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        尾巨桉旱雨兩季樹(shù)干液流特征分析

        2017-04-17 01:55:10王志超竹萬(wàn)寬杜阿朋
        關(guān)鍵詞:液流桉樹(shù)樹(shù)干

        王志超,竹萬(wàn)寬,杜阿朋

        (國(guó)家林業(yè)局桉樹(shù)研究開(kāi)發(fā)中心,廣東 湛江524022)

        尾巨桉旱雨兩季樹(shù)干液流特征分析

        王志超,竹萬(wàn)寬,杜阿朋

        (國(guó)家林業(yè)局桉樹(shù)研究開(kāi)發(fā)中心,廣東 湛江524022)

        為正確認(rèn)識(shí)桉樹(shù)的耗水規(guī)律,為桉樹(shù)栽培及撫育提供指導(dǎo),采用熱擴(kuò)散莖流計(jì)(德國(guó),SF-G)對(duì)尾巨桉Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis樹(shù)干液流進(jìn)行連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè),分析其旱雨兩季特征差異,并同步測(cè)定林分氣象條件,分析旱雨兩季樹(shù)干液流與氣象因子之間的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果表明:旱雨兩季樹(shù)干液流日變化均呈典型單峰曲線,雨季啟動(dòng)時(shí)間和達(dá)到峰值的時(shí)間(7:15,11:30)均早于旱季(7:45,13:00),雨季峰值是旱季的1.3倍,維持峰值的時(shí)間雨季大于旱季;夜間液流密度及變化幅度旱雨兩季均是前半夜大于后半夜,且雨季夜間液流變化幅度和液流密度均大于旱季;平均日通量和平均月通量雨季(3.99 kg·d-1,122.40 kg·月-1)大于旱季(2.64 kg·d-1,80.00 kg·月-1)。旱雨兩季影響尾巨桉樹(shù)干液流密度的主要?dú)庀笠蜃酉嗤?,均為水汽壓虧缺、光合有效輻射、空氣濕度和大氣溫度,但雨季?shù)干液流密度與風(fēng)速呈極顯著正相關(guān)(P<0.01),與降雨量呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(P<0.05),而旱季與兩者之間無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性。圖1表3參34

        森林生態(tài)學(xué);尾巨桉;樹(shù)干液流;旱雨兩季;熱擴(kuò)散式探針?lè)?/p>

        水分是植物生長(zhǎng)的重要影響因子之一。蒸騰作用作為植物吸水的主要?jiǎng)恿?,耗水占植物根部吸收水分?9%以上,因此,定量研究植物的蒸騰耗水一直是樹(shù)木生理生態(tài)學(xué)和生態(tài)水文研究的重要方向[1-3]。熱擴(kuò)散探針?lè)ǎ╰hermal dissipation probe,TDP)利用熱電轉(zhuǎn)換原理,對(duì)自然生長(zhǎng)狀態(tài)下的植物進(jìn)行連續(xù)樹(shù)干液流測(cè)定,繼而推算出單株和林分的蒸騰耗水[4],已得到國(guó)內(nèi)外很多學(xué)者的認(rèn)可[5-8]。桉樹(shù)作為四大速生樹(shù)種之一,具有速生豐產(chǎn)、耐貧瘠、干形通直等特點(diǎn),是中國(guó)南方最主要的造林樹(shù)種之一[9]。對(duì)桉樹(shù)耗水的研究一直存在很多爭(zhēng)議[10-11],一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為大面積栽植桉樹(shù)會(huì)造成水土流失,地下水位下降[12];另一觀點(diǎn)肯定了桉樹(shù)對(duì)水分和養(yǎng)分的利用率,并論證了建立桉樹(shù)生態(tài)林的可能性和可行性[13],因此,研究桉樹(shù)的蒸騰耗水具有重大的科學(xué)意義。很多學(xué)者都對(duì)此展開(kāi)研究,張寧南[14]研究了尾葉桉Eucalyptus urophylla液流密度及其耗水特征,VERTESSY等[15]與WULLSCHEGER等[16]研究了王桉Eucalyptus regnans的樹(shù)干液流動(dòng)態(tài),孫振偉等[17]對(duì)檸檬桉Corymbia citriodora水分利用特征的季節(jié)動(dòng)態(tài)進(jìn)行了研究。其他樹(shù)種如柳杉Cryptomeria fortunei[18],杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata[19],楊樹(shù)Populus[20]和馬占相思A-cacia mangium[6]等的樹(shù)干液流特征及影響因子的研究也較多。尾巨桉Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis是桉樹(shù)屬最具有代表性的樹(shù)種之一,廣泛栽植于廣東、廣西等地,目前對(duì)尾巨桉蒸騰耗水的研究停留在階段性觀測(cè)上,對(duì)樹(shù)干液流特征的長(zhǎng)期連續(xù)觀測(cè)很少,更未有針對(duì)中國(guó)南方地區(qū)旱雨兩季尾巨桉的液流差異性的分析研究,僅有王文等[21]研究尾巨桉2個(gè)月樹(shù)干液流特性及影響因子。由于桉樹(shù)的栽植區(qū)域大多存在典型的旱季雨季之分,因此,本研究在之前工作的基礎(chǔ)上采用Granier熱擴(kuò)散探針?lè)▽?duì)2年生尾巨桉樹(shù)干液流連續(xù)觀測(cè),結(jié)合自動(dòng)氣象觀測(cè)站對(duì)環(huán)境因子作同步測(cè)定,以期揭示尾巨桉旱雨兩季蒸騰耗水特征的差異,為正確認(rèn)識(shí)桉樹(shù)的耗水問(wèn)題提供數(shù)據(jù)支持,為桉樹(shù)栽培及撫育提供指導(dǎo)。

