李艷平, 李春艷, 陳延平
(延安大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院, 陜西 延安 716000)
綜述
ALT正常的慢性HBV感染者臨床病理特征
李艷平, 李春艷, 陳延平
(延安大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院, 陜西 延安 716000)
通常認(rèn)為ALT正常的慢性HBV感染者無或僅有輕微的肝組織病理改變,然而近年來大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ALT正常的慢性HBV感染者其肝組織病理亦出現(xiàn)明顯的炎癥和纖維化改變。對(duì)ALT正常的慢性HBV感染者臨床特征與肝組織病理特征的關(guān)系進(jìn)行論述,認(rèn)為年齡、性別、HBeAg狀態(tài)、HBV DNA載量、ALT水平以及肝臟硬度測(cè)量值與其肝組織病理特征的改變均有關(guān)系,監(jiān)測(cè)上述臨床指標(biāo)有助于及早發(fā)現(xiàn)ALT正常的慢性HBV感染者的肝組織病理改變。
肝炎病毒, 乙型; 丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶; 綜述
生化學(xué)中的肝功能是臨床上常用于判斷肝臟是否損傷及損傷程度的重要參考指標(biāo),尤其是肝功能中的ALT水平,而持續(xù)ALT正常的慢性HBV感染者分為兩類,一類是“免疫耐受狀態(tài)”,另一類是“非活動(dòng)性HBsAg攜帶者”。2015年,我國、亞太肝病學(xué)會(huì)、美國肝病學(xué)會(huì)更新的慢性乙型肝炎防治指南[1-3]認(rèn)為處于免疫耐受狀態(tài)患者的肝組織病理無或僅有輕微病變。然而近年來學(xué)者們針對(duì)ALT正常的慢性HBV感染者做了大量研究,認(rèn)為僅ALT正常的慢性HBV感染者其肝組織病理并非沒有明顯改變[4-12],年齡、性別、HBeAg狀態(tài)、HBV DNA及ALT水平、肝臟硬度測(cè)量(liver stiffness measurement,LSM)值均能影響肝組織病理的改變。本文就以上因素與ALT正常的慢性HBV感染者肝組織病理特征的關(guān)系研究新進(jìn)展作一綜述。
年齡是慢性HBV感染者發(fā)生進(jìn)展性肝病的重要影響因素[13],肝臟的炎癥活動(dòng)度和纖維化程度隨年齡的增大而加重[14]。我國《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2015年更新版)》[1]也提出,對(duì)于年齡>30歲、ALT正常的慢性HBV感染者應(yīng)及時(shí)行肝活組織檢查以明確肝組織病變程度,可見年齡的增大是影響肝組織改變的重要因素。李強(qiáng)等[15]對(duì)ALT正常的高病毒載量HBeAg陽性慢性HBV感染者研究發(fā)現(xiàn),年齡≤30 歲患者肝組織病理明顯改變發(fā)生率低于年齡>30歲患者,并且認(rèn)為年齡是肝組織病理改變的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素。李靜等[16]對(duì)ALT正常和輕度升高慢性HBV感染者的年齡與肝組織病理相關(guān)性進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)ALT水平正常的患者隨著年齡增大其出現(xiàn)明顯肝組織炎癥及肝纖維化所占比例明顯增多,年齡與炎性分級(jí)、纖維化分期均呈正相關(guān),可考慮將年齡作為病情進(jìn)展的因素之一。Tan等[17]對(duì)ALT持續(xù)正常的HBeAg陰性慢性HBV感染者進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)在我國ALT持續(xù)正常的患者中顯著的肝組織學(xué)異常較為常見,而年齡正是HBeAg陰性ALT持續(xù)正常的患者出現(xiàn)顯著纖維化的預(yù)測(cè)因子之一。由此可見,ALT正常的慢性HBV感染者隨著年齡的增大,肝組織出現(xiàn)明顯改變的幾率增加,對(duì)此類患者應(yīng)高度重視,并選擇合適的時(shí)機(jī)行肝穿刺活組織檢查以明確肝組織改變程度。
有研究[18]報(bào)道,慢性HBV感染者中男性是肝癌發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,并且男性是顯著肝病高流行性的一個(gè)重要影響因素[4],考慮與較多男性有吸煙、飲酒、熬夜等不良生活方式有關(guān)。此外,也有文獻(xiàn)[19]報(bào)道與雌激素有關(guān)。陳麗等[5]對(duì)肝功能正常的慢性HBV感染者的臨床特征及肝組織病理進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)女性患者Knodell壞死炎癥評(píng)分[20]和Ishak纖維化評(píng)分[21]均高于男性。黃珊等[22]對(duì)112例慢性HBV感染免疫耐受期患者肝組織病理學(xué)特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)不同性別的患者肝組織病理差異并無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。以上學(xué)者針對(duì)性別與慢性HBV感染者肝組織病理改變的關(guān)系進(jìn)行研究的結(jié)果各有不同,可能與樣本量較小、不同的地域甚至是人群的組成不同有關(guān)。
