韓旭,張挽時,孫美玉
1.大連醫(yī)科大學(xué) 研究生院,遼寧 大連116044;2.大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院放射科,遼寧 大連 116011;3.空軍總醫(yī)院磁共振科,北京市 100142
CT及MRI在診斷小腸原發(fā)尤文肉瘤/原始神經(jīng)外胚層腫瘤中的價值一例并文獻(xiàn)回顧
韓旭1,2,張挽時3,孫美玉2
1.大連醫(yī)科大學(xué) 研究生院,遼寧 大連116044;2.大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院放射科,遼寧 大連 116011;3.空軍總醫(yī)院磁共振科,北京市 100142
目的 探討小腸原發(fā)尤文肉瘤/原始神經(jīng)外胚層腫瘤 [(Ewing’S Sarcoma,ES)/(Primitive Neurotodermal Tumour,PNET)]的CT、MRI特征診斷及鑒別診斷。方法 對1例小腸ES/PNET患者的CT、MRI影像表現(xiàn)結(jié)合病理及免疫組化進(jìn)行分析 ,并回顧相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。結(jié)果 患者女性,15歲,貧血兩年,間斷便血1月余。CT示右下腹小腸腫塊,密度不均;增強(qiáng) 病灶實(shí)性成分不均勻強(qiáng)化。MRI示腫塊呈等長T1、T2信號,增強(qiáng)特點(diǎn)與CT相同。病理示漿膜層小圓細(xì)胞惡性腫瘤伴出血囊變,腫瘤細(xì)胞呈彌漫及巢狀排列,血竇豐富;免疫組化分化抗原99(CD99)(++)、波形蛋白(VIM)(+)、突觸素(Syn)(+)、上皮膜抗原(EMA)(弱+)、孕激素受體(PR)(+)、人角蛋白抗原決定簇5.2(CAM5.2)(弱+)。結(jié)論 小腸ES/ PNET是一種罕見小圓細(xì)胞惡性腫瘤,CT、MRI表現(xiàn)無特異性,但可以準(zhǔn)確定位和描述腫瘤的大小、形態(tài)、密度,明確其惡性征象及有無遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,為術(shù)前診斷及手術(shù)方案制定提供大量重要信息。
CT;MRI;小腸;尤文肉瘤/原始神經(jīng)外胚層腫瘤;免疫組化
尤文肉瘤(Ewing’S Sarcoma,ES)最初被認(rèn)為是一種兒童未分化骨肉瘤,現(xiàn)在與原屬于軟組織的原始神經(jīng)外胚層腫瘤(Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumour,PNET)聯(lián)系在一起,構(gòu)成一個家族,并以ES/PNET統(tǒng)一命名。這些腫瘤都具有低分化的小圓細(xì)胞的形態(tài)學(xué)特征[1],包括典型ES,骨外ES,外周神經(jīng)外皮瘤及胸肺部PNET(Askin tumor)[2-4]。好發(fā)于頸部、腹部、腹膜后腔、骨盆和胸壁,發(fā)生于小腸的病例十分罕見[5]。神經(jīng)源性標(biāo)記物CD99(MIC2)CD99(糖蛋白MIC2)及波形蛋白通常是過度表達(dá)的[6-8]。我們查閱大量相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),報(bào)道發(fā)生于消化道的ES/PNET的并不多見,對其影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)的報(bào)道就更為罕見,主要報(bào)道于小樣本量研究或是病例報(bào)道。回顧先前報(bào)道過的ES/P NET的影像特征[1,5,9-17],在CT平掃上腫塊呈稍低密度,其內(nèi)可見壞死囊變區(qū),少于10%的腫瘤內(nèi)可見鈣化[10],增強(qiáng)掃描呈不均勻強(qiáng)化,囊性成分不強(qiáng)化;MRI影像上腫塊通常表現(xiàn)為T1WI呈等、低信號,T2WI不均勻高信號,增強(qiáng)掃描呈不均勻強(qiáng)化。其影像表現(xiàn)特異性較差,易誤診為胃腸道的其他惡性腫瘤或其他類型小圓細(xì)胞腫瘤,如胃腸道間質(zhì)瘤(Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor,GIST)、成神經(jīng)細(xì)胞瘤、淋巴瘤、橫紋肌肉瘤等。以下我們將通過對一例小腸ES/PNET的影像特點(diǎn)的分析,并探討CT及MRI檢查在該疾病術(shù)前診斷中的應(yīng)用價值。
1.1 一般資料
患者,女性,15歲,因貧血2年,間斷便血1月余入院,無既往史及家族史。常規(guī)實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查,糖類抗原CA125值為50.5 U/mL。
1.2 儀器與方法