        1 研究區(qū)概況及研究方法

        1.1 研究區(qū)概況

        研究區(qū)位于廣東省湛江市桉樹(shù)森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)國(guó)家定位觀測(cè)站(21°30′N,111°38′E),平地,海拔為80 m,屬熱帶海洋性氣候,年降水量為1 200.0~1 700.0 mm。全年降雨多集中在5-10月,占全年降水量的77%~85%,具有典型旱雨兩季;年平均氣溫為23.0℃左右,最低氣溫0℃以上;太陽(yáng)年輻射總量4 240 MJ·m-2左右,多年平均相對(duì)濕度在80%以上。試驗(yàn)區(qū)土壤類型主要是玄武巖磚紅壤,土層厚度2.0 m以上,0~80 cm土層內(nèi)平均有機(jī)質(zhì)含量16.0 g·kg-1以上,pH 4.5~5.3,土壤肥力屬中等水平。喬木層主要是尾巨桉E.urophylla×E.grandis,少量臺(tái)灣相思Acacia confusa;灌木層有鵝掌柴Schefflera octophylla,白背葉Mallotus apelta,馬纓丹Lantana camara等,草本層較為豐富。試驗(yàn)地造林樹(shù)種為尾巨桉無(wú)性系32-29,造林密度1 666株·hm-2,造林時(shí)間為2012年7月,造林面積為2.0 hm2,造林方式為挖穴造林;其中2年生林分的平均胸徑為8.48 cm,平均樹(shù)高為9.78 m,平均冠幅為3.14 m×3.60 m(東西×南北),葉面積指數(shù)平均為4.16。

        1.2 研究方法

        選取20 m×20 m的試驗(yàn)樣地,選擇生長(zhǎng)狀況良好、樹(shù)干通直無(wú)擠壓、無(wú)病蟲(chóng)害的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)木3株實(shí)施樹(shù)干液流連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè),監(jiān)測(cè)時(shí)間2014年8月-2015年8月。樣木各項(xiàng)參數(shù)見(jiàn)表1。

        樹(shù)干液流的測(cè)定采用Granier熱擴(kuò)散法。由于樣樹(shù)胸徑較小,莖流傳感器采用2針型探針傳感器(型號(hào)SF-G,探針長(zhǎng)度33 mm,Ecomatik公司,德國(guó)),在1.3 m處安裝,為避免不同方向上的液流差異同時(shí)防止日曬的影響,探針均安裝在樹(shù)干陰面,且用防輻射鋁箔覆蓋。采用美國(guó)Campbell公司的CR3000數(shù)據(jù)采集器采集數(shù)據(jù),采集間隔為30 min。環(huán)境因子通過(guò)林外自動(dòng)氣象觀測(cè)場(chǎng)同步測(cè)定,且所有氣象數(shù)據(jù)均換算成30 min內(nèi)的平均值,與液流數(shù)據(jù)一一對(duì)應(yīng)。

        表1 樣木基本情況Table 1 Basic conditions of the sample trees

        1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理

        1.3.1 液流密度 液流密度取3株樣木平均值分析作圖,其中液流密度根據(jù)通用的GRANIER[22]液流公式進(jìn)行計(jì)算。Js=0.011 9K1.231×3 600;K=(ΔTmax-ΔT)/ΔT。其中:Js為液流密度,是指單位邊材面積單位時(shí)間內(nèi)的液流量(mL·h-1·cm-2);ΔTmax為無(wú)液流時(shí)加熱探針與參考探針的最大溫差值,ΔT為測(cè)定溫差值。

