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        巧用拆分法化解托???/h1>
        2017-04-11 20:26:10張雷
        新東方英語(yǔ) 2017年4期
        關(guān)鍵詞:托福答題思路

        張雷

        托??谡Z(yǔ)考試的目的在于測(cè)試那些母語(yǔ)為非英語(yǔ)、想在英語(yǔ)國(guó)家或者地區(qū)留學(xué)的學(xué)生的口頭表達(dá)英語(yǔ)的熟練程度。在這一部分,考生需要基于個(gè)人經(jīng)歷、校園環(huán)境和學(xué)術(shù)性材料提出的各種話題用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)。口語(yǔ)部分共有六道題。前兩道題是獨(dú)立口語(yǔ)任務(wù),考生完全依據(jù)自己的觀點(diǎn)、見解或者經(jīng)歷來回答問題。另外四道題是綜合任務(wù),考生需要先聽一則對(duì)話或節(jié)選的講座片段,或者先讀一篇文章然后聽一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的討論或者講座節(jié)選,最后根據(jù)要求答題。

        托??谡Z(yǔ)獨(dú)立任務(wù)的兩道題要求考生談及的都是與自己學(xué)習(xí)和生活息息相關(guān)的各類話題,該題有15秒鐘的準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間,有45秒鐘進(jìn)行錄音回答。這兩道題對(duì)于確??谡Z(yǔ)考試的穩(wěn)定發(fā)揮以及取得口語(yǔ)考試高分兩方面都起著至關(guān)重要的作用。從確保考試過程穩(wěn)定發(fā)揮的角度來看,由于獨(dú)立任務(wù)是口語(yǔ)考試開頭的前兩道題,這兩道題發(fā)揮的好壞會(huì)影響考生接下來的作答情緒和狀態(tài)。從口語(yǔ)考試分?jǐn)?shù)來看,對(duì)于聽力有待提高、受聽力影響而完成綜合任務(wù)比較吃力的考生來說,獨(dú)立任務(wù)是提高口語(yǔ)分?jǐn)?shù)的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn),因?yàn)槠渲粏为?dú)考查口語(yǔ)能力,而且可以通過大量已考過的真題機(jī)經(jīng)進(jìn)行充分準(zhǔn)備和練習(xí)。

        不過,不管是在備考還是考試的過程中,很多考生在面對(duì)獨(dú)立任務(wù)的話題時(shí)常常束手無策。其中一類有問題的考生,筆者稱之為“委屈派”。這部分考生的英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)表達(dá)水平尚可,但是答題時(shí)卻沒有很好的作答思路,說得語(yǔ)無倫次。筆者在北京新東方學(xué)校教授托??谡Z(yǔ)課程時(shí),經(jīng)常會(huì)有學(xué)員委屈地向我訴苦:“老師,對(duì)于獨(dú)立任務(wù)的回答,真的不是我的英文不行啊,中文我都不知道怎么講下去啊。”所以,筆者在此與大家分享托??谡Z(yǔ)考試獨(dú)立任務(wù)部分思路展開的方法,希望對(duì)大家的托??谡Z(yǔ)備考有幫助。

        筆者重點(diǎn)要介紹的方法就是巧用拆分法化解你的作答思路困境。先來看看如下幾道近年考過的獨(dú)立任務(wù)真題,在筆者給大家分享方法前,考生們可以自己先試試,看看自己說得怎樣。

        1. Which of the following do you think benefits students the most: going on field trips, tutoring or doing class presentations?

        2. Which of the following activities do you think benefits young people the most: doing team sports, talking to old people in the community or traveling?

        3. Which of the following three do you think is the most important aspect of life: wealth, education or reputation?

        下面筆者以這三道獨(dú)立任務(wù)真題來引出思路展開的方法??忌讵?dú)立任務(wù)作答時(shí)遇到思路展不開時(shí),可以對(duì)自己所選擇的論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行拆分。所謂拆分,指的是針對(duì)題干當(dāng)中某個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞或者考生大腦中的某個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單思路,進(jìn)行分類討論、分層展開的方法。拆分的思路通常有如下三種:一是拆分成不同的場(chǎng)景;二是拆分成不同的人群;三是拆分成不同的受益方/受損方。下面通過例題來具體學(xué)習(xí)這一方法的應(yīng)用。

        例:Which of the following do you think benefit students more: going on field trips, tutoring or doing class presentations?

