王一北 陳寬冰 張洪巖 石文君
血清腫瘤標(biāo)記物對肺部結(jié)節(jié)的診斷價值
王一北 陳寬冰 張洪巖 石文君
目的 本文通過回顧性分析肺癌患者治療前血清CEA、CYFRA21-1和NSE水平,旨在評估腫瘤標(biāo)記物對肺部結(jié)節(jié)(≤3cm)的診斷價值。方法 回顧性分析行肺葉切除術(shù)或肺楔形切除術(shù),術(shù)后病理證實患者腫瘤直徑≤3cm的臨床資料。對納入研究的患者血清腫瘤標(biāo)記物水平進行ROC曲線分析,計算曲線下面積、P值、靈敏度和特異性指標(biāo)、約登指數(shù)及相應(yīng)界值。結(jié)果 血清CEA、CYFRA21-1及NSE對于肺部惡性結(jié)節(jié)的診斷均具有重要意義,P<0.05。其中,CEA對于診斷肺腺癌結(jié)節(jié)的靈敏度為0.241,特異性為0.890;CYFRA21-1對于肺鱗癌結(jié)節(jié)靈敏度為0.350,特異性為0.854;而NSE對于肺小細胞肺癌結(jié)節(jié)的診斷靈敏度為0.667,特異性為0.724。結(jié)論 血清CEA、CYFRA21-1及NSE對于肺部惡性結(jié)節(jié)的診斷均具有重要意義。CEA、CYFRA21-1及NSE分別對肺腺癌、肺鱗癌及小細胞肺癌結(jié)節(jié)更具診斷意義。
腫瘤標(biāo)記物;肺癌;診斷;ROC曲線;回顧性分析
肺癌是世界范圍內(nèi)腫瘤相關(guān)死亡的重要原因[1-2]。如何早期發(fā)現(xiàn)并診斷肺癌,對于肺癌患者至關(guān)重要。近年來,人們對于體檢越來越重視,肺部結(jié)節(jié)的檢出率也大大提升。但并非所有結(jié)節(jié)都是惡性的,不同性質(zhì)的結(jié)節(jié)治療方式也大不相同[3-4]。血清腫瘤標(biāo)記物是腫瘤細胞產(chǎn)生并釋放到血清中的物質(zhì),它能幫助臨床醫(yī)生早期發(fā)現(xiàn)肺癌并對病變程度進行粗略的評估,甚至對判斷腫瘤的分型也有一定幫助[5]。肺癌的腫瘤標(biāo)記物可分為幾大類型,主要包括癌胚蛋白、結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白、酶類、細胞膜成分、分泌肽、激素和其他腫瘤相關(guān)抗原。在非小細胞肺癌中,角蛋白19片段(CYFRA21-1)和癌胚抗原(CEA)是最有幫助而且被廣泛使用的腫瘤標(biāo)記物,而神經(jīng)特異性烯醇(NSE)是小細胞肺癌最重要的標(biāo)記物。本文通過回顧性分析肺癌患者治療前血清CEA、CYFRA21-1和NSE水平,旨在評估腫瘤標(biāo)記物對肺部結(jié)節(jié)(≤3cm)的診斷價值,為臨床醫(yī)生選擇下一步治療方案提供循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)。
一、一般資料
回顧性分析2014年6月至2016年3月在中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院胸外科住院治療,胸部CT發(fā)現(xiàn)肺部結(jié)節(jié),行肺葉切除術(shù)或肺楔形切除術(shù),術(shù)后病理證實患者腫瘤直徑≤3cm的臨床資料。分別統(tǒng)計了患者的年齡、性別、吸煙史、腫瘤直徑、術(shù)前血清CEA、CYFRA21-1、NSE水平、術(shù)后病理分型等情況。
二、血清腫瘤標(biāo)記物
抽取空腹靜脈血約5mL,室溫放置30min后離心提取血清,應(yīng)用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附實驗(ELISA)對標(biāo)本進行檢測。腫瘤標(biāo)記物的正常值分表為CEA 0-5ng/mL,CYFRA21-1 0-3.3ng/mL,NSE 0-16.3ng/mL。檢測值超出正常值高限為陽性。
三、方法
對納入研究的患者血清腫瘤標(biāo)記物水平進行ROC曲線分析,計算曲 線下面積、P值、靈敏度和特異性指標(biāo)。分別統(tǒng)計不同組別的不同標(biāo)記物的約登指數(shù),取約登指數(shù)最大值時所對應(yīng)的血清腫瘤標(biāo)記物水平為該組標(biāo)記物界值。
四、統(tǒng)計分析
一、基本資料
經(jīng)過篩選共431例患者納入本文研究,其中惡性結(jié)節(jié)306例(71.00%),良性結(jié)節(jié)125例(29.00%);男性患者214例(49.65%),女性患者217例(50.35%);年齡27-88歲,平均年齡60.00歲;吸煙患者165例(38.28%),不吸煙患者266例(61.72%)。具體(見表1)。
二、ROC曲線
