齊 飛,魏曉明,張躍峰
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中國設(shè)施園藝裝備技術(shù)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與未來研究方向
齊 飛,魏曉明,張躍峰
(1. 農(nóng)業(yè)部規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究院,北京 100125; 2. 農(nóng)業(yè)部農(nóng)業(yè)設(shè)施結(jié)構(gòu)工程重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100125)
近年來,中國設(shè)施園藝裝備產(chǎn)業(yè)得到了跨越式發(fā)展,一個(gè)完備的技術(shù)體系正在逐步建立。受設(shè)施環(huán)境-作物交互影響機(jī)理缺乏、設(shè)施-設(shè)備匹配性差等因素的制約,中國設(shè)施園藝裝備在穩(wěn)定性、智能化等方面與國際先進(jìn)水平仍存在較大差距,制約了產(chǎn)業(yè)效益水平和勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)效率的提升。有必要對(duì)中國設(shè)施園藝裝備技術(shù)進(jìn)行一個(gè)系統(tǒng)總結(jié),為下一步產(chǎn)業(yè)的技術(shù)研發(fā)指明方向。該文在準(zhǔn)確把握中國設(shè)施園藝裝備技術(shù)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀的基礎(chǔ)上,從種苗裝備、生產(chǎn)裝備、物流裝備、管理裝備等4個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)入手,將中國設(shè)施園藝裝備技術(shù)與國際發(fā)達(dá)國家的水平進(jìn)行了比對(duì),并找出了相關(guān)差距。研究得出了中國設(shè)施園藝裝備技術(shù)發(fā)展中存在的技術(shù)研發(fā)系統(tǒng)性持續(xù)性不夠、與裝備匹配的農(nóng)藝參數(shù)積累缺乏、裝備的整體性和工程性亟需提高等問題,明確了區(qū)域化園藝作物生長機(jī)理、北方日光溫室結(jié)構(gòu)與裝備升級(jí)、全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈自動(dòng)化作業(yè)、園藝信息化智能化管理、非耕地基地化與城鎮(zhèn)化裝備等未來重點(diǎn)研發(fā)的方向,提出了制定設(shè)施園藝裝備技術(shù)創(chuàng)新發(fā)展規(guī)劃、實(shí)施設(shè)施園藝技術(shù)促進(jìn)與產(chǎn)業(yè)促進(jìn)的“全面趕超”計(jì)劃、創(chuàng)新以激發(fā)協(xié)同研發(fā)活力的體制機(jī)制、強(qiáng)化技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)體系建設(shè)等政策建議,從而為指導(dǎo)中國設(shè)施園藝裝備技術(shù)的革新提供借鑒。
溫室;裝備;技術(shù);設(shè)施園藝;發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀;重點(diǎn)研究方向
從當(dāng)前現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的要求看,“設(shè)施園藝”不僅是創(chuàng)造人工環(huán)境進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)的過程,而應(yīng)以整個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈為基礎(chǔ)、從實(shí)現(xiàn)使用價(jià)值的全過程出發(fā),在廣義上定義為:設(shè)施園藝是為農(nóng)產(chǎn)品商品化各階段提供最適宜環(huán)境和條件, 以擺脫自然環(huán)境和傳統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)條件的束縛,從而獲得高產(chǎn)、優(yōu)質(zhì)、高效農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營活動(dòng),具有高投入、高產(chǎn)出、高效益的特點(diǎn)[1-2]。設(shè)施園藝技術(shù)主要由生物、環(huán)境、工程3部分組成,將具有明顯工程特點(diǎn)、特別是裝備(含設(shè)施)特征的技術(shù)統(tǒng)稱為“裝備技術(shù)”,即那些在不同層次上具有完整功能、直接或間接通過裝備發(fā)揮效用的“設(shè)備、工藝、材料”,包括“種苗裝備技術(shù)、生產(chǎn)裝備技術(shù)、物流裝備技術(shù)、管理裝備技術(shù)”4方面[3]。
