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        中國(guó)七大水系沉積物中典型重金屬生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估

        2017-03-05 05:01:48陽(yáng)金希張彥峰祝凌燕
        環(huán)境科學(xué)研究 2017年3期
        關(guān)鍵詞:污染生態(tài)評(píng)價(jià)

        陽(yáng)金希,張彥峰,祝凌燕

        南開(kāi)大學(xué)環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,環(huán)境污染過(guò)程與基準(zhǔn)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,天津 300350

        中國(guó)七大水系沉積物中典型重金屬生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估

        陽(yáng)金希,張彥峰*,祝凌燕

        南開(kāi)大學(xué)環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,環(huán)境污染過(guò)程與基準(zhǔn)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,天津 300350

        為評(píng)價(jià)國(guó)內(nèi)水系重金屬生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),根據(jù)2000—2015年國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,選擇中國(guó)七大水系——長(zhǎng)江水系、黃河水系、遼河水系、松花江水系、海河水系、淮河水系和珠江水系的沉積物,以Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni等5種典型重金屬為研究目標(biāo),對(duì)其質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)及分布特征進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)分析;并利用生物效應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)法對(duì)5種重金屬的淡水水體沉積物質(zhì)量基準(zhǔn)值——TEL(臨界效應(yīng)濃度)和PEL(可能效應(yīng)濃度)進(jìn)行了更新.結(jié)果表明:Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni的新TEL分別為56.2、2.58、47.3、79.9和35.4 mg kg,新PEL分別為141、19.6、200、461和78.6 mg kg.七大水系以珠江水系沉積物中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni的濃度最高,海河水系和黃河水系次之,而長(zhǎng)江水系、遼河水系、松花江水系和淮河水系沉積物中重金屬濃度較低.通過(guò)比較生物效應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)法更新的沉積物質(zhì)量基準(zhǔn)值與實(shí)際沉積物重金屬濃度,評(píng)價(jià)中國(guó)重點(diǎn)水系沉積物生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)所得結(jié)論與國(guó)內(nèi)外研究結(jié)果基本一致.研究顯示,重金屬對(duì)中國(guó)七大水系沉積物的污染大多處于生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較小或風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不確定的水平,其中僅有1.15%~7.60%的采樣點(diǎn)重金屬生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高;七大水系以珠江水系沉積物生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最高,其5種重金屬質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)最高,并且超過(guò)各自PEL的采樣點(diǎn)占比在4.41%~26.8%之間;其次,海河水系沉積物也存在一定的重金屬生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),其Cu、Zn和Ni的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)較高,超過(guò)各自PEL的采樣點(diǎn)分別占14.1%、15.2%和14.8%.

        七大水系;沉積物;典型重金屬;風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)

        重金屬作為一類(lèi)重要的環(huán)境污染物,通過(guò)各種途徑進(jìn)入水體并分布在水相、沉積物、生物體中,表現(xiàn)出不同的環(huán)境地球化學(xué)行為和生物毒性效應(yīng)[1-2].研究表明,重金屬在沉積物中的含量比上覆水高很多倍[3-4],成為水體污染的內(nèi)源,持續(xù)危害水體生態(tài)環(huán)境[5].US EPA(美國(guó)國(guó)家環(huán)境保護(hù)局)已將水體沉積物重金屬作為評(píng)價(jià)水體環(huán)境的重要指標(biāo)[6].

        中國(guó)水體沉積物重金屬污染備受關(guān)注.朱青青等[7]運(yùn)用潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)法對(duì)中國(guó)主要水系沉積物中重金屬分布特征及來(lái)源進(jìn)行了分析;張靜等[8]通過(guò)與沉積物背景值比較的方法總結(jié)了中國(guó)北方河流沉積物中重金屬污染現(xiàn)狀.這些方法在一定程度上揭示了環(huán)境污染狀況,但仍存在主觀性[9]或未能考慮生態(tài)效應(yīng)[5]等不足.為了科學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)沉積物污染,歐美等早在20世紀(jì)就提出了沉積物質(zhì)量基準(zhǔn)的概念并進(jìn)行研究[10],而相平衡分配法和生物效應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)法是國(guó)際上最常用的兩種推導(dǎo)沉積物質(zhì)量基準(zhǔn)的方法[11].在此背景下,課題組系統(tǒng)開(kāi)展了相關(guān)研究,運(yùn)用這兩種方法獲得了中國(guó)淡水流域中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni等的沉積物質(zhì)量基準(zhǔn)閾值,并對(duì)所推導(dǎo)的基準(zhǔn)值進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證[12-16].