HBeAg是HBV表達(dá)的一種非顆粒性分泌型蛋白,不參與HBV的包裝、傳染和復(fù)制,但在慢性HBV感染者的免疫反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用[23]。一般認(rèn)為,HBeAg陽性患者病毒載量偏高,肝組織發(fā)生明顯改變及進(jìn)展性肝病的發(fā)生率較HBeAg陰性患者低[24]。吳麗萍等[25]報(bào)道轉(zhuǎn)氨酶正常的慢性乙型肝炎患者中,HBeAg陽性患者肝組織炎癥和纖維化程度均輕于HBeAg陰性患者。陳麗等[5]也認(rèn)為肝功能正常的HBV感染者中HBeAg陰性患者的Knodell評(píng)分和Ishak評(píng)分均高于HBeAg陽性患者。蘭琳[26]對(duì)ALT正?;蜉p度升高HBeAg陽性/陰性慢性乙型肝炎患者M(jìn)ETAVIR評(píng)分[27]進(jìn)行比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)ALT正常的HBeAg陰性患者較HBeAg陽性患者的METAVIR≥G2S2發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高。
HBV DNA水平是反映HBV復(fù)制活動(dòng)的標(biāo)志。此外,有文獻(xiàn)[28]報(bào)道HBV DNA是肝臟顯著性炎癥壞死的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子,HBV DNA載量≥2000 IU/ml 是肝硬化的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子[29]。陳麗等[5]認(rèn)為肝功能正常的慢性HBV感染者的HBV DNA水平與肝組織損傷程度相關(guān),處于檢測(cè)下限的患者其肝組織損傷程度明顯低于病毒載量大于檢測(cè)下限的患者。Chen等[30]報(bào)道在ALT正常或稍升高的慢性HBV感染者中,年齡的增加和低水平的HBV DNA均與肝組織發(fā)生明顯異常有關(guān)。Sanai等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)顯著纖維化在HBV DNA高復(fù)制、ALT持續(xù)正常的HBeAg陰性患者中普遍存在。Liu等[31]研究證實(shí)血清HBeAg和HBV DNA定量聯(lián)合可以預(yù)測(cè)非活動(dòng)HBV攜帶者病情進(jìn)展的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。吳麗萍等[25]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)肝功能正常的慢性HBV感染者HBV DNA陰性組與陽性組肝組織炎癥分級(jí)和纖維化分期無明顯差異,HBV DNA不能反映其肝損傷情況。綜上,大多數(shù)學(xué)者的研究結(jié)果認(rèn)為HBV DNA水平與肝組織病理相關(guān),在ALT正常的HBV感染者中,可結(jié)合年齡、HBeAg狀態(tài)對(duì)肝組織病理狀態(tài)進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。
ALT是臨床上常用于反映肝組織損傷程度的生化指標(biāo)之一。通常認(rèn)為,ALT正常的慢性HBV感染者肝組織病理無或僅有輕度的進(jìn)展,但其中也不乏出現(xiàn)顯著肝組織病理改變者。有研究[32]認(rèn)為肝組織病理出現(xiàn)顯著改變是ALT正常值上限較高所致,建議調(diào)整ALT正常值上限為:男性≤30 U/L,女性≤19 U/L[31]。李強(qiáng)等[15]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ALT持續(xù)正常的HBeAg陽性的慢性HBV感染者ALT≤30 U/L組患者顯著肝組織病理改變發(fā)生率明顯低于 30 U/L 近年來超聲彈性成像技術(shù)已經(jīng)成為了肝纖維化無創(chuàng)診斷的重要手段,其中依靠FibroScan測(cè)得的LSM值更是臨床醫(yī)生判斷慢性HBV感染者肝組織纖維化發(fā)展程度的重要參考指標(biāo),相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)的超聲檢查更準(zhǔn)確、客觀[34]。然而Mbaye等[35]對(duì)正常ALT水平和高病毒載量的塞內(nèi)加爾慢性乙型肝炎患者進(jìn)行研究,認(rèn)為這類患者在LSM值<13 kPa時(shí),F(xiàn)ibroScan、FibroTest或FibroMeter的檢測(cè)值不適合用于預(yù)測(cè)纖維化的組織學(xué)肝臟狀態(tài),而對(duì)于LSM值≥13 kPa時(shí),F(xiàn)ibroTest、FibroMeter檢測(cè)顯著纖維化的患者分別占73%和70%。丁紅方等[36]對(duì)慢性HBV攜帶者進(jìn)行FibroScan無創(chuàng)檢測(cè)的臨床意義進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)肝組織病理發(fā)生明顯改變組的LSM與未發(fā)生明顯改變組比較有顯著差異,因此認(rèn)為動(dòng)態(tài)檢測(cè)慢性HBV攜帶者LSM值有助于監(jiān)測(cè)肝纖維化的發(fā)生,并對(duì)肝活組織檢查時(shí)機(jī)的選擇有指導(dǎo)意義。劉洪波等[37]研究FibroScan對(duì)ALT正常的HBV感染者的診斷價(jià)值,認(rèn)為LSM值≥8.64 kPa的患者應(yīng)該進(jìn)行肝活組織檢查,LSM值<8.64 kPa的患者需定期復(fù)查。對(duì)于ALT正常的HBV感染者,動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)LSM值可及早發(fā)現(xiàn)肝組織病理纖維化發(fā)生明顯改變,并可適時(shí)指導(dǎo)選擇肝活組織檢查,但評(píng)估時(shí)應(yīng)結(jié)合患者其他相關(guān)指征,排除干擾因素,以免作出錯(cuò)誤的判斷。 