中國設(shè)施園藝技術(shù)經(jīng)過多年發(fā)展已全面突破并漸成體系,成為實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的重要技術(shù)手段。30多年來,科研項(xiàng)目及成果數(shù)量近700項(xiàng)[4],一個(gè)龐大、獨(dú)立、融合多學(xué)科及多門類科學(xué)知識(shí)的技術(shù)體系正在形成。作為主要載體的裝備技術(shù)也取得長足進(jìn)步,中國已基本建立起立足本土的裝備研發(fā)、生產(chǎn)、服務(wù)體系,除部分信息化高技術(shù)裝備外,全面替代進(jìn)口。從歷史和現(xiàn)實(shí)看,中國現(xiàn)代設(shè)施園藝裝備是在引進(jìn)基礎(chǔ)上通過跨越式發(fā)展而來,受設(shè)施環(huán)境-作物交互影響機(jī)理研究缺乏、設(shè)施-設(shè)備匹配性差、裝備制造業(yè)整體水平低等因素的影響,在裝備質(zhì)量、技術(shù)含量、信息化、智能化方面與世界先進(jìn)水平還存在差距,需在“十三五”找準(zhǔn)方向、協(xié)同攻關(guān)、重點(diǎn)突破。
中國現(xiàn)代設(shè)施園藝裝備技術(shù)發(fā)展始于20世紀(jì)90年代中期。整體上看,無論單項(xiàng)技術(shù)還是裝備集成都與發(fā)達(dá)國家存在較大差距。2012年中國設(shè)施園藝機(jī)械化水平僅為32.45%[5]、2014年蔬菜機(jī)械化綜合水平約20%,按農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化發(fā)展階段理論劃分[6],處于發(fā)展初級(jí)階段。各作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)發(fā)展也不均衡,如機(jī)耕、機(jī)灌施肥環(huán)節(jié)機(jī)械化率超過50%,但環(huán)境調(diào)控、機(jī)播、機(jī)收等環(huán)節(jié),機(jī)械化率仍較低[5]。
從全球看,荷蘭、美國、以色列等國的設(shè)施園藝已處在產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí)期,規(guī)?;痉€(wěn)定,但新裝備配置速度和裝備升級(jí)加快,集成再創(chuàng)新成為亮點(diǎn)[7],而中國仍處在設(shè)施園藝高速發(fā)展期,裝備技術(shù)研發(fā)積累不足、先進(jìn)裝備推廣應(yīng)用速度落后于溫室工程建設(shè)速度,因此距世界先進(jìn)國家的差距依然較大。但裝備技術(shù)發(fā)展的空間和潛力也很大,成為“十三五”乃至以后時(shí)期內(nèi)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的目標(biāo)和重點(diǎn)。
種苗裝備主要由籽種生產(chǎn)加工裝備和種苗生產(chǎn)裝備2部分組成。籽種生產(chǎn)加工裝備包括育種、種子檢驗(yàn)、種子加工(清選、分級(jí)、干燥、消毒、包衣等)裝備,種苗生產(chǎn)裝備包括種子處理、穴盤播種、嫁接繁育、移苗等裝備技術(shù)。
發(fā)達(dá)國家在育種技術(shù)和商品化方面一直占據(jù)領(lǐng)先地位,因此在裝備技術(shù)方面已很完善,如種子處理和播種裝備方面也已較為普及,目前研發(fā)重點(diǎn)在嫁接、移苗2方面,其中移苗技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)化較快,但嫁接技術(shù)在效率上還有待提高。國外連棟溫室蔬菜種苗廣泛采用自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)線,荷蘭使用精量播種、嫁接、巖棉種苗生產(chǎn)線和機(jī)具,開發(fā)出穴盤輸送、巖棉塊搬運(yùn)鋪放等物料搬運(yùn)裝備,構(gòu)成自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)體系,實(shí)現(xiàn)了高效、省力、自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)[8]。