CT掃描儀器采用Somatom Def i nitim Siemens雙源螺旋CT,① 檢查前準(zhǔn)備:患者在檢查前禁食8~12 h,飲水1500 mL,以充分充盈胃腸道;② 常規(guī)CT定位掃描,范圍包括膈肌至骼嵴;③ 患者取仰臥位,屏氣以減少偽影。采用高壓注射器經(jīng)肘前靜脈注射非離子型對比劑優(yōu)維顯(370 mgI/mL),劑量按1.0~1.5 mL/kg體質(zhì)量計(jì)算,流率4 mL/s。常規(guī)行三期掃描(分別在靜脈注射后25~30 s,60~80 s和120~180 s行動脈期、靜脈期和延遲增強(qiáng)掃描)。掃描參數(shù):管電壓120 kV,管電流180 mA,掃描速度0.5 s,探測器64×0.6,螺距0.9,圖像掃描層厚8 mm。
MR掃描儀器采用Siemens Avanto 1.5T掃描儀,全景成像矩陣(Total Imaging Matrix,TIM)線圈,患者取仰臥位。三維定位后:① 橫斷面常規(guī)T1加權(quán)成像(TR/TE:500/7.9 ms)、軸位T2加權(quán)成像(TR/TE:3900/88.46 ms)和矢狀位壓脂T2加權(quán)成像(TR/TE:7829/82.84 ms);②彌散加權(quán)成像(Diffusion Weighted Imaging,DWI),應(yīng)用二維平面回波彌散加權(quán)序列(EPI2DWI)技術(shù),取擴(kuò)散敏感系數(shù)b值為50、300、600 s/mm2;③ 經(jīng)靜脈注射對比劑(Gd-DTPA),注射劑量為0.01 mmol/kg,行橫斷面及矢狀位Flex-LAVA增強(qiáng)成像(TR/TE:4.2/2.0 ms),各序列成像層厚4~7 mm,層距1 mm,激發(fā)次數(shù)1次,視野260 mm× 440 mm,矩陣224×320。
2.1 CT表現(xiàn)
全腹CT平掃及增強(qiáng)檢查示:右下腹部第6組小腸局限性管壁增厚,并向腔內(nèi)突出不規(guī)則軟組織腫塊,其內(nèi)可見片狀低密度區(qū),病灶表面凹凸不平,密度欠均勻,累及范圍約8.5 cm×14.4 cm(冠狀位測量);增強(qiáng)掃描病灶實(shí)性成分呈不均勻明顯強(qiáng)化(圖1)。
圖1 全腹CT掃描表現(xiàn)
2.2 MR表現(xiàn)
盆腔MRI平掃及增強(qiáng)檢查示:右下腹-子宮膀胱陷凹見等長T1、等長T2囊實(shí)混雜性腫塊,邊界清晰,范圍約7.3 cm×5.3 cm×10.0 cm。增強(qiáng)掃描腫塊呈不均勻明顯強(qiáng)化,囊性成分未見強(qiáng)化(圖2)。
2.3 免疫組織化學(xué)染色結(jié)果
免疫組織化學(xué)染色結(jié)果:免疫組化分化抗原99(CD99)(++)、波形蛋白(VIM)(+)(圖3)、突觸素(Syn)(+)、上皮膜抗原(EMA)(弱+)、孕激素受體(PR)(+)、人角蛋白抗原決定簇5.2(CAM5.2)(弱+)。
2.4 手術(shù)及病理結(jié)果
術(shù)中所見:行小腸腫物根治術(shù),術(shù)中腹腔內(nèi)見淡血性腹水,量約100 mL;小腸全長約5 m,距離回盲瓣約160 cm處小腸有約15 cm×8 cm×6 cm大小腫瘤,包膜完整,向腔外生長,分葉狀,未見明顯破潰,與周圍腸管、附件無粘連;滋養(yǎng)血管粗大,系腸系膜上動脈分支血管。
術(shù)后病理:漿膜層可見小圓細(xì)胞惡性腫瘤伴出血、囊性變;腫瘤細(xì)胞呈彌漫及巢狀排列,血竇豐富,大小:10.5 cm×5.5 cm×5.2 cm,殘端未見腫瘤,結(jié)合免疫組化,考慮ES/PNET(圖4)。
圖2 盆腔MRI掃描
圖3 免疫組織化學(xué)染色
圖4 腫瘤組織病理
外周原始神經(jīng)外胚層腫瘤是一組擁有相似的細(xì)胞遺傳學(xué)和生物特征高級別小圓細(xì)胞腫瘤[4],好發(fā)于頸部、腹部、腹膜后腔、骨盆和胸壁,發(fā)生于小腸的病例十分罕見[5]。CD99(糖蛋白MIC2)和波形蛋白通常過度表達(dá)[6-8],對本病的診斷有一定的特異性,本例也符合,可發(fā)生于任何年齡,兒童及青年多見[9]。
Khong等[1]對7例發(fā)生在不同部位的外周ES的影像表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)在CT圖像上所有7例腫瘤相對與肌肉均呈等或稍低的密度,中心可見更低密度區(qū),符合囊性改變,CT增強(qiáng)掃描均呈不均勻強(qiáng)化;其中有6例進(jìn)行MR掃描,圖像示腫瘤在T2WI上表現(xiàn)為不均勻高信號,其中4例腫瘤在T1WI上信號不均勻,中心見囊變區(qū),5例腫瘤在增強(qiáng)時呈明顯強(qiáng)化。Ibarburen等[10]對17例外周尤文肉瘤患者的CT和MRI影像分析發(fā)現(xiàn)與其他類型的軟組織肉瘤影像表現(xiàn)鑒別,并無特異性影像特征,僅表現(xiàn)出較大的腫塊,邊界欠清兼具浸潤性。Kushener等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)40%的病例中可發(fā)現(xiàn)壞死或出血區(qū),反映了本病侵襲性的本質(zhì)。