        1.3.2 邊材面積 邊材面積無(wú)法在樹(shù)木生長(zhǎng)的情況下直接測(cè)量,只能通過(guò)生長(zhǎng)錐測(cè)定胸徑處的邊材厚度,然后量取胸徑和樹(shù)皮厚度,來(lái)計(jì)算邊材面積。為避免生長(zhǎng)錐對(duì)樣樹(shù)的影響,在試驗(yàn)地隨機(jī)選取30株樹(shù)木測(cè)定,建立起邊材面積與胸徑的關(guān)系方程,來(lái)推算樣樹(shù)和整個(gè)林分的邊材面積。得到方程:As= 0.438D2-2.701D+18.48。其中:As為邊材面積(cm2),D為胸徑(cm),然后通過(guò)樣樹(shù)胸徑計(jì)算樣樹(shù)邊材面積(表1)。

        1.3.3 樹(shù)木的液流通量 (單株尺度) 樹(shù)木的液流通量指單位時(shí)間樹(shù)木的蒸騰耗水量,計(jì)算公式為:Fi= Js×As×10-3。Fi為液流通量(kg·h-1),根據(jù)相應(yīng)時(shí)間尺度分為日通量(kg·d-1)和月通量(kg·月-1)。

        1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

        應(yīng)用Excel和SPSS統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對(duì)所有數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析并作圖。

        2 結(jié)果與分析

        2.1 尾巨桉旱雨兩季樹(shù)干液流變化分析

        對(duì)旱雨兩季液流密度所有日平均值分析并作圖(圖1)。可以看出:尾巨桉樹(shù)干液流密度呈現(xiàn)“晝高夜低”的變化規(guī)律,白天變化幅度較大,出現(xiàn)典型的寬峰形曲線。液流啟動(dòng)時(shí)間雨季為7:15左右,比旱季啟動(dòng)時(shí)間早0.5 h;從到達(dá)峰值時(shí)間來(lái)看,雨季為11:30,比旱季到達(dá)峰值早1.5 h;從峰值來(lái)看,雨季為13.69 mL·h-1·cm-2,是旱季的1.30倍;從日平均液流密度看,雨季全年平均值5.75 mL·h-1·cm-2,是旱季的1.43倍;液流迅速下降時(shí)間雨季為17:30,比旱季晚1.0 h左右,即雨季峰形要寬于旱季。

        圖1 尾巨桉樹(shù)干液流旱雨兩季液流變化特征及差異Figure 1 Features and differences of sap flow in daytime during both rainy and dry seasons of E.urophylla×E.grandis

        分析夜間液流發(fā)現(xiàn),旱雨兩季夜晚尾巨桉均存在較大的液流現(xiàn)象,且前半夜的液流密度比后半夜要大,變化幅度也較大,后半夜液流密度較小且平穩(wěn)。推測(cè)原因可能是后半夜樹(shù)干水分接近飽和,夜晚水分補(bǔ)充的時(shí)間主要為前半夜。夜間液流現(xiàn)象主要由根壓引起的,白天蒸騰所引起的水分缺失,會(huì)導(dǎo)致根壓增大,為保持體內(nèi)水分平衡[23-24],水分會(huì)以主動(dòng)方式吸收進(jìn)入植物。圖1還顯示夜間樹(shù)干液流密度雨季要大于旱季,變化幅度也明顯大于旱季,推測(cè)原因可能是白天蒸騰作用雨季大于旱季,造成根壓也是雨季大于旱季,從而導(dǎo)致夜間液流密度雨季大于旱季。

        2.2 尾巨桉旱雨兩季日通量與月通量差異分析

        對(duì)尾巨桉旱雨兩季日通量的分析可以看出(表2),雨季最大日通量5.93 kg·d-1,為旱季的1.30倍;雨季最小日通量為0.66 kg·d-1,是旱季的6.00倍。對(duì)旱雨兩季平均日通量計(jì)算得知,雨季平均日通量為3.99 kg·d-1,是旱季的1.50倍;平均月通量差異較大,雨季達(dá)到122.4 kg·月-1,為旱季的1.53倍。

        表2 尾巨桉旱雨兩季日通量與月通量特征Table 2 Daily and month sap flow volume of E.urophylla×E.grandis in both rainy and dry seasons