中國設(shè)施種苗裝備研發(fā)起步于20世紀(jì)80年代末,至今初步形成了較完整的裝備研發(fā)與生產(chǎn)體系,具有了一定的研發(fā)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)[9]。但裝備產(chǎn)品在技術(shù)含量和生產(chǎn)效果上還存在缺陷,如針對(duì)中小農(nóng)戶使用的播種機(jī)缺乏、播種效率和精度上還有待提高[10],嫁接機(jī)也存在低效、性價(jià)比不佳的情況[11-14],穴盤苗分選移栽機(jī)距離產(chǎn)業(yè)化應(yīng)用仍存在種苗質(zhì)量識(shí)別、專用手爪開發(fā)等技術(shù)瓶頸需要突破[15-19]。在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用中,僅播種、覆土、基質(zhì)填裝等部分環(huán)節(jié)實(shí)現(xiàn)了機(jī)械化,但距種苗全程自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)的要求,仍存在較大差距。
生產(chǎn)裝備主要由設(shè)計(jì)、建造、環(huán)境調(diào)控、栽培、資源利用等5大類相關(guān)的設(shè)備技術(shù)組成。其中設(shè)計(jì)類包括工藝、建筑、結(jié)構(gòu)、水、電、暖;建造類包括骨架、圍護(hù)、施工機(jī)具;環(huán)境調(diào)控類包括增溫、降溫、調(diào)光、調(diào)濕、調(diào)氣、保溫;栽培類包括耕整、種植槽、施肥、植保裝備;資源利用類包括可再生能源、廢棄物利用、空間利用裝備等。
發(fā)達(dá)國家結(jié)合各自氣候特征、經(jīng)濟(jì)水平、種植習(xí)慣開發(fā)出了諸如Venlo連棟溫室[20-21]、管架塑料大棚、充氣膜溫室等適合各自國情的設(shè)施類型,形成了精準(zhǔn)化的設(shè)計(jì)理論工具,如荷蘭開發(fā)了Classim、Kaspro等模擬軟件,對(duì)Venlo溫室溫光性能提升和結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化起到了重要推動(dòng)作用[22-23],荷蘭國家應(yīng)用科學(xué)研究院(Netherlands Organisation for Applied Science Research, TNO)開發(fā)了CASTA溫室結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)算軟件供荷蘭統(tǒng)一使用。日本農(nóng)業(yè)食品產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)綜合研究機(jī)構(gòu)(National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, NARO)、大學(xué)開發(fā)了超低成本并可抵御50m/s風(fēng)載的連棟管架塑料大棚。發(fā)達(dá)國家還不斷推出新的裝備,如荷蘭開發(fā)了減反射玻璃(anti-relection, AR)使透光率提高6%~8%,散射光玻璃提高作物產(chǎn)量10%左右[24];在節(jié)能上除已開發(fā)的淺層地?zé)崮?、中空玻璃保溫、熱電?lián)產(chǎn)(combined heat and power, CHP)技術(shù)外,在光伏溫室結(jié)構(gòu)形式[25-27]、光伏布置方式對(duì)作物影響[28-30]和下一代半封閉(semi-closed)溫室[31-32]的研究方面也取得較好進(jìn)展,經(jīng)統(tǒng)計(jì)可將溫室每年每平方米天然氣能耗由40 m3降低到8 m3。
