□ 文/馬彥（四川外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)國(guó)際關(guān)系學(xué)院碩士研究生）

重慶友城：埃及阿斯旺省會(huì)展外交連接重慶與阿斯旺友好關(guān)系

□ 文/馬彥（四川外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)國(guó)際關(guān)系學(xué)院碩士研究生）

重慶與埃及阿斯旺省的友誼要追溯到1999年下半年，時(shí)任埃及駐中國(guó)大使黑勒米?貝德?tīng)栂壬鷳?yīng)邀來(lái)渝考察訪問(wèn)，他主動(dòng)向重慶推薦埃及阿斯旺省作為友好市省的發(fā)展對(duì)象。2005年7月，時(shí)任重慶市市長(zhǎng)王鴻舉率領(lǐng)重慶政府代表團(tuán)訪問(wèn)阿斯旺??；10月，阿斯旺市市長(zhǎng)賽迪克先生率團(tuán)來(lái)渝出席亞太城市市長(zhǎng)峰會(huì)；同月，重慶與阿斯旺省正式簽訂了友好城市協(xié)議，為而后的共同發(fā)展與經(jīng)貿(mào)交流搭建了平臺(tái)。

自2009年7月以來(lái)，埃及努比亞博物館與重慶中國(guó)三峽博物館簽訂了交流合作協(xié)議，建立了長(zhǎng)期合作機(jī)制。2010年10月，阿斯旺省應(yīng)邀參加第八屆中國(guó)（重慶）國(guó)際園林博覽會(huì)，展示古老的埃及文化，建成了埃及阿斯旺園?！皶?huì)展外交”是重慶與阿斯旺省的友誼紐帶，增進(jìn)了雙方的文化交流，進(jìn)一步加深了友好關(guān)系。

城市簡(jiǎn)介

菲萊神殿

阿斯旺省位于埃及南部、尼羅河?xùn)|岸，距開(kāi)羅900千米，下轄5個(gè)行政區(qū)，10個(gè)城市，首府是阿斯旺，是埃及街道最整潔、最漂亮的城市，也是埃及與非洲其他國(guó)家進(jìn)行貿(mào)易的重鎮(zhèn)。阿斯旺省南面與蘇丹接壤，是埃及通往非洲內(nèi)部的門(mén)戶。

由于阿斯旺日照充足，常年少雨，是埃及最炎熱的地方，它主要農(nóng)作物是甘蔗、椰棗、木槿和散沫花等。其工業(yè)以鋼鐵、制鋁、化學(xué)、制糖、紡織、制革、水泥、造紙和漁船工業(yè)為主，還開(kāi)采鐵礦石和建筑用石材。阿斯旺省有約21個(gè)重要旅游景點(diǎn)，其中以阿斯旺高壩、菲萊神殿以及阿布辛貝神殿最為有名。

外事知識(shí)

會(huì)展外交

會(huì)展外交主要是指國(guó)家或企業(yè)在異國(guó)舉辦大型經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、科技展覽來(lái)促進(jìn)相互關(guān)系的一種外交形式，是公共外交在經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中的體現(xiàn)，也是公共外交隨著全球化和信息化在政治經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的延伸，它主要依托于會(huì)展業(yè)的發(fā)展。隨著軟實(shí)力和城市形象的提升，各個(gè)城市逐漸傾向于舉辦會(huì)展以提升城市美譽(yù)度和知名度，因此，會(huì)展外交既實(shí)現(xiàn)了企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益也為城市的文化經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來(lái)聚合效應(yīng)。

第二軌道外交

“第二軌道外交”的概念最先由美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院的蒙特維利在1981年2月號(hào)的《外交政策》雜志中提出，是指由非外交人員或者能代表官方觀點(diǎn)的非官方人士所從事的“外交”，主要由學(xué)者、退休官員、公共人物、社會(huì)活動(dòng)家、非政府組織等非官方渠道進(jìn)行交流，方式比較靈活，旨在通過(guò)友好往來(lái)加強(qiáng)相互信任，從而推動(dòng)“第一軌道外交”（又稱“官方外交”）的順利進(jìn)行。

隨著時(shí)代的發(fā)展和全球性問(wèn)題的產(chǎn)生，第二軌道外交憑借其自身身份上的非正式性和操作上的靈活性在外事活動(dòng)中起著特殊的作用，從另一個(gè)維度推動(dòng)著國(guó)家間的溝通與交流，增進(jìn)國(guó)家間互信，緩解危機(jī)，對(duì)國(guó)家間關(guān)系產(chǎn)生了不可低估的影響。

外事案例

重慶中國(guó)三峽博物館牽手努比亞博物館

2009年7月10日，重慶中國(guó)三峽博物館與埃及努比亞博物館表示，今后兩館將在展覽項(xiàng)目交流、學(xué)術(shù)研究、文物保護(hù)、產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展等方面建立交流合作機(jī)制，并簽訂了交流合作協(xié)議。