        2.3 尾巨桉旱雨兩季樹(shù)干液流影響因子分析

        樹(shù)干液流密度變化除了受到樹(shù)木生物學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)影響外,還受到周圍氣象因子的制約[25-26]。對(duì)雨季和旱季各月份樹(shù)干液流密度與各氣象因子指標(biāo)作Pearson相關(guān)分析,結(jié)果如表3。雨季樹(shù)干液流密度與大氣溫度、風(fēng)速、光合有效輻射以及水汽壓虧缺呈極顯著正相關(guān)(P<0.01),相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為0.79,0.39,0.91,0.79;與降雨量呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(P<0.05),相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.08,而與空氣濕度呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(P<0.01),相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.66,影響因子相關(guān)系數(shù)大小排序?yàn)楣夂嫌行л椛洌舅麎禾澣?、大氣溫度>空氣濕度>風(fēng)速>降水;旱季樹(shù)干液流密度與大氣溫度、光合有效輻射和水汽壓虧缺呈極顯著正相關(guān)(P<0.01),相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為0.43,0.91,0.81,與空氣濕度呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(P<0.01),相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.61,各影響因子的相關(guān)系數(shù)大小排序?yàn)楣夂嫌行л椛洌舅麎禾澣保究諝鉂穸龋敬髿鉁囟?,而與風(fēng)速和降水無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性,造成差異的原因推測(cè)是旱季由于土壤水分供給能力的降低,干擾了部分環(huán)境因子對(duì)樹(shù)干液流的影響。

        表3 尾巨桉旱雨兩季液流密度與各氣象因子的相關(guān)分析Table 3 The analysis of correlation between sap flow density in rainy and dry seasons and meteorological factors of E.urophylla×E.grandis

        由此可知:影響尾巨桉旱雨兩季樹(shù)干液流密度的主要?dú)庀笠蜃踊鞠嗤?,分別是水汽壓虧缺、光合有效輻射、空氣濕度和大氣溫度,其中空氣濕度極顯著負(fù)相關(guān),其余為極顯著正相關(guān);旱雨兩季樹(shù)干液流與氣象因子間的相關(guān)性也有些許差異,雨季樹(shù)干液流密度與風(fēng)速極顯著正相關(guān),與降水量顯著負(fù)相關(guān),但旱季液流密度與兩者之間的相關(guān)性不顯著。

        3 結(jié)論與討論

        對(duì)2~3年生尾巨桉旱雨兩季樹(shù)干液流的研究表明:旱雨兩季樹(shù)干液流均呈晝高夜低的變化趨勢(shì),其中日變化呈明顯的單峰曲線,這與王文等[21]和任世奇等[27]對(duì)尾巨桉的研究結(jié)果一致。旱雨兩季樹(shù)干液流特征差異明顯,主要表現(xiàn)在雨季白天啟動(dòng)時(shí)間和到達(dá)峰值的時(shí)間均早于旱季,液流峰值和維持液流高峰的時(shí)間雨季明顯大于旱季。王小菲等[28]對(duì)大葉相思Acacia auriculaeformis干濕季樹(shù)干液流研究認(rèn)為,濕季光照強(qiáng),氣溫高,相對(duì)濕度高,代謝旺盛且有充分的水分供給,是濕季液流速率平均值和峰值均大于干季的原因;其液流啟動(dòng)時(shí)間、到達(dá)峰值時(shí)間、液流變慢至低谷的時(shí)間表現(xiàn)出的差異性與本研究結(jié)果均一致,分析原因可能是雨季太陽(yáng)輻射增強(qiáng)時(shí)間較早,下降時(shí)間晚,且日平均氣溫及日平均輻射強(qiáng)度較大,使得雨季白天蒸騰速率大于旱季。

        尾巨桉夜間也存在較大的液流現(xiàn)象,依據(jù)GOLDSTEIN等[29]的理論,此時(shí)的液流活動(dòng)是樹(shù)體在存儲(chǔ)水分,以彌補(bǔ)日間蒸騰引起的水分虧缺,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)旱雨兩季夜間液流密度及變化幅度前半夜均大于后半夜,說(shuō)明前半夜是水分補(bǔ)充的主要時(shí)期,這與王艷兵等[30]對(duì)華北落葉松夜間液流特征的研究結(jié)果一致;雨季夜晚液流密度、變化幅度均大于旱季,這與王華等[31]對(duì)馬占相思Acacia mangium夜間液流變化幅度干季大于濕季的研究結(jié)果不同,原因可能是土壤供水情況和樹(shù)木本身的生物學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)不同。