中國連棟溫室最早由國外引進(jìn),設(shè)施裝備主要參照荷蘭、美國等模式,目前基本實(shí)現(xiàn)國產(chǎn)化,但在結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)理論、重要部件生產(chǎn)方面仍依賴國外。如中國至今未正式頒布連棟溫室的設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范,溫室企業(yè)也參照荷蘭、美國等國的規(guī)范進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì);中國許多環(huán)境調(diào)控設(shè)備實(shí)現(xiàn)了國產(chǎn)化[33-34],但在設(shè)備間協(xié)同發(fā)揮以及栽培設(shè)備的匹配上,仍不盡人意。中國日光溫室已超過70萬hm2,在裝備上形成了不少具有鮮明特色和生產(chǎn)效用的產(chǎn)品[35-39],在光熱傳遞機(jī)理研究[40-45]、溫室結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化[46-48]、設(shè)施裝備工程化方面取得了很多成果。但從產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的角度來看,95%以上設(shè)施簡(jiǎn)陋、裝備水平低、環(huán)境調(diào)控及防災(zāi)能力差、勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度高;在結(jié)構(gòu)方面種類繁多,缺乏規(guī)范,類型達(dá)20多種[49],致使很多地方日光溫室建筑、結(jié)構(gòu)形式不合理,嚴(yán)重制約了保溫蓄熱性能的發(fā)揮,造成了大量的資源浪費(fèi)和經(jīng)濟(jì)損失[50-53];日光溫室自動(dòng)化程度較低,大部分溫室缺少環(huán)境調(diào)控和自動(dòng)化操作設(shè)備[54],單位面積勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率僅為日本的1/20、美國的1/40[55],溫室番茄年產(chǎn)10~15 kg/m2,黃瓜15~20 kg/m2,為國際先進(jìn)水平的1/5~1/4[56],目前還面臨著成本升高、土地緊缺、比較效益降低、產(chǎn)品安全問題突出的挑戰(zhàn)。近年來,中國溫室研發(fā)人員也開展針對(duì)性的研究,不斷開發(fā)新型日光溫室結(jié)構(gòu)形式[57-60],來改變以上存在的問題。
物流裝備主要由內(nèi)部輸送、分級(jí)分選、清洗、包裝、儲(chǔ)藏保鮮、商品追溯等6大類相關(guān)設(shè)備組成。其中內(nèi)部輸送類包括苗床、天車、室內(nèi)叉車;分級(jí)分選類包括分級(jí)、分選裝備;清洗類包括洗凈、殺菌裝備等;包裝類包括包裝材料、機(jī)械裝備;儲(chǔ)藏保鮮類包括預(yù)冷、儲(chǔ)藏、保鮮裝備;商品追溯類包括條碼、射頻識(shí)別裝置、數(shù)據(jù)庫、商品標(biāo)識(shí)等。
發(fā)達(dá)國家十分重視物流裝備的研發(fā),將其作為設(shè)施園藝商品化的最重要環(huán)節(jié)之一。荷蘭20世紀(jì)50年代起就有專門的研發(fā)企業(yè),幾乎與溫室同步。以最常用的輸送設(shè)備為例,美國、荷蘭等國利用物流輸送系統(tǒng)節(jié)約了30%的人工費(fèi)用[61]。荷蘭盆花生產(chǎn)各環(huán)節(jié)均由輸送帶、自動(dòng)搬運(yùn)軌道、苗床天車和叉車等有機(jī)連接,構(gòu)成了內(nèi)部物流體系,大大提高了效率,減輕了勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度[62],如Walking Plant System使人工減少60%、空間使用率提高20%。裝備應(yīng)用極大提高了勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)效率,自動(dòng)化則大幅減少了勞力、降低了操作失誤;更重要的是,主要環(huán)節(jié)的自動(dòng)化,為信息化提供了條件,在荷蘭,生產(chǎn)管理軟件應(yīng)用達(dá)到100%。
