿素處理的氨揮發(fā)速率高于其他處理;而有機(jī)肥施入土壤后,經(jīng)過(guò)礦化作用將各種形態(tài)的有機(jī)氮轉(zhuǎn)化為 NH4+-N。NH4+-N 一部分被作物吸收利用,一部分被土壤吸附,剩余部分則大多在土壤 pH 偏堿性的條件下以氨的形式揮發(fā)出來(lái)[27]。有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥配施之所以能降低土壤氨揮發(fā),原因是有機(jī)肥中的有機(jī)質(zhì)在分解過(guò)程中大量有機(jī)酸被釋放同時(shí)形成腐殖質(zhì),抑制了尿素水解過(guò)程中土壤酸堿度的升高,從而顯著抑制土壤氨揮發(fā)[28]。

        圖1 2011~2015 年施肥后土壤氨揮發(fā)速率Fig. 1 Ammonia volatilization rate after the fertilization in 2011–2015

        表4 2011~2015 年冬小麥季基施和追施氮肥后土壤氨揮發(fā)累積量、損失率及其占所施氮肥的百分比Table4 Cumulative ammonia volatilization, loss rate and their proportion in the applied nitrogen fertilizer after the basal and top dressing in 2011–2015

        合理的有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥配施可以起到顯著的增產(chǎn)作用,張建軍等[29]在黃土旱塬地研究了有機(jī)肥對(duì)冬小麥產(chǎn)量的影響,結(jié)果表明,氮磷化肥配施生物有機(jī)肥較單施化肥增產(chǎn) 17.5%,氮肥配施普通農(nóng)家肥較單施化肥處理產(chǎn)量提高 3.4%。于昕陽(yáng)等[30]研究表明,有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥配施與相同施氮量下的單施無(wú)機(jī)肥處理相比,冬小麥產(chǎn)量提升 1.2%~12.7%。本研究結(jié)果同樣表明,有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥配施能夠顯著提高冬小麥產(chǎn)量,各施肥處理在四個(gè)生長(zhǎng)季均表現(xiàn)為有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥配施處理產(chǎn)量最高,較對(duì)照增產(chǎn)幅度達(dá)到 73.9%,較單施化肥增產(chǎn) 6.8%。這是由于有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥料配合施用,可以調(diào)控土壤氮素的固持和釋放,協(xié)調(diào)土壤氮素供應(yīng)[31],使肥效相互促進(jìn),還可以提高冬小麥群體光合速率[32],增加光合產(chǎn)物的積累。因此,有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥料配施較單施有機(jī)肥或單施化肥的增產(chǎn)效果更優(yōu)。

        表5 不同施肥處理下冬小麥產(chǎn)量及產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素 (2011~2015)Table5 Yield and yield components of winter wheat under different fertilizer treatments in 2011–2015

        有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥配合施用有利于作物氮肥利用率的提高[33–34]。劉益仁等[35]研究表明有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥配施顯著提高了水稻的氮肥利用率,其主要機(jī)制為配施促進(jìn)了土壤微生物的繁殖,協(xié)調(diào)了土壤氮素釋放與作物氮素吸收進(jìn)程的同步性,較好地滿足了水稻生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育對(duì)氮素養(yǎng)分的需求。吳迪等[35]的研究表明,配施有機(jī)肥可促進(jìn)玉米對(duì)氮肥的吸收利用,有利于氮素由營(yíng)養(yǎng)器官向生殖器官的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),減少氮素?fù)p失,從而顯著提高氮肥利用率。本研究中有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥配施也提高了冬小麥的氮肥利用率。與單施化肥相比,有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥配施處理的氮肥利用率較單施化肥四年平均提高了 18.2%,主要原因,一是增加了冬小麥對(duì)氮素的吸收利用,提高了籽粒的氮素積累量,較單施化肥提高 5.6%~8.3%,二是減少了氮肥的損失,氨揮發(fā)作為黃淮海麥區(qū)主要的氮肥損失方式,降低氨揮發(fā)是提高氮肥利用率的有效途徑。

        4 結(jié)論

        長(zhǎng)期田間原位監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果表明,在施氮量為 180 kg/hm2的條件下,不同年份間氨揮發(fā)損失波動(dòng)較大,土壤氨揮發(fā)肥料損失率可達(dá) 4.5%~22.0%,是黃淮海區(qū)域小麥/玉米輪作下的主要氮肥損失形式。有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥 1∶1 配施下可以顯著提高冬小麥籽粒產(chǎn)量、吸氮量和氮肥利用率,同時(shí)降低氨揮發(fā)損失。追肥施用期的氨揮發(fā)損失高于基肥施用期,優(yōu)化追肥的施用對(duì)減少氨揮發(fā)也起到積極作用。在本試驗(yàn)條件下,綜合考慮冬小麥高產(chǎn)、氮素高效利用,化肥與有機(jī)肥 1∶1 配施可作為黃淮海區(qū)域小麥的綠色增產(chǎn)增效施肥方式,值得倡導(dǎo)與推廣。