        由于國(guó)內(nèi)通過(guò)沉積物質(zhì)量基準(zhǔn)的方法進(jìn)行污染評(píng)價(jià)的報(bào)道較為分散[17-18],缺少對(duì)七大水系的綜合全面評(píng)價(jià).綜上,該研究根據(jù)新收集到的數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)課題組前期提出的沉積物質(zhì)量基準(zhǔn)值進(jìn)行更新,并應(yīng)用新基準(zhǔn)值對(duì)中國(guó)重點(diǎn)水系水體沉積物重金屬污染進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估.針對(duì)七大水系——長(zhǎng)江水系、黃河水系、遼河水系、松花江水系、海河水系、淮河水系和珠江水系,選擇Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni 5種典型重金屬,研究其在各水系沉積物中的濃度及分布特點(diǎn),并通過(guò)沉積物中重金屬含量與沉積物質(zhì)量基準(zhǔn)比較的方法對(duì)其生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),以期對(duì)中國(guó)重點(diǎn)水系沉積物中重金屬污染控制提供理論依據(jù).

        1 研究方法

        1.1 沉積物質(zhì)量基準(zhǔn)值的估算

        以生物效應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ)的生物效應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)法(biological effect database approach,BEDA)是國(guó)際上最為廣泛接受的沉積物質(zhì)量基準(zhǔn)推算方法之一[19].根據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)方法的不同將其分為單值基準(zhǔn)法、雙值基準(zhǔn)法和三軸圖法3類(lèi).其中,雙值基準(zhǔn)法避免了單值基準(zhǔn)因統(tǒng)計(jì)方法過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單而不準(zhǔn)確的問(wèn)題,并且可以根據(jù)評(píng)價(jià)目標(biāo)選擇基準(zhǔn)值[11].該方法定義的基準(zhǔn)值用兩個(gè)數(shù)值來(lái)表示,即臨界效應(yīng)濃度(threshold effect level,TEL)和可能效應(yīng)濃度(probable effect level,PEL).推算過(guò)程大致分為生物效應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的建立、水體沉積物重金屬質(zhì)量基準(zhǔn)值TEL和PEL的確定以及對(duì)TEL和PEL的檢驗(yàn)及討論等步驟[13].課題組[13]前期應(yīng)用生物效應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)法推算了中國(guó)淡水水體沉積物重金屬質(zhì)量基準(zhǔn)值.但為了更準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估沉積物質(zhì)量基準(zhǔn),有必要補(bǔ)充沉積物對(duì)底棲生物的毒性數(shù)據(jù),并不斷進(jìn)行更新[20].在前期研究的基礎(chǔ)上,通過(guò)重金屬對(duì)中國(guó)本土底棲生物的毒性研究以獲得毒性效應(yīng)閾值,同時(shí)查閱各種相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),補(bǔ)充淡水水體沉積物中重金屬的化學(xué)與生物數(shù)據(jù),增加相關(guān)生物效應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)74個(gè)、無(wú)生物效應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)11個(gè),并對(duì)5種重金屬Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni的TEL和PEL進(jìn)行了重新估算.表1列出了相關(guān)重金屬生物效應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的數(shù)據(jù)量及基準(zhǔn)值的更新結(jié)果.