中國在設(shè)施園藝自動(dòng)化物流裝備的研發(fā)上基本處于起步階段,清洗、分級(jí)、包裝、追溯也大多采用通用設(shè)備,針對(duì)性不強(qiáng),這主要受經(jīng)營規(guī)模的影響和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格的限制。近年來隨著勞動(dòng)力成本上升和規(guī)模效益的驅(qū)動(dòng),國內(nèi)自動(dòng)化物流裝備的研發(fā)逐步開始,但只被極少數(shù)高檔花卉溫室采用。適合日光溫室和連棟塑料大棚的簡(jiǎn)易小型省力化物流設(shè)備,需求日益旺盛,但缺乏相應(yīng)技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來進(jìn)行規(guī)范。
管理裝備主要由信息化管理、安全生產(chǎn)、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)檢測(cè)、設(shè)施維護(hù)等4大類相關(guān)設(shè)備組成。其中信息化管理類包括軟件(環(huán)境、綜合、運(yùn)營等),硬件(傳感器、遠(yuǎn)程傳輸裝備、ID識(shí)別裝備);安全生產(chǎn)類包括工程防疫、安全應(yīng)急;現(xiàn)場(chǎng)檢測(cè)類包括水體、氣體、土壤、農(nóng)藥殘留檢測(cè)裝備;設(shè)施維護(hù)類包括清洗、維修更換裝備等。
發(fā)達(dá)國家基于提質(zhì)、節(jié)本、安全的目的,非常重視管理裝備技術(shù)研發(fā),特別是在綜合管理信息化、操作維護(hù)自動(dòng)化、省力化方面優(yōu)勢(shì)明顯。如荷蘭PRIVA公司在20世紀(jì)70年代中期就開發(fā)出第1套用于花卉栽培的管理專家系統(tǒng);國外盆花生產(chǎn)中,專家系統(tǒng)通過視覺系統(tǒng)、傳感器自動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)盆花的生長狀況和環(huán)境狀況,分析各類相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),判斷長勢(shì),自動(dòng)調(diào)控肥水、補(bǔ)光、通風(fēng)等,操作人員只進(jìn)行監(jiān)視管理。
中國在栽培管理系統(tǒng)方面也有一定的開發(fā)與研究[63-65],但仍處于初級(jí)階段。在其他裝備技術(shù)方面,中國正處于研發(fā)逐步完善、應(yīng)用局部推進(jìn)的階段。
受立項(xiàng)制度影響,中國自“十五”開展大規(guī)模、全方位的設(shè)施園藝科技攻關(guān)以后,立項(xiàng)數(shù)目、經(jīng)費(fèi)總額開始逐年下降,目前規(guī)模也很小。事實(shí)上,中國第一次科研高潮是以模仿為主要技術(shù)路線,成果是直接面對(duì)應(yīng)用的“殼”,而非系統(tǒng)的技術(shù)產(chǎn)品。受體制影響,創(chuàng)新主要集中在科研機(jī)構(gòu)和大學(xué),科研行為主要以經(jīng)費(fèi)為導(dǎo)向,而不是產(chǎn)業(yè)需求,加之中國設(shè)施園藝裝備企業(yè)整體科研素質(zhì)和實(shí)力弱,絕大多數(shù)從仿造中起步,原創(chuàng)性技術(shù)成果十分有限[66],即使在設(shè)施園藝長期的快速發(fā)展中,創(chuàng)新的系統(tǒng)性、持續(xù)性始終沒有根本提高,而多是“倒逼式”的發(fā)展或?yàn)楸苊狻安橹亍倍扇Q湯不換藥的立項(xiàng)模式,那些尚未摸清規(guī)律的技術(shù)難題始終得不到徹底解決,客觀上形成了低水平的“惡性循環(huán)”。
設(shè)施園藝由農(nóng)機(jī)農(nóng)藝融合而起源,發(fā)揮技術(shù)潛力更有賴于農(nóng)機(jī)農(nóng)藝的耦合提升,在科研起步期,曾出現(xiàn)“重硬件、輕軟件”的狀況,隨后又出現(xiàn)了“重軟件、輕硬件”的現(xiàn)象,農(nóng)藝人員在缺乏對(duì)硬件了解的情況下單純研究作物栽培[67],各類科研成果難以銜接,針對(duì)不同氣候、區(qū)域、裝備的農(nóng)藝參數(shù)始終沒有形成權(quán)威性的結(jié)果,獲得的作物生長模型尚未在不同條件下得到廣泛的檢驗(yàn)和應(yīng)用[68],直接造成了裝備研發(fā)針對(duì)性弱、產(chǎn)出長期徘徊不前、信息化管理裝備只有硬件而缺乏“頭腦”(針對(duì)特定作物和環(huán)境的控制策略)等問題。根本上講,裝備服務(wù)于植物生長,要實(shí)現(xiàn)在特定設(shè)施裝備條件下最大限度發(fā)揮生物潛能的最終目標(biāo),就需要長期的“生物-環(huán)境”大數(shù)據(jù)支撐,這又恰恰是中國所欠缺的。