Tan等[12]對36例不同部位的外周PNET影像特征進(jìn)行分析顯示,所有病例均未見遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,僅3例發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,然而既往文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[18]外周PNET患者常發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者較少見,導(dǎo)致這種差異的原因可能與患者早診斷,并及時手術(shù)治療有關(guān)。Wang等[17]對15例骨外PNET患者進(jìn)行5~24個月時間不等的隨訪,7例經(jīng)外科切除的患者中有6例復(fù)發(fā)并遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,7例行放化療治療者中有4例復(fù)發(fā)并遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,1例未行治療者6個月后出現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。
起源于胃腸道的ES/PNET影像表現(xiàn)報(bào)道較罕見。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道過的ES/PNET在CT平掃時常呈稍低密度,內(nèi)部可見壞死囊變區(qū),增強(qiáng)掃描囊性成分不強(qiáng)化;MRI掃描時表現(xiàn)為等T1、不均勻長T2信號,增強(qiáng)掃描呈不均勻強(qiáng)化。因ES/PNET的影像表現(xiàn)特異性差,故易誤診為胃腸道的其他惡性腫瘤或其他類型小圓細(xì)胞腫瘤,需鑒別于GIST,成神經(jīng)細(xì)胞瘤,淋巴瘤,橫紋肌肉瘤等。本例首診為小腸惡性間質(zhì)瘤,胃腸道間質(zhì)瘤是消化道最常見的原發(fā)性間葉組織源性腫瘤,最常見于胃,小腸次之[19];在CT及MRI上表現(xiàn)為密度不均勻的軟組織腫塊,其內(nèi)可有出血、壞死、囊變區(qū)[20]。成神經(jīng)細(xì)胞瘤,多見于5歲以下兒童,最常見于腹部;其次是縱隔,85%的病灶CT的特征性表現(xiàn)為瘤體內(nèi)見沙粒樣鈣化,增強(qiáng)不均勻強(qiáng)化[21];淋巴瘤,是腹膜后最常見的腫瘤,主要影像表現(xiàn)為腹膜后類圓形軟組織腫塊,鈣化和壞死少見,邊界清晰,增強(qiáng)掃描表現(xiàn)為輕度均勻強(qiáng)化[22];橫紋肌肉瘤(Rhabdomyosarcoma)是兒童期最常見的軟組織腫瘤,約占兒童期惡性腫瘤的4.5%[23-24],表現(xiàn)為腹腔或腹膜后較大略低密度軟組織腫塊,CT增強(qiáng)動脈期其內(nèi)見血管穿行,靜脈期呈片絮狀強(qiáng)化。
由于胃腸道ES/PNET十分罕見,很難實(shí)現(xiàn)大量的病例采集及統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,是本報(bào)道的不足之處。本例ES/PNET起源于右下腹第6組小腸,在CT平掃上腫塊形態(tài)不規(guī)則,呈等密度,腫塊內(nèi)部有囊變壞死區(qū),增強(qiáng)掃描病灶實(shí)性成分明顯強(qiáng)化,囊性成分不強(qiáng)化;MRI掃描,腫塊表現(xiàn)為囊實(shí)混雜信號,在T1WI呈等、低信號,T2WI呈等、高信號,邊界清晰,增強(qiáng)掃描腫塊呈不均勻明顯強(qiáng)化,囊性成分無強(qiáng)化,與既往文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的外周ES/PNET影像特征相仿。因其不具備影像特異性,故難以做出精確診 斷,當(dāng)我們評價小腸腫瘤時,可將其作為一種罕見的鑒別診斷。但通過影像學(xué)檢查可以對腫塊準(zhǔn)確定位和描述病灶大小、形態(tài)、密度,并確定腫瘤的惡性征象及有無遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,可以為術(shù)前診斷及手術(shù)方案的制定提供大量有價值的信息。若要對此類腫瘤進(jìn)行精確診斷及分類還需要綜合免疫組化和細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查。
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本文編輯 聶孝楠
Application Value of CT and MRI in Diagnosis of Ewing’s Sarcoma/Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor: A Case Report and Literature Review