目前,對(duì)于ALT正常的慢性HBV感染者,醫(yī)生及患者自身均未引起高度重視,皆認(rèn)為此類患者發(fā)生肝組織學(xué)改變的可能性并不大,以至于延誤了部分患者抗病毒治療的最佳時(shí)機(jī),使其最后發(fā)生肝硬化、肝癌等終末期肝病的概率大大提高。鑒于此,及早明確該類患者的肝組織學(xué)改變是十分必要的。肝活組織檢查是確診肝組織病理改變的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但患者較難接受多次反復(fù)的有創(chuàng)檢查,因此監(jiān)測(cè)并綜合分析ALT正常的慢性HBV感染者的相關(guān)臨床特征,及時(shí)了解病情并選擇合適的時(shí)機(jī)進(jìn)行肝活組織檢查以明確肝組織病理改變情況,進(jìn)而正確指導(dǎo)患者診治是目前非常重要且急需的。 [1] Chinese Society of Hepatology and Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Medical Association. 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Fibroscan無創(chuàng)檢測(cè)慢性乙型肝炎病毒攜帶者肝纖維化的臨床意義[J]. 華中科技大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào): 醫(yī)學(xué)版, 2015, 44(5): 572-574, 590. [37] LIU HB, WANG N, SHAN H, et al. Significance of FibroScan examination in hepatitis B virus-infected patients with normal ALT[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2015, 31(2): 198-201. (in Chinese) 劉洪波, 王寧, 單洪, 等. FibroScan對(duì)ALT正常的HBV感染者的診斷價(jià)值[J]. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2015, 31(2): 198-201. 引證本文:LI YP, LI CY, CHEN YP. Research advances in clinicopathological features of patients with chronic HBV infection and normal alanine aminotransferase level[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2017, 33(8): 1568-1571. (in Chinese) 李艷平, 李春艷, 陳延平. ALT正常的慢性HBV感染者臨床病理特征[J]. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2017, 33(8): 1568-1571. (本文編輯:葛 俊) Research advances in clinicopathological features of patients with chronic HBV infection and normal alanine aminotransferase level LIYanping,LIChunyan,CHENYanping. (AffiliatedHospitalofYan′anUniversity,Yan′an,Shaanxi716000,China) It was generally considered that patients with chronic HBV infection and normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level had no or mild liver pathological changes, but in recent years, a large number of studies have found that such patients may also have marked inflammation and fibrosis in the liver. This article discusses the association between clinical features and liver pathological features in patients with chronic HBV infection and normal ALT level and points out that age, sex, HBeAg status, HBV DNA load, ALT level, and liver stiffness measurement are associated with liver pathological changes. Monitoring of these clinical indices helps with early detection of liver pathological changes in patients with chronic HBV infection and normal ALT level. hepatitis B virus; alanine transaminase; review 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2017.08.034 2017-03-06; 2017-03-28。 李艷平(1992-),女,主要從事肝病診治研究。 陳延平,電子信箱:yaypchen@163.com。 R512.62 A 1001-5256(2017)08-1568-046 LSM值與肝組織病理特征的關(guān)系
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