        對(duì)于這道題,考生可以采用拆分法的第一種思路——分為不同的場(chǎng)景去討論。

        假設(shè)考生選擇第一項(xiàng)going on field trips,也就是要論述學(xué)生參加校外考察是最有用的。這時(shí),筆者相信考生的第一反應(yīng)至少能想到going on field trips一定是有收獲的,但是至于“是什么收獲”,可能很多考生大腦里一時(shí)想不出清晰的思路,此時(shí)就可以采用分場(chǎng)景的方式去討論。題干中的field trips可以拆分為不同的場(chǎng)景,比如走進(jìn)大自然,或者去博物館。走進(jìn)大自然的好處是什么呢?考生可以很容易地想出很多好處,比如提高學(xué)生的環(huán)保意識(shí)(raise their awareness of environmental protection),或者暫時(shí)脫離壓力繁重的學(xué)習(xí),得到放松減壓(it takes students minds off stressful studying and allows them take a relaxing break for a while)。所以,考生可以就“走進(jìn)大自然”這個(gè)場(chǎng)景寫出以下內(nèi)容:

        I believe that going on field trips will benefit students the most because they can learn a lot of useful things. [開始拆分] Sometimes, field trips allow students to get closer to nature. They can see a lot of beautiful things, like rivers and towering mountains, and encounter wild animals. I believe that these beautiful things will help raise their awareness of environmental protection.

        在這里,考生需要意識(shí)到英文口語(yǔ)當(dāng)中有一個(gè)很重要的邏輯關(guān)系,筆者在課堂上常常把它叫做“敘事+效果”的因果邏輯。邏輯關(guān)系能幫助考生展開內(nèi)容,說得更有邏輯。考生看上面這段話,其實(shí)它所談的“敘事”就是一句話——see a lot of beautiful things,而它的“效果”也只是一句話——raise their awareness of environment protection。那其他內(nèi)容是什么呢?是細(xì)節(jié)??忌闹杏小皵⑹?效果”的邏輯關(guān)系后要組織答題思路就不難了:考生可以在“敘事”部分加細(xì)節(jié)讓內(nèi)容飽滿,也可以在“效果”后面再繼續(xù)闡述與效果相關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)。而且考生建立了邏輯關(guān)系之后,在答題時(shí)間和答題內(nèi)容上可自如地控制。比如,如果時(shí)間充足,考生想多說一點(diǎn),還可以在raise their awareness of environmental protection后面加效果的細(xì)節(jié),比如:“These things will help to raise their awareness of environmental protection and allow them to become more passionate about nature [加效果一], and enjoy the beauty of our world [加效果二].”

        再回到拆分的話題,考生說完第一個(gè)場(chǎng)景“走進(jìn)大自然”,可以轉(zhuǎn)而進(jìn)入第二個(gè)拆分的場(chǎng)景中,即“去博物館”。按照上文介紹的“敘事+效果”的邏輯思路,考生腦海里首先想到最簡(jiǎn)單的關(guān)系:學(xué)生去參觀博物館,可以增長(zhǎng)見識(shí)。其中,“參觀博物館”是敘事,“增長(zhǎng)見識(shí)”是效果??忌鞔饡r(shí),可以結(jié)合作答剩余的時(shí)間靈活調(diào)整內(nèi)容。時(shí)間多的話,考生可以在敘事或者效果兩方面多加細(xì)節(jié);時(shí)間少的話,考生只要說清楚因果關(guān)系即可。考生可以就“參觀博物館”的場(chǎng)景寫出下面的內(nèi)容:

        Sometimes museums are also a great place for field trips. Once I visited a science museum where I saw a lot of advanced technology, including laundry robots. I really think it was a great place to broaden my horizons.