        旱雨兩季液流最大日通量、最小日通量、平均日通量雨季均大于旱季,且雨季平均月通量(122.4 kg·月-1)達(dá)到旱季的1.53倍,推測(cè)原因是雨季雨熱同期,樹(shù)木蒸騰速率較大;這與肖以華等[32]對(duì)馬占相思樹(shù)旱雨兩季液流特征的研究結(jié)果一致。以上結(jié)果也可以確定雨季尾巨桉生長(zhǎng)活躍,耗水量大,是水肥管理的重要時(shí)期。

        旱雨兩季影響尾巨桉樹(shù)干液流密度的影響因子不完全相同,但主要?dú)庀笠蜃酉嗤?。王瑞輝等[33]通過(guò)對(duì)元寶楓Acer truncatum生長(zhǎng)旺季樹(shù)干液流影響因素的分析發(fā)現(xiàn),邊材液流在不同的觀測(cè)時(shí)段影響因子不完全相同,但在任何情況下氣溫都是影響液流的主導(dǎo)因子;黃德衛(wèi)等[34]對(duì)鼎湖山針闊葉樹(shù)種的研究中則有不同觀點(diǎn),他發(fā)現(xiàn)濕季影響各樹(shù)種液流速率的主導(dǎo)環(huán)境因子為光合有效輻射,而干季影響各樹(shù)種液流速率的主導(dǎo)環(huán)境因子則是氣溫。由此可見(jiàn),隨著時(shí)空位移的變化,影響樹(shù)干液流的環(huán)境因子也會(huì)隨季節(jié)變化而變化。

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        Variation in stem sap flow of Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis during rainy and dry seasons

        WANG Zhichao,ZHU Wankuan,DU Apeng
        (China Eucalypt Research Centre,Zhanjiang 524022,Guangdong,China)

        To examine water consumption of eucalypt plantation species and to provide guidance for plantation establishment and tending,sap flow of plantation grown Eucalyptus urophylla×Eucalyptus grandis was continuously measured using the thermal diffusion stem flow meter(Germany,SF-G)which allowed analyses of water use characteristics during both dry and rainy seasons.Stand meteorological conditions were determined synchronously to enable a correlation analysis for differences between sap flow and meteorological factors in both dry and rainy seasons.Results showed that diurnal variations of sap flow displayed typical single-peaked curves in both dry and rainy seasons.The start(07:15)and peak(11:30)times for sap flow during the rainy season were earlier than those in the dry season (07:45 and 13:00)with the peak sap flow in the rainy season being 1.3 times more than in the dry season.Time duration for relatively high levels of flow were longer in the rainy season than in the dry.In both dry and rainy seasons,variation and total stem sap flow observed during the first half of the night were significantly greater(P<0.01)than those observed after midnight.Likewise,the variation in total stem sap flow observed during the entire rainy season was significantly greater(P<0.01)than that observed during the dry season.The average daily(3.99 kg·d-1)and monthly(122.4 kg·month-1)fluxes during rainy season were significantly greater(P<0.05)than fluxes in the dry season(daily-2.64 kg·d-1and monthly-80.00 kg·month-1).The main meteorological factors,such as vapor pressure deficit,photosynthetically active radiation (PAR),air humidity,and air temperature,were not correlated to seasonal sap flow of E.urophylla× E.grandis.However,flow density during the rainy season was highly significant(P<0.01)and positively correlated(r=0.39)with wind velocity and significantly(P<0.05)and negatively correlated(r=-0.08)with rainfall.The above results show that the rainy season is a fast growth period of E.urophylla×E.grandis,with high water consumption,also is the important period for water and fertilizer management.[Ch,1 fig.3 tab.34 ref.]

        forest ecology;E.urophylla×E.grandis;stem sap flow;rainy and dry season;thermal dissipation probe(TDP)

        S718.43

        A

        2095-0756(2017)02-0319-07

        10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2017.02.016

        2016-03-18;

        2016-05-11

        國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金青年基金項(xiàng)目(31300383);中央級(jí)公益性科研院所基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專項(xiàng)資金項(xiàng)目(CAFYBB2014QB024);廣東湛江桉樹(shù)林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)國(guó)家定位觀測(cè)研究站運(yùn)行補(bǔ)助(2016-LYPT-DW-126)

        王志超,助理研究員,從事生態(tài)水文研究。E-mail:wzc2254@163.com。通信作者:杜阿朋,副研究員,博士,從事森林生態(tài)學(xué)研究。E-mail:dapzj@163.com

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