江西 張人天
意群分割法解析英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句
江西 張人天
高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中總有些長(zhǎng)句難句,考生看到這些長(zhǎng)句難句不知如何分析,不明句意,繼而影響了文章的整體理解和細(xì)節(jié)把握。新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在語(yǔ)言知識(shí)九級(jí)要求中提出:高中生要“逐步接觸和了解較為復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象,對(duì)較復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象具有一定的歸納、分析和解釋能力”。由此可見(jiàn),掌握英語(yǔ)句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和學(xué)會(huì)分析較為復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象,對(duì)提高學(xué)生的閱讀能力和英語(yǔ)高考成績(jī)是有幫助的。本文就意群分割法解析英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句進(jìn)行探討,以期對(duì)大家有所幫助。
所謂意群分割解析,就是根據(jù)語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)將長(zhǎng)難句的各種意思群體分割開(kāi)來(lái),各個(gè)擊破,然后整合全句的意思。
一般來(lái)講,英語(yǔ)中的長(zhǎng)難句多為復(fù)雜句,其結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)復(fù)雜,邏輯層次多,并列成分和插入成分多; 修飾語(yǔ)多,特別是后置定語(yǔ)很長(zhǎng); 各種從句多,從句與從句之間的關(guān)系可能包孕、嵌套,也可能并列、平行,如,名詞性從句,包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句; 定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句;省略和倒裝經(jīng)常出現(xiàn);由于結(jié)構(gòu)的需要,常見(jiàn)的搭配常常會(huì)顛倒或提前等。正是由于中英文的思維差異,如中文修辭順序都是前置,而英語(yǔ)中可以有后置定語(yǔ),擴(kuò)展的后置定語(yǔ)常常帶有從句或長(zhǎng)修飾語(yǔ)的復(fù)雜句,中國(guó)學(xué)生對(duì)此很不習(xí)慣,這就造成了理解上的困難。
但是,無(wú)論多長(zhǎng)的句子、多復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu),它們都是由一些基本成分組成的,或者說(shuō)是由不同的意思群體組成的。英語(yǔ)句子的基本成分就是主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。除了祈使句外,英語(yǔ)句子不可缺少的就是主、謂、賓部分,它們是句子的核心,其他都是附加的。因此,在分析英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),首先要找出全句的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),即句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu);找出句中所有的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句的引導(dǎo)詞;分析各從句的作用以及它們之間的關(guān)系。例如,是否為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句或強(qiáng)調(diào)句、感嘆句等,以及詞、短語(yǔ)和從句之間的關(guān)系,分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配、插入語(yǔ)等其他成分,分析中心內(nèi)容及其各層意思。然后再分析各層意思之間的邏輯關(guān)系。最后綜合以上分析得出全句的整體意思。分析的順序應(yīng)是:找出核心(主謂賓)→分析其他部分之間或與核心部分(主謂賓)之間的關(guān)系→整合全句的意思。
1. (2016全國(guó)卷Ⅰ,B篇)Having your grandchildren far away is hard,especially knowing your adult child is struggling,but giving up the life you know may be harder.
【譯文】與孩子們距離遠(yuǎn)是痛苦的,尤其是知道你的成年子女日子艱難,但是放棄你熟悉的生活可能會(huì)更難。
【解析】【Having your grandchildren far away】 is hard,especially knowing your adult child is struggling,but 【giving up the life (you know)】 may be harder.
這是由but連接的兩個(gè)并列句,下畫(huà)線部分為句子主干,波浪線部分為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作前一個(gè)分句的狀語(yǔ),魚(yú)尾號(hào)部分為動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)分別作兩個(gè)分句的主語(yǔ),小括號(hào)部分為定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞“the life”。
2. (2016全國(guó)卷Ⅰ,C篇)For this courier job,you’re consciously aware that in that box you’ve got something (that is potentially going to save somebody’s life).
【譯文】對(duì)于這份傳遞員的工作而言,你會(huì)自覺(jué)地意識(shí)到你手中的那個(gè)箱子裝著可能挽救某人生命的東西。
【解析】For this courier job,you’re consciously aware that in that box you’ve got something (that is potentially going to save somebody’s life).