三種腫瘤標(biāo)記物對于肺部惡性結(jié)節(jié)的診斷均具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,P<0.05,(見圖1)。其中CEA對于肺腺癌的診斷更有意義,靈敏度為0.241,特異性為0.890;CYFRA21-1對于肺鱗癌的診斷更有意義,靈敏度為0.350,特異性為0.854;NSE對于肺小細胞肺癌的診斷更有意義,靈敏度為0.667,特異性為0.724。結(jié)果(見表2)。
表1 納入患者的一般資料
表2 血清腫瘤標(biāo)記物的ROC曲線分析
圖1 a血清腫瘤標(biāo)記物對惡性結(jié)節(jié)診斷的ROC曲線;b血清腫瘤標(biāo)記物對鱗癌結(jié)節(jié)診斷的ROC曲線;c血清腫瘤標(biāo)記物對腺癌結(jié)節(jié)診斷的ROC曲線;d血清腫瘤標(biāo)記物對小細胞肺癌結(jié)節(jié)診斷的ROC曲線
三、約登指數(shù)及界值
根據(jù)ROC曲線計算不同組別的腫瘤標(biāo)記物的約登指數(shù),取約登指數(shù)最大時所對應(yīng)的血清腫瘤標(biāo)記物水平為界值,并計算此時腫瘤標(biāo)記物的靈敏度及特異性。對于肺鱗癌CYFRA21-1的界值為2.675ng/mL,此時靈敏度為0.517,特異性為0.733;肺腺癌CEA的界值為1.880ng/mL,此時靈敏度為0.689,特異性為0.484;肺小細胞肺癌NSE的界值為16.340ng/mL,此時靈敏度為0.667,特異性為0.728。(見表3)。
CEA是1965年由Gold和Freedman在結(jié)腸腺癌研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種癌胚蛋白[6]。血清CEA水平升高可見于吸煙者、患良性腫瘤者和約15%-20%的炎癥性病變例如潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎、胰腺炎、肝臟疾病和肺部炎癥[7]。約有30%-70%的肺癌患者會有血清CEA濃度異常升高,尤其在肺腺癌患者中[8-9]。與文獻報道相仿,本研究中CEA對于肺部惡性結(jié)節(jié)的診斷靈敏度為0.225,特異性為0.952,ROC曲線下面積為0.682,P<0.05,當(dāng)CEA水平大于等于1.44ng/mL時約登指數(shù)達到最大,提示此時CEA水平對肺部惡性結(jié)節(jié)的診斷更有意義。而對于術(shù)后病例證實為肺腺癌的肺部結(jié)節(jié)診斷靈敏度為0.241,特異性為0.890,ROC曲線下面積為0.590,P<0.05,約登指數(shù)最大為0.173,此時血清CEA水平為1.880 ng/mL。而在鱗癌及小細胞肺癌組中,也有CEA陽性患者但不具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
表3 約登指數(shù)與界值
CYFRA21-1不僅是一種對于診斷非小細胞肺癌有效的腫瘤標(biāo)記物[9-10],而且也常常用于評估肺癌術(shù)后及放化療治療后患者的預(yù)后[11-12]。此外,CYFRA21-1也能夠增加CEA診斷非小細胞肺癌的靈敏度[13]。有文獻報道CYFRA21-1診斷肺癌的靈敏度為60%,而對于鱗癌的靈敏度高達79.6%[14]。本研究中,CYFRA21-1對于診斷肺部惡性結(jié)節(jié)及肺鱗癌結(jié)節(jié)的靈敏度分別為0.203和0.350,特異度分別為0.896和0.854,ROC曲線下面積分別為0.624及0.635。研究結(jié)果低于文獻報道可能是由于本研究入選的肺部結(jié)節(jié)≤3cm,而不是所有肺癌患者;而且所有患者均為術(shù)后病理證實,未包括支氣管鏡及介入穿刺病理證實為肺癌的患者。當(dāng)約登指數(shù)最大時,CYFRA21-1診斷肺部惡性結(jié)節(jié)及鱗癌結(jié)節(jié)的界值分別為2.665ng/mL及2.675ng/mL。
NSE是一種參與細胞能量產(chǎn)生的胞內(nèi)酶,因此血清NSE水平能夠反應(yīng)細胞的死亡率。血清NSE被證實是肺小細胞肺癌的重要腫瘤標(biāo)記物,在局限性小細胞肺癌病變中有40-70%的患者有治療前的NSE水平升高,而在進展性病變中有高達83-98%的患者血清NSE水平升高[13, 15]。與文獻報道相仿,本研究中NSE對小細胞結(jié)節(jié)的靈敏度為0.667,特異性為0.724,ROC曲線下面積為0.705。對惡性結(jié)節(jié)的靈敏度、特異性和曲線下面積分別為0.307、0.752和0.600。當(dāng)約登指數(shù)最大時,NSE對肺部惡性結(jié)節(jié)及小細胞結(jié)節(jié)的診斷界值分別為14.275ng/mL及16.340ng/mL。