        表6 不同施肥處理下冬小麥吸氮量及氮肥利用效率 (2011~2015)Table6 Nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat under different fertilizer treatments in 2011–2015

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        Effects of combined application of manure and chemical fertilizers on ammonia volatilization loss and yield of winter wheat

        ZHENG Feng-xia, DONG Shu-ting*, LIU Peng*, ZHANG Ji-wang, ZHAO Bin
        ( College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China )

        【Objectives】The Huang Huai-Hai Plain (HHP) is an important agricultural production area in North China Plain. The excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers and low nitrogen use efficiency are very common, and nitrogen fertilizer loss and agricultural non-point source pollution are serious. To deal with these problems, the amount of ammonia volatilization loss and its regularity in winter wheat fields under different fertilization treatments were monitored continuously for many years using along-term fertilization experiment. The purpose ofthis study aimed to reduce the ammonia volatilization of the HHP, and then provide ascientific basis for improving yield of winter wheat and efficiency of fertilizers based on the long-term fertilizer experiment.【Methods】The experiment was conducted using lysimeters in 2011–2015 and the tested winter wheat cultivar was SM15. The venting method was used to monitor ammonia volatilization under four fertilization modes (organic manure, M; half organic manure plus half chemical Nfertilizer, U + M; urea, U and no N fertilizer, CK) in awinter wheat and summer maize rotation in the North China Plain. 【Results】The amount of ammonia volatilization varied greatly from 2011 to 2015, with the maximum value of 19.69 kg/hm2. The trend of ammonia volatilization rate after the fertilization was similar. The ammonia volatilization in winter wheat mainly occurred within 15 days after the fertilization, and the rate of ammonia volatilization after applying topdressing fertilizer at the jointing stage was significantly higher than that at the seeding stage. The flux of ammonia volatilization was dramatically influenced by fertilizer types and their combination. The amount of ammonia volatilization was 7.26–42.40 kg/hm2. The ammonia volatilization loss amounts of the Nfertilizer treatments were increased by 1.40–4.84 times compared with the no Nfertilizer, which indicated that the application of nitrogen fertilizer could significantly promote the ammonia volatilization in the soil. The rate of N loss was the highest in the Utreatment, reaching to 19.5%, that of the Mtreatment was the lowest, reducing to 5.7%, and that of the U+ M treatment was in amiddle position which was 12.3%. The rates of nitrogen fertilizer loss in the U+ M treatment and the Mtreatment were decreased by 37.0% and 71.1% for four years compared with the Utreatment, respectively, which indicated that the combined application of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer could significantly inhibit ammonia volatilization. The yield of winter wheat of the U+ M treatment was 9461.5 kg/hm2, which was 6.8% and 9.1% higher than those of the Uand Mtreatments, respectively. The nitrogen uptake by grain and absorption of nitrogen in aboveground part of the U+ M treatment were also greater, which were 7.1%, 12.6% and 5.4%, 12.9% higher than the Uand Mtreatments, respectively. The nitrogen use efficiency of the U+ M treatment was the highest in four years, reaching to 41.96%, which was increased by 16.5%–19.6% and 38.6%–58.7% compared with the Uand Mtreatments, respectively. 【Conclusions】Integrating the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency, the combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers could significantly reduce ammonia volatilization loss and increase grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency, and could achieve synergistic effect of high yield and fertilizer efficiency. Therefore, it can be used as an optimum fertilization method for wheat production in Huang-Huai-Hai region.

        organic manure and chemical fertilizers; wheat; ammonia volatilization; grain yield

        2016–11–15 接受日期:2017–02–08

        國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31071358,30871476);國(guó)家 “十二五” 科技支撐計(jì)劃(2013BAD07B06-2);國(guó)家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)項(xiàng)目(CARS-02-20);公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專項(xiàng)(HY20121203100,HY1203096);山東省財(cái)政支持農(nóng)業(yè)重大應(yīng)用技術(shù)創(chuàng)新課題(2014)資助。

        鄭鳳霞(1991—),女,山東萊蕪人,碩士研究生,主要從事小麥高產(chǎn)與施肥研究。E-mail:zhengfengxia1991@163.com

        * 通信作者 Tel:0538-8245838,E-mail:stdong@sdau.edu.cn;Tel:0538-8241485,E-mail:liupengsdau@126.com

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