        1.2 數(shù)據(jù)收集

        通過(guò)查閱中國(guó)重點(diǎn)水系沉積物重金屬的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),以中國(guó)知網(wǎng)、維普網(wǎng)、Web of science為文獻(xiàn)檢索來(lái)源,以“重金屬”和“沉積物”為主要檢索詞,搜集2000—2015年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)外公開(kāi)發(fā)表的關(guān)于中國(guó)七大水系(長(zhǎng)江水系[21-30]、黃河水系[31-38]、遼河水系[39-44]、松花江水系[45-54]、海河水系[55-66]、淮河水系[67-78]和珠江水系[18,79-86])水體沉積物中5種重金屬含量的數(shù)據(jù),包括Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni的采樣點(diǎn)位數(shù)共1 576個(gè).?dāng)?shù)據(jù)的搜集和篩選遵循以下原則:①數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源為各水系干流及其主要支流;②文獻(xiàn)中重金屬主要來(lái)源于各水系表層沉積物;③所測(cè)定的含量為重金屬總量(以干質(zhì)量計(jì)),單位為mg kg.符合相關(guān)原則的濃度數(shù)據(jù)共2 564個(gè).各類(lèi)數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)分布:Cu 583個(gè)、Cd 503個(gè)、Pb 584個(gè)、Zn 565個(gè)、Ni 329個(gè).

        1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)方法

        各水系沉積物重金屬濃度數(shù)據(jù)的分析及作圖采用軟件Origin 8.5完成.

        1.4 沉積物重金屬生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估

        根據(jù)單因素試驗(yàn)結(jié)果如表7所示,5個(gè)蒸汽噴射時(shí)間條件下鴨肉b*有顯著差異(p<0.05),b*在2~4s內(nèi)隨蒸汽噴射時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)而增加,在4~6s內(nèi)隨蒸汽烤制時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)b*先減小后增大;鴨皮的亮度值L*在2~6s內(nèi)隨蒸汽噴射時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)先增大后減小;在2~4s范圍內(nèi)鴨肉彈性隨蒸汽噴射時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)先減小后增大,在4~6s范圍內(nèi)鴨肉彈性波動(dòng)規(guī)律與2~4s相同;鴨皮彈性隨蒸汽噴射時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)先減小后增大,在4~6s范圍內(nèi)鴨皮彈性先增大后減小。

        沉積物生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估是在生物毒性基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)沉積物中污染物是否對(duì)底棲生物構(gòu)成潛在威脅的一種評(píng)估和判斷[87].由生物效應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)法推導(dǎo)出的TEL是判定“有”或“無(wú)”明顯效應(yīng)的污染物濃度分界線.當(dāng)污染物濃度低于TEL時(shí),認(rèn)為污染物對(duì)水體生物沒(méi)有顯著危害.PEL則是判定危害“可能”或者“經(jīng)?!卑l(fā)生的污染物濃度分界線,污染物濃度超過(guò)PEL時(shí),認(rèn)為污染物經(jīng)常對(duì)生物造成不利影響.若沉積物中化學(xué)物質(zhì)的濃度介于二者之間,表示不確定是否會(huì)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面生物效應(yīng)[88].

        由此,通過(guò)對(duì)中國(guó)七大水系沉積物重金屬含量與對(duì)應(yīng)基準(zhǔn)值進(jìn)行比較,分別統(tǒng)計(jì)各水系沉積物中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni低于TEL、高于PEL及介于二者之間所占的采樣點(diǎn)百分比,運(yùn)用餅圖直觀顯示沉積物中重金屬濃度與基準(zhǔn)值比較的結(jié)果,描述不同重金屬在不同水系的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn).

        2 結(jié)果與討論

        2.1 沉積物質(zhì)量基準(zhǔn)值的更新結(jié)果及對(duì)比

        通過(guò)補(bǔ)充沉積物中重金屬對(duì)底棲生物的毒性數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)沉積物質(zhì)量基準(zhǔn)值進(jìn)行更新,更新后的數(shù)值相比原始值略有變化,但變化不大.其中,Pb的TEL保持不變,Cu、Zn、Ni的TEL及Cd、Zn、Ni的PEL略有增大,Cd的TEL和Cu、Pb的PEL略有減?。唧w數(shù)值如表1所示.