從中國設(shè)施園藝裝備技術(shù)的內(nèi)容上看,研發(fā)應(yīng)用已呈現(xiàn)出全面、完整的形態(tài),某些單項(xiàng)技術(shù)、裝備、材料也具有了一定的質(zhì)量水平和國際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,但從完整的生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)看,裝備的整體性有待加強(qiáng),工程性還很不足。裝備整體性主要受設(shè)計(jì)理論、裝備質(zhì)量影響,在裝備配套的科學(xué)性、合理性上還沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)功能最優(yōu)、效益最佳的整體優(yōu)化狀態(tài);裝備的工程性主要體現(xiàn)在裝備的成熟性、實(shí)用性、穩(wěn)定性和可操作性上,中國在動(dòng)力、環(huán)境調(diào)控、信息化和自動(dòng)化裝備方面,還存在著效率發(fā)揮不足、質(zhì)量不穩(wěn)、操作安全性不高、維護(hù)困難等問題。此外,特定工程系統(tǒng)中不同裝備的技術(shù)成熟度也不均衡。
與中國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展一樣,設(shè)施園藝也面臨著成本、效益、質(zhì)量、生態(tài)、土地、勞動(dòng)力等方面的挑戰(zhàn),實(shí)現(xiàn)由大國向強(qiáng)國轉(zhuǎn)變的任務(wù)越來越緊迫和艱巨,因此要盡早建立適應(yīng)未來要求的技術(shù)支撐體系,以適應(yīng)中國設(shè)施園藝現(xiàn)代化的新要求,特別是針對(duì)日光溫室升級(jí)換代、連棟溫室高效高產(chǎn)、低碳材料與裝備等方面的技術(shù)需要及早部署研究。但從目前項(xiàng)目布局和科技計(jì)劃看,這些內(nèi)容或沒有得到重視或在進(jìn)行小范圍的局部攻關(guān),系統(tǒng)化的研究布局尚未形成,前瞻性的研究體系還沒有得到完全確立。
以加強(qiáng)設(shè)施園藝裝備技術(shù)研發(fā)基礎(chǔ)理論和實(shí)踐依據(jù)為目標(biāo),以果菜、葉菜、果樹為試驗(yàn)對(duì)象,組織中國不同典型氣候區(qū)域的研發(fā)單位開展針對(duì)連棟溫室、北方日光溫室、南方連棟塑料大棚的“裝備-環(huán)境-生理”長期觀測(cè)研究,通過全國聯(lián)網(wǎng)的實(shí)時(shí)傳輸系統(tǒng)和定期的專家聯(lián)席會(huì)議機(jī)制,逐步建立中國不同區(qū)域相關(guān)設(shè)施裝備下溫、光、水、肥、氣等主要環(huán)境因子組合模式與作物產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)的關(guān)系,為完善中國設(shè)施裝備條件下的生長模型提供長期、權(quán)威的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)支撐,也為各類裝備的改進(jìn)、研發(fā)提供量化的機(jī)理性指導(dǎo)。
為進(jìn)一步提高日光溫室資源利用率、土地產(chǎn)出率、勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率,以新設(shè)施、新材料、新裝備為重點(diǎn),開展適應(yīng)不同區(qū)域的節(jié)地、節(jié)能、節(jié)勞動(dòng)力、四季兼用的日光溫室標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化新結(jié)構(gòu)和栽培模式,使土地利用率、單位產(chǎn)量、人均管理規(guī)模得到顯著提高。通過此項(xiàng)研究,也為實(shí)現(xiàn)其他2個(gè)近遠(yuǎn)期目標(biāo)打好基礎(chǔ),一是為解決日光溫室日益嚴(yán)重的性能下降問題,為其改造重建提供技術(shù)支撐和裝備條件;二是為著手研發(fā)10 a后日光溫室的全面換代產(chǎn)品提供技術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和裝備配套模式。