下畫(huà)線粗線條部分為句子主干,其前是個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ),其后波浪線部分為賓語(yǔ)從句,在此賓語(yǔ)從句中又有括號(hào)內(nèi)的定語(yǔ)從句。
3.(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅰ,D篇)Therefore,when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops,what may be implied(暗示)is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.
【譯文】所以當(dāng)這些文化人之一在講話時(shí)突然停住了,可能那個(gè)人是在繼續(xù)講話前暗示聽(tīng)眾去思考他之前說(shuō)了什么。
Therefore,when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops,what maybe implied(暗示)is(that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing).
下畫(huà)線粗線條部分為句子主干,主干主語(yǔ)由主語(yǔ)從句擔(dān)當(dāng),其前面波浪線部分為狀語(yǔ)從句,括號(hào)部分為表語(yǔ)從句,在此表語(yǔ)從句中又有波浪線部分的賓語(yǔ)從句。
4.(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅱ,B篇)His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染)other students.
【譯文】他的存在意味著我在班上有一位意想不到的教學(xué)助手,并且他的創(chuàng)造力會(huì)感染其他的學(xué)生。
【解析】His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class (whose creativity would infect(感染)other students).
下畫(huà)線部分為句子主干,其后波浪線部分為下畫(huà)線的賓語(yǔ)從句,在此賓語(yǔ)從句中又有括號(hào)內(nèi)的定語(yǔ)從句。
5.(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅱ,C篇)Then the person leaves it in a public place,hoping that the book will have an adventure,traveling far and wide with each new reader who f nds it.
【譯文】然后,這個(gè)人把它放在一個(gè)公共場(chǎng)所,希望這本書(shū)會(huì)經(jīng)歷一次冒險(xiǎn),與發(fā)現(xiàn)它的每一個(gè)新讀者到處旅行。
【解析】Then the person leaves it in a public place,hoping that the book will have an adventure,traveling far and wide with each new reader (who f nds it).
下畫(huà)線部分為句子主干,其后波浪線部分是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ),在此分詞短語(yǔ)中又有括號(hào)內(nèi)的定語(yǔ)從句。
6.(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅲ,A篇)CCM organizes a variety of events,including performances by the well-known LaSalle Quartet,CCM’s Philharmonic Orchestra,and various groups of musicians presenting Baroque through modern music.
【譯文】CCM組織了多樣的活動(dòng),包括知名的La-Salle四重奏樂(lè)團(tuán)和CCM愛(ài)樂(lè)管弦樂(lè)團(tuán)的演出,還有各種音樂(lè)家團(tuán)體通過(guò)現(xiàn)代音樂(lè)展示的巴洛克風(fēng)格的音樂(lè)。
【解析】CCM organizes a variety of events,including performances by the well-known LaSalle Quartet,CCM’s Philharmonic Orchestra,and various groups of musicians(presenting Baroque through modern music).
下畫(huà)線部分為句子主干,其后波浪線部分為介詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ),在此介詞短語(yǔ)中又有括號(hào)內(nèi)的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)。
7.(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅲ,B篇)Heading back downtown toward her hotel,her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(團(tuán)聚).
【譯文】在返回市區(qū)賓館的途中,她的大都市的朋友們驚訝于他們活動(dòng)的轉(zhuǎn)變,他們的聚會(huì)早已由紐約式的宴會(huì)變成了密西西比人的地方性團(tuán)聚。
【解析】Heading back downtown toward her hotel,her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events(that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi).
下畫(huà)線部分為句子主干,其前面波浪線部分為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),其后括號(hào)中的內(nèi)容是定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞“the turn of events”。
8.(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅲ,B篇)Beauticians,bartenders,piano players and people with purple hats,Welty’s people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends,from walks through the streets of her native Jackson,Miss,from conversations overheard on a bus.