        2.2 沉積物中重金屬的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)及分布特征

        5種重金屬在各水系沉積物中的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分布見(jiàn)表2、圖1.

        重金屬w(Cu)在各水系的范圍為1.51(海河水系)~829 mg kg(珠江水系).濃度幾何均值由高到低為珠江水系>海河水系>長(zhǎng)江水系>黃河水系>淮河水系>遼河水系>松花江水系.w(Cd)在各水系的范圍為nd(黃河水系)~76.0 mg kg(珠江水系),幾何均值由高到低為珠江水系>黃河水系>長(zhǎng)江水系>遼河水系>海河水系>淮河水系>松花江水系.w(Pb)的范圍為4.60(淮河水系)~2 352 mg kg(珠江水系),幾何均值由高到低為珠江水系>黃河水系>海河水系>長(zhǎng)江水系>遼河水系>淮河水系>松花江水系.w(Zn)在各水系的范圍為7.60(遼河水系)~4 203 mg kg(海河水系),幾何均值由高到低為珠江水系>海河水系>長(zhǎng)江水系>松花江水系>黃河水系>淮河水系>遼河水系.w(Ni)的范圍為3.20(遼河水系)~249 mg kg(海河水系).由于所收集的黃河水系沉積物中w(Ni)的數(shù)據(jù)較少,暫未對(duì)其作討論.除黃河水系外,Ni濃度的幾何均值由高到低為珠江水系>海河水系>長(zhǎng)江水系>淮河水系>遼河水系>松花江水系.

        林文杰等[89]研究表明,珠江水系某些支流沉積物中Cu、Cd、Pb等重金屬均超過(guò)GB 15618—1995《土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》二級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)限值,并且以Cu和Cd的污染為首[18].究其原因,是因?yàn)殡娮訌U物的處理處置對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境造成了嚴(yán)重的污染[90].重金屬污染除與一定的生活污染和工業(yè)污染等有關(guān)外,還可能受到污染事件的影響[91].總之,珠江水系較高濃度的重金屬與工業(yè)廢水和生活污水大量排入[7]有關(guān).

        除珠江水系外,海河水系中 w(Cu)、w(Zn)、w(Ni)和黃河水系中w(Cd)最高,并且重金屬w(Pb)在這兩個(gè)水系沉積物中均較高.海河水系和黃河水系中Pb污染較為普遍,可能與北方的燃煤習(xí)慣有一定關(guān)系[8].此外,天津市是以制造業(yè)、紡織、輕工業(yè)、鋼鐵等傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)為主的老工業(yè)基地[7],海河干流重金屬質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)普遍偏高,可能與其流經(jīng)天津市區(qū)有關(guān).

        2.3 各水系沉積物重金屬生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估

        圖2為5種重金屬在七大水系沉積物中質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)與基準(zhǔn)值比較的結(jié)果.由圖2可見(jiàn),重金屬Cu在海河和珠江水系中分別有29.3%、35.0%采樣點(diǎn)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)在TEL~PEL之間,超過(guò)PEL的采樣點(diǎn)分別占14.1%、26.8%,而其在長(zhǎng)江水系、黃河水系、遼河水系、松花江水系、淮河水系等水體沉積物中的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)較低.重金屬Cd除在黃河水系沉積物中有15.8%采樣點(diǎn)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)在TEL~PEL之間、珠江水系中有10.2%采樣點(diǎn)的值高于PEL外,在其他水系90%以上采樣點(diǎn)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)均低于其TEL.重金屬Pb在黃河水系中有11.5%采樣點(diǎn)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)高于PEL,海河水系有30.1%的采樣點(diǎn)在TEL~PEL之間,而珠江水系則分別有54.1%和10.2%的采樣點(diǎn)其質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)處于TEL~PEL之間及高于PEL,在其余水系中沉積物中質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)低于TEL的采樣點(diǎn)占絕大多數(shù).重金屬Zn在各水系沉積物中的分布差異較大,其中其在長(zhǎng)江水系、黃河水系、遼河水系、松花江水系、海河水系、淮河水系和珠江水系質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)在TEL~PEL之間的采樣點(diǎn)分別占64.8%、40.3%、12.5%、37.0%、53.3%、33.1%和61.5%,并且海河和珠江水系中高于PEL的采樣點(diǎn)分別占15.2%、25.3%.重金屬Ni在長(zhǎng)江水系中有37.5%的采樣點(diǎn)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)在TEL~PEL之間,沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)高于PEL的樣點(diǎn),松花江水系中僅有8.33%的采樣點(diǎn)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)超過(guò)PEL,海河水系則有29.6%采樣點(diǎn)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)在TEL~PEL之間且14.8%的采樣點(diǎn)高于PEL,在珠江水系有66.2%采樣點(diǎn)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)在TEL~PEL之間且4.41%的樣點(diǎn)高于PEL,在遼河和淮河水系中采樣點(diǎn)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)均較低.