以溫室生產(chǎn)集約化、精細(xì)化、規(guī)?;?、高效化為目標(biāo),以番茄、黃瓜等大宗果菜為對(duì)象,瞄準(zhǔn)世界先進(jìn)水平,研究從籽種、生產(chǎn)到物流的全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)裝備,如育苗生產(chǎn)研發(fā)集成基質(zhì)處理、消毒、填料、播種、催芽、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)、移苗等技術(shù)裝備;生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)集成建造、環(huán)境控制、營養(yǎng)管理、植保、采收、低碳裝備等等,以信息化為管理手段,在中小規(guī)模上實(shí)現(xiàn)作物的優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)指標(biāo)(如番茄穩(wěn)產(chǎn)達(dá)到75 kg/m2以上);同時(shí)探索小規(guī)模新型“魚菜共生”系統(tǒng)的技術(shù)模式。該前瞻性研究的重點(diǎn)是通過國產(chǎn)裝備的研發(fā)集成實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)施整體功能最優(yōu),不僅為各類高新技術(shù)在其他低端設(shè)施上的應(yīng)用提供有針對(duì)性的借鑒,也為在基本定量的前提下實(shí)現(xiàn)商業(yè)化的高效生產(chǎn)打下良好基礎(chǔ)。
以改造傳統(tǒng)裝備運(yùn)行方式和管理模式為目標(biāo),以全面提高生產(chǎn)效率、效益、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力為目的,研發(fā)針對(duì)規(guī)?;O(shè)施園藝生產(chǎn)的信息化管理軟件(環(huán)境、栽培、能源、行為),開發(fā)基于區(qū)域性的設(shè)施園藝云計(jì)算數(shù)據(jù)庫(環(huán)境、成本、產(chǎn)量為重點(diǎn)),使軟件和云計(jì)算平臺(tái)實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)模以上生產(chǎn)的商業(yè)化運(yùn)行。深入研究物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)在設(shè)施園藝上的應(yīng)用,形成具有針對(duì)性的控制策略、傳輸策略與管理策略。開發(fā)設(shè)施園藝智能裝備技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品,如植保、內(nèi)部運(yùn)輸、巡檢、采收、貨物管理等機(jī)器人,實(shí)現(xiàn)重點(diǎn)智能裝備的樣機(jī)研制和運(yùn)行數(shù)據(jù)積累,為未來商業(yè)化開發(fā)打好基礎(chǔ)。
以優(yōu)化種植業(yè)空間結(jié)構(gòu)、增加耕地儲(chǔ)備、創(chuàng)新設(shè)施園藝發(fā)展方式為目標(biāo),在小規(guī)模非耕地利用研究的基礎(chǔ)上,通過延伸技術(shù)鏈條、放大技術(shù)空間,使設(shè)施園藝非耕地技術(shù)向大規(guī)模擴(kuò)展,將“生產(chǎn)”技術(shù)全面擴(kuò)展到“生活、生態(tài)”技術(shù)方面,以裝備技術(shù)為主線、以低碳循環(huán)為特色,實(shí)現(xiàn)2個(gè)空間維度的技術(shù)應(yīng)用,一是形成城鎮(zhèn)邊緣非耕地“半島式”大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)基地;二是建設(shè)與城鎮(zhèn)分離的“孤島式”設(shè)施園藝城鎮(zhèn)。該研究主要是借鑒以色列發(fā)展設(shè)施園藝的經(jīng)驗(yàn),通過水資源高效利用、無土栽培技術(shù)的全面使用、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的配套,在非耕地大規(guī)模利用的前提下,實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)施園藝生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營的規(guī)