綜上所述,血清CEA、CYFRA21-1及NSE對于肺部惡性結(jié)節(jié)的診斷均具有重要意義。其中,CEA對于診斷肺腺癌結(jié)節(jié)更有意義,此時建議CEA界值為1.880ng/mL;CYFRA21-1對于肺鱗癌結(jié)節(jié)更有優(yōu)勢,建議界值為2.675ng/mL;而NSE對于肺小細胞肺癌結(jié)節(jié)的診斷具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,建議界值為16.340ng/mL。
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Value of serum tumor markers in diagnosis of pulmonary nodules
WANGYi-bei,CHENKuan-bing,ZHANGHong-yan,SHIWen-jun.
DepartmentofThoracicSurgery,ShengjingHospitalofChinaMedicalUniversity,Shenyang,Liaoning110022,China
Objective To review the serum concentrations of CEA, CYFRA21-1 and NSE in patients with lung cancer, so as to assess the diagnostic value of tumor markers of lung nodules (≤3cm). Methods The clinical data of patients with postoperative tumor diameter less than 3cm after lobectomy or wedge resection was retrospectively analyzed. ROC curve analysis was carried out on the level of serum tumor markers in the patients and the area under the curve, the value of P, sensitivity, specificity, Youden's index and threshold value were calculated. Results The serum CEA, CYFRA21-1 and NSE had great significance in the diagnosis of pulmonary malignant nodules (P<0.05). CEA was more meaningful for the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma nodules, with the sensitivity of 0.241 and specificity of 0.890. CYFRA21-1 had the advantage for squamous cell carcinoma nodules, and its sensitivity was 0.350 and specificity was 0.854. NSE had statistical significance for the diagnosis of small cell lung cancer nodules, and its sensitivity was 0.667 and specificity was 0.724. Conclusion Serum CEA, CYFRA21-1 and NSE have statistical significance in the diagnosis of pulmonary malignant nodules. CEA, CYFRA21-1 and NSE are more significant in the diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma and small cell lung cancer respectively.
tumor marker; lung cancer; diagnosis; ROC curve; retrospective analysis
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6663.2017.04.005
110022 遼寧 沈陽,中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院胸外科
石文君,E-mail:757511877@qq.com
2016-11-15]