        總體看來(lái),5種重金屬質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)<TEL(負(fù)面生物效應(yīng)較少發(fā)生)的采樣點(diǎn)占40.4%~90.5%,在TEL~PEL(不確定是否發(fā)生負(fù)面生物效應(yīng))之間的采樣點(diǎn)占8.35%~46.0%,>PEL(負(fù)面生物效應(yīng)經(jīng)常發(fā)生)的采樣點(diǎn)占1.15%~7.60%.由此,中國(guó)重點(diǎn)水系5種重金屬基本未達(dá)到嚴(yán)重污染的程度,主要處于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較小和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不確定的范圍內(nèi).這與朱青青等[7]運(yùn)用潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)法的研究結(jié)果存在一定差異,其研究表明,中國(guó)主要水系表層沉積物中重金屬Cd屬于輕微到極強(qiáng)生態(tài)危害,其中大部分樣點(diǎn)屬于強(qiáng)至極強(qiáng)生態(tài)危害.這可能與收集數(shù)據(jù)的數(shù)量、質(zhì)量及評(píng)價(jià)方法不同有關(guān).但從各水系來(lái)看,重金屬在珠江水系中采樣點(diǎn)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)處于生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不確定范圍或產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的比例最大:5種重金屬質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)在TEL~PEL之間的采樣點(diǎn)分別占35.0%~66.2%不等,并且每種重金屬質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)高于PEL采樣點(diǎn)在4.41%~26.8%之間.NIU等[18]通過(guò)計(jì)算平均可能效應(yīng)濃度商數(shù)得出,珠江流域已被嚴(yán)重污染且重金屬毒性較高,與該研究結(jié)果有一定相似性.海河水系沉積物中除Cd外,Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni的的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)在TEL~PEL之間、超過(guò)PEL的采樣點(diǎn)分布也占有一定比例.其他水系重金屬質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)整體較低.這與朱青青等[7]對(duì)中國(guó)主要水系表層沉積物中重金屬的復(fù)合污染狀況評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果較一致,即綜合污染狀況以海河干流和珠江干流最為顯著[7].因此相比于其他水系,珠江水系重金屬質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)最高,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最大,尤以Zn、Cu顯著.其次是海河水系,Cu、Zn、Ni質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)較高,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大.

        3 結(jié)論

        a)在整個(gè)研究范圍內(nèi),沉積物中重金屬生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高的采樣點(diǎn)僅占1.15%~7.60%,說(shuō)明除少數(shù)區(qū)域外,重金屬對(duì)中國(guó)七大水系均未造成嚴(yán)重污染,大多處于生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較小或風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不確定水平.

        b)5種重金屬在表層沉積物中的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)均以珠江水系最高,相比而言,珠江水系沉積物重金屬尤其是Zn、Cu在中國(guó)七大水系中具有最高的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn):這兩種重金屬超過(guò)PEL的比例分別占25.3%、26.8%;其次,海河水系沉積物中重金屬存在一定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)且以Cu、Zn、Ni為主,這3種重金屬在該水系中的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)僅低于珠江水系,并且它們?cè)诤:铀抵谐^(guò)PEL的采樣點(diǎn)分別占14.1%、15.2%、14.8%.