阿斯旺努比亞博物館

重慶中國(guó)三峽博物館

中國(guó)（重慶）國(guó)際園林博覽會(huì)阿斯旺館

阿斯旺應(yīng)邀落戶重慶園博園

2010年10月12日，第八屆中國(guó)（重慶）國(guó)際園林博覽會(huì)邀請(qǐng)埃及阿斯旺省參展，其目的是為了展示埃及悠久的歷史文化和優(yōu)美的園林景觀，讓中國(guó)人進(jìn)一步了解埃及的歷史文化，增強(qiáng)兩國(guó)人民的友誼。阿斯旺成為了第一個(gè)入駐重慶園博園的外國(guó)城市。2011年11月19日重慶園博園開(kāi)園，埃及阿斯旺園也呈現(xiàn)在世人面前。

圖片來(lái)源于網(wǎng)絡(luò)

In 1999, Mr. Heller Bader, ambassador of Egypt in China, was invited to visit Chongqing and he recommended Aswan to be a potential sister city to Chongqing. In 2005, W ang Hongju, the thenmayor of Chongqing, visited Aswan with his government delegation and reached a consensus with Aswan government. From then on, Aswan and Chongqing became sister cities. In the same year, Seddik, the then-mayor of Aswan city, came to Chongqing to attend the Asia Pacific Cities Summit. In the meantime, Chongqing and Aswan had signed sister city agreement and became friendly city for further corporation and development.

Since July 2009, Chongqing China Three Gorges Museum and Egypt Nubia Museum had established a deep connection on communication and knowledge exchange, and they signed agreements of further cooperation. On October 2010, the eighth China (Chongqing) International Garden Expo invited Aswan province to exhibit Egypt’s ancient culture, and build up the Aswan Garden. Then, “International exhibition diplomacy” has became the connection of Chongqing and Aswan’s friendship, enhanced the culture communication of both sides.

The Culture and History Exhibition of Aswan,Egypt in Chongqing

Introduction of Aswan

View of Aswan

Aswan province, located in the east bank of the Nile River, about 900 kilometers away from Cairo, is the gateway of southern area of Egypt, and there are 10 cities across it. Aswan city is the capital city of Aswan province, which is the cleanest and the most beautiful city in Egypt and it has been an important trade transaction place a long time ago.

Due to the ample sunshine and shortage of rainfall, Aswan is a perfect growing place for sugarcanes, dates, hibiscus, and henna f owers. Steel, aluminum, chemical, sugar, textiles, leather, cement, paper and f shing industry is the main part of its secondary industry, with some iron ore mining and building stone exploring.

Knowledge of Foreign Affairs

International Exhibition Diplomacy

International exhibition diplomacy mainly refers to the action of a country or big enterprises holding economic, cultural, science and technology exhibition in foreign country to promote bilateral diplomatic relations. With the development of globalization and information technology, international exhibition diplomacy increasingly becomes the main form of public diplomacy. It can provide an international forum for scientists and engineers to report latest research findings, to exchange ideas and information, and to establish research links. Its development mainly relies on the rise of exhibition industry.With the increasing importance of the soft power and the city image, more and more cities tend to hold the exhibitions to promote the reputation and popularity of the cities, thus, International exhibition diplomacy not only can bring the economic interest to the companies, but also can accelerate the convergence of the city cultures and economies.

Track II Diplomacy

The concept of “T rack II diplomacy” was firstly proposed in the Foreign Policy magazine in February, 1981 by Monte Willy, a member of the State Department of the U.S. The “Track II diplomacy” refers to the “Foreign Affairs” engaged by the nondiplomatic staff or the unoff cial personages who can represent the off cial views, mainly carried out by the academics, retired of f cials, public figures, social activities, NGO and other unof ficial actors. Designed to strengthen mutual trust through friendly exchanges and promote the off cial diplomacy.

With the development of the times and the emergence of the global issues, the “Track II diplomacy” gradually plays a special role in the foreign affairs by the virtue of informal identity and operational flexibility. The effect of “Track II diplomacy” on the countries was usually underestimated. Actually in practice, it can not only promote the communications and exchanges among countries, but also enhance mutual trust and alleviate the crisis from another dimension.

Cases

Cooperation between Three Gorges Museum and Egypt Nubia Museum

On July 10, 2009, Chongqing Three Gorges Museum and Egypt Nubia Museum had stated to deepen cooperation, established the long-term corporation system, and signed agreements on communication and cooperation.

Egypt Nubia Museum

Participation of Aswan to the eighth China (Chongqing) International Garden Expo

On October 12, 2010, the 8th China (Chongqing) International Garden Expo invited Egypt’ s Aswan province to join in, in order to let Chinese people learn more about the history of Egypt, and to enhance the friendships between these two countries. On November 19, 2011, Chongqing Garden Expo successfully opened, and visitors could visit Egypt's Aswan Park.

Chongqing’s Sister City: Aswan Province, Egypt International Exhibition Diplomacy: Connection of Aswan Province and Chongqing

□ Written by Ma Yan (post-graduate student of School of International Relations, Sichuan International Studies University)

Aswan hall, China(chongiqng)International Garden Expo