【譯文】Welty小說(shuō)中的角色——美容師,調(diào)酒師,鋼琴演奏者及那些戴著紫色帽子的人——源自于她與老朋友共度的下午,源自于她在土生土長(zhǎng)的密西西比州杰克遜城的大街小巷散步的過(guò)程中,還源自于她在公交車上無(wú)意間聽(tīng)到的閑談。
【解析】Beauticians,bartenders,piano players and people with purple hats,Welty’s people come from afternoons(spent visiting with old friends),from walks through the streets of her native Jackson,Miss,from conversations overheard on a bus.
下畫(huà)線粗線條部分為句子主干,其前面波浪線部分是Welty’s的同位語(yǔ),其后三個(gè)from介詞短語(yǔ)與come連用。括號(hào)內(nèi)的內(nèi)容為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)。
9.(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅲ,C篇)To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets,it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence,such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.
【譯文】對(duì)于那些已習(xí)慣于選擇超市里有限的蘋(píng)果種類,如Golden Delicious和Royal Gala的人來(lái)說(shuō),目睹Decio這種過(guò)去由羅馬人種植的傳統(tǒng)蘋(píng)果品種如今依然存在可能會(huì)令他們大開(kāi)眼界。
【解析】To people (who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets),it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of_classical apples still in existence,such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.
下畫(huà)線部分為句子主干,it為形式主語(yǔ),其前面為介詞短語(yǔ)to people,而people后又接了個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。后面為such as 短語(yǔ),用于舉例。
10.(2016全 國(guó) 卷 Ⅲ,D篇)Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication—e-mails,Web posts and reviews,face-to-face conversations—found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消極的),but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news.
【譯文】分析口述交際如電子郵件,網(wǎng)貼,評(píng)論和面談的研究者發(fā)現(xiàn),它更傾向于更積極而不是消極的(內(nèi)容),但這并不意味著人們更偏愛(ài)積極的消息。
【解析】Researchers (analyzing word-of-mouth communication—e-mails,Web posts and reviews,face-to-face conversations) —found [that it tended to be more positive than negative(消極的)],but that didn’t necessarily mean[people preferred positive news].
下畫(huà)線部分為句子主干,由but連接的兩個(gè)并列分句組成。前一個(gè)分句相對(duì)復(fù)雜,括號(hào)內(nèi)為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ),魚(yú)尾號(hào)部分分別為兩個(gè)分句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞found和mean的賓語(yǔ)從句。
11.(2016北京卷,B篇)Natalie posted introduction about a boy named Patrick,who lost his baseball card collection when his house burned down.
【譯文】Natalie在網(wǎng)站上發(fā)布了一個(gè)叫Patrick的男孩的信息。他家的房子(在颶風(fēng)中)被燒了,因此他失去了自己收集的棒球卡。
【解析】Natalie posted introduction about a boy
下畫(huà)線部分為句子主干,其后波浪線部分為介詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ),在此介詞短語(yǔ)中過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)“named Patrick”作后置定語(yǔ),同時(shí)又有括號(hào)內(nèi)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,定語(yǔ)從句中又有when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
12.(2016北京卷,C篇)So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo,where they are treated with calcium EDTA,a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days.
【譯文】于是,體內(nèi)含有高劑量鉛的禿鷲被送往洛杉磯動(dòng)物園。在那里,這些禿鷲得到一種名為EDTA的鈣物質(zhì)的治療。這是一種化學(xué)藥物,能在幾天時(shí)間內(nèi)清除血液中的鉛。
【解析】So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo,where they are treated with calcium EDT A,a chemical(that removes lead from the blood over several days).
下畫(huà)線部分為句子主干,其中間波浪線部分是介詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ),主干后面是where引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞“Los Angeles Zoo”; 在此非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中又有that引導(dǎo)的限制性定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞 “a chemical”。
13.(2016北京卷,D篇)If acceptable social behavior is too strictly de f ned(規(guī)定)and controlled,the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.