        c)運(yùn)用生物效應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)法推導(dǎo)并更新沉積物質(zhì)量基準(zhǔn)值,通過(guò)與實(shí)際沉積物重金屬濃度比較來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)中國(guó)重點(diǎn)水系沉積物的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),所得結(jié)論與國(guó)內(nèi)外研究結(jié)果基本一致.但由于所收集的重金屬數(shù)據(jù)在各水系存在采樣點(diǎn)分布不均等原因,使其生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估結(jié)果存在一定的不確定性.因此,未來(lái)應(yīng)建立更加科學(xué)的沉積物污染數(shù)據(jù)收集規(guī)范,而采用更加合理的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估方法等也是今后的重點(diǎn)研究方向.

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        Pollution and Risk Assessment of Typical Heavy Metals in River Sediments of Seven Major Watersheds in China

        YANG Jinxi,ZHANG Yanfeng*,ZHU Lingyan
        Key Laboratory of Processes and Environmental Criteria,Ministry of Education,College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Nankai University,Tianjin 300350,China

        In order to evaluate the ecological risks of heavy metals in freshwater sediments,according to the data reported in the literatures over the past 16 years(2000 to 2015),the concentrations and distributions of five typical heavy metals(i.e.,Cd,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn)in the sediments of seven major watersheds in China,including Yangtze River,Yellow River,Liaohe River,Songhua River,Haihe River,Huaihe River and Pearl River,were systematically analyzed.The sediment quality guidelines,including the threshold effect levels(TEL)and probable effect levels(PEL),for the five heavy metals were updated based on the biological effect database.TELs and PELs of Cu,Cd,Pb,Zn and Ni were 56.2,2.58,47.3,79.9,35.4 mg kg and 141,19.6,200,461,78.6 mg kg respectively.The concentrations of Cu,Cd,Pb,Zn and Ni in the sediments of the Pearl River were the highest among the seven rivers,followed by the Haihe and Yellow Rivers.The concentrations of heavy metals in the Yangtze River,Liaohe River,Songhua River and Huaihe River were relatively low.Comparing the heavy metal concentrations with the corresponding sediment quality guidelines,the ecological risks of the five heavy metals in the river sediments were evaluated,and the results were basically identical with the domestic and foreign research.The results indicated that the ecological risks of heavy metals in most of the river sediments were relatively low or not clear.Among all of the investigated river sediments,1.15%-7.60%displayed relatively high risk of heavy metals.The sediments of the Pearl River displayed the highest ecological risks,given that the concentrations of the five heavy metals were the highest and 4.41%-26.8%of the sampling sitesexceeded the PELs,which was followed by Haihe River.The concentrations of Cu,Zn and Ni in the sediments of Haihe River were relatively high,and 14.1%,15.2%and 14.8%of the sampling sites exceeded their corresponding PELs.

        watersheds;sediment;typical heavy metals;risk assessment

        X82

        1001-6929(2017)03-0423-10

        A

        10.13198 j.issn.1001-6929.2017.01.61

        陽(yáng)金希,張彥峰,祝凌燕.中國(guó)七大水系沉積物中典型重金屬生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估[J].環(huán)境科學(xué)研究,2017,30(3):423-432.

        YANG Jinxi,ZHANG Yanfeng,ZHU Lingyan.Pollution and risk assessment of typical heavy metals in river sediments of seven major watersheds in China[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(3):423-432.

        2016-06-17

        2016-10-25

        國(guó)家水體污染控制與治理科技重大專(zhuān)項(xiàng)(2012ZX07501-003-04);國(guó)家公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專(zhuān)項(xiàng)(201503108)

        陽(yáng)金希(1992-),女,四川宜賓人,yangjinxi@mail.nankai.edu.cn.

        *責(zé)任作者,張彥峰(1977-),男,河南安陽(yáng)人,副教授,主要從事環(huán)境化學(xué)研究,zhangyf@nankai.edu.cn

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