HAN Xu1,2, ZHANG Wan-shi3, SUN Mei-yu2
1.Department of Graduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian Liaoning 116044, China; 2.Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Liaoning 116011, China; 3.Department of MRI, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing 100142, Chi na
Objective To investigate CT and MRI feat ures, diagnosis and antidiastole of Ewing’s Sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor (ES/PNET) in small intestine. Methods Analysis CT and MR imaging feature, with pathology and immunohistochemistry of 1 case of small intestinal ES/PNET patient and review of the literature. Results A 15-year-old female patient with two-year history anemia and interm ittent hematochezia for 1 month. CT scan revealed the presence of a large soft tissue mass in right l ower abdomen, the mass was heterogeneous. A contrast enhanced CT scan demonstrated that the solid components of the mass were obvious enhanced. The MRI scan revealed that a heterogeneous mass arose in r ight lower abdomen-vesicouterine pouch, which presented isointensity on both T1-weight image and T2-weight images. The enhancement pattern of the mass was similar i n MRI with that of CT scans. The pathology diagnosis was altered to intestine malignant small round cell tumor with blood sinus, areas of hemorrhage and cyst formation can be seen, the cells were diffuse and arranged in nests. Immunohistochemical tests were performed, the results were as follows: positive expression for CD99, VIM, Syn, EMA, PR and CAM5.2. Conclusion Small intestine ES/PNET is a rare small round and highgrade cell malignant tumors. The imaging feature are non-specif i c in CT and MRI, but the mass can be located accurately and described the size, shape and density. It also can conf i rm the signs of malignancy and whether there is a distant metastasis. It provides a great deal of valuable information for preoperative diagnos is and surgical planning.
CT; MRI; small intestine; ewings sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor; immunohis toehemistry
R734.2;R445.4
B
10.3969/j.issn.1674-1633.2017.05.020
1674-1633(2017)05-0080-04
2016-12-20
2017-01-15
張挽時,主任醫(yī)師,研究方向?yàn)镃T、MR影像診斷。
通訊作者郵箱:cjr.zhangwanshi@163.com