【譯文】如果被社會(huì)所接受的行為在大學(xué)受到過(guò)于嚴(yán)格的規(guī)定和控制,那么管理者力圖將之降低到最少的那些不顧及他人感受的或者好斗的行為實(shí)際上可能會(huì)受到鼓勵(lì)。
【解析】If acceptable social behavior is too strictly def ned(規(guī) 定)and controlled,the insensitive or aggressive behavior(that administrators are seeking to minimize)may actually be encouraged.
下畫(huà)線部分為句子主干,其前面是if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句,括號(hào)部分是that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
14.(2016天津卷,A篇)We ask that you let us know of any allergies or dietary requirements as well as information about any medicines you take.
【譯文】我們請(qǐng)你告知你有無(wú)過(guò)敏情況,你的飲食要求以及你的用藥信息。
【解析】We ask that you let us know of any aller gies or dietary requirements as well as information about any medicines (you take).
下畫(huà)線部分為句子主干,其后面波浪線部分是賓語(yǔ)從句,在此賓語(yǔ)從句中又有一個(gè)括號(hào)內(nèi)的定語(yǔ)從句。
15.(2016天津卷,C篇)“Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence (能力)and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society,” said George Vaillant,the psychologist (心理學(xué)家)who made the discovery.
【譯文】發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)現(xiàn)象的心理學(xué)家George Vailant說(shuō):“在社區(qū)或家中勞動(dòng)的男孩能夠獲得能力并且感受到他們是有價(jià)值的社會(huì)成員?!?/p>
【解析】“Boys(who worked in the home or community)gained competence (能力)and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society,” said George Vaillant,the psychologist (心理學(xué)家)(who made the discovery).
下畫(huà)線部分為句子主干,其中間括號(hào)內(nèi)是個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,其后面波浪線部分是表語(yǔ)從句。
16.(2016四 川 卷,D篇)Those given night milk,which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin,were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime,according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.
【譯文】由發(fā)表在《藥物強(qiáng)化性食品雜志》上的研究可知,飲用在夜間取自奶牛的牛奶的老鼠比那些飲用在白天取的牛奶的老鼠更不活躍,更不焦慮。在夜間取的牛奶里所含的褪黑激素是在白天取的牛奶的十倍。
【解析】Those【given night milk,(which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin)】,were less active and less anxious than those
下畫(huà)線部分為句子主干,其中間方括號(hào)內(nèi)是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ),在此分詞短語(yǔ)中又有個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。主干后面是兩個(gè)過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)。最后波浪線部分是介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)。
17.(2016江蘇卷,C篇)El Nino,a Spanish term for “the Christ child”,was named by South American fisherman who noticed that the global weather pattern,which happens every two to seven years,reduced the amount of f shes caught around Christmas.
【譯文】厄爾尼諾,一個(gè)意為基督小孩的西班牙詞語(yǔ),是由一個(gè)南美洲的漁民取的。這個(gè)漁民注意到每?jī)傻狡吣臧l(fā)生的全球氣候形式減少了圣誕節(jié)期間捕魚(yú)的數(shù)量。
【解析】El Nino,a Spanish term for “the Christ child”,was named by South American f sherman (who noticed that the global weather pattern,
下畫(huà)線部分為句子主干,其中間是個(gè)同位語(yǔ),其后面是個(gè)限制性定語(yǔ)從句,在此限制性定語(yǔ)從句中套有一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
18.(2016浙江卷,C篇)For example,it may only be through repeated experiments,evidence gathering,and f nally overturning a theory,that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have dif ferent views and desires from what he or she has,for example,unlike the child ,Mommy actually doesn’t like Dove chocolate.
【譯文】例如,可能正是通過(guò)重復(fù)試驗(yàn),證據(jù)收集和最終推翻一個(gè)理論,小孩才會(huì)接受其他人可能有不同的想法和欲望的觀點(diǎn),如媽咪不喜歡德芙巧克力。
【解析】For example,it may only be through repeated experiments,evidence gathering,and finally overturning a theory,that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires
下畫(huà)線部分為句子主干,主干結(jié)構(gòu)是強(qiáng)調(diào)句式。其后面是that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句。
(作者單位:江西省贛州市南康中學(xué))