        這里visit a science museum是敘事,接下來的一句話是這一敘事的細(xì)節(jié)。如果考生還想多說一點(diǎn),可以繼續(xù)談細(xì)節(jié),比如“The super computer there was astoundingly amazing!”如果作答時(shí)間還有剩余,考生可以在效果句broaden my horizons后面繼續(xù)陳述效果的細(xì)節(jié),比如:“I really think it was a great place to broaden my horizons, and it helped raise my interest in science and technology.”

        例:Which of the following activities do you think benefit young people the most: doing team sports, talking to old people in the community or traveling?

        假設(shè)考生選擇第二項(xiàng)talking to old people in the community,那就要論述“與社區(qū)的老年人交流有何益處”。考生可以抓住old people這個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞,將其拆分為不同人群去討論。比如,第一類人可以是社區(qū)里退休的工程師等,年輕人和他們交流,一定能夠得到很多的職場(chǎng)建議;第二類人可以是社區(qū)里身體健康的長(zhǎng)者,年輕人和他們交流,能夠得到很多有關(guān)健康的寶貴建議。所以,考生可以這樣作答:

        To my mind, talking to old people in the community will benefit young people the most because they can gain much advice which can help them enormously. If they talk to former engineers or company directors, they may receive useful work suggestions, such as how to get along well with co-workers, how to deal with conflicts among team members, or even how to get a quick promotion. I believe these suggestions will be super beneficial for young peoples future careers by helping them make progress at work. Sometimes they may even be able to talk to senior citizens who live a very healthy lifestyle. Perhaps these people can offer some useful tips, such as the importance of eating more fruit and vegetables and keeping away from junk foods like hot dogs and hamburgers. In interacting with the older generation, young people are giving themselves the opportunity to access an abundance of wisdom.

        此回答表達(dá)的內(nèi)容遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了獨(dú)立任務(wù)45秒鐘中所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容(注:通常情況下,結(jié)合大量高分學(xué)員的實(shí)踐,每秒兩詞是比較自然的語(yǔ)速,故獨(dú)立任務(wù)45秒鐘作答的字?jǐn)?shù)最好為90~110詞)。筆者之所以寫出更多的內(nèi)容,目的主要是為了通過這道題讓各位考生掌握拆分法以及“敘事+效果”的邏輯關(guān)系??忌鷷?huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)上面這么多內(nèi)容,其實(shí)主要講的是兩個(gè)拆分層次,其“敘事+效果”的邏輯關(guān)系分別如下:①敘事為“Young people may receive useful work suggestions”,效果為“These suggestions will be super beneficial for young peoples future careers”。②敘事為“Perhaps these people can offer some useful tips about health”,效果為“giving themselves the opportunity to access an abundance of wisdom.”其他內(nèi)容就是對(duì)敘事加細(xì)節(jié),或是對(duì)效果加細(xì)節(jié)。

        例:Which of the following three do you think is the most important aspect of life: wealth, education or reputation?

        假設(shè)這道題考生選擇第二項(xiàng)education,作答的內(nèi)容就是“為什么教育是人生最重要的方面”?考生可以采用拆分法中“找不同的受益方”的方法。考生很容易想到,一個(gè)人接受教育,至少有三個(gè)受益方:第一是自己,第二是自己的下一代,第三是社會(huì)。相關(guān)思路如下: ①it is good for you,具體的敘事細(xì)節(jié)可以是much easier to land a job、to see things in a wider perspective、to be smart enough to address problems、to gain others respect等;②it is also good for your future children,比如可以這樣闡述敘事細(xì)節(jié):“Well-educated parents will not criticize or belittle their children when their children fail or experience difficulties. They will inspire them to work hard, have faith and care deeply about what they believe in instead.”③it is good for society,比如可以這樣表達(dá):“If everyone is well-educated, everyone will behave well. This will nip violence in its bud in society.”

        以上就是拆分法在托福口語(yǔ)獨(dú)立任務(wù)中的應(yīng)用??忌梢允褂貌鸱址ㄋ伎枷旅孢@道題目,看看自己學(xué)會(huì)這種方法了嗎?

        Do you agree or disagree with the statement that cell phones have changed our lives greatly? Give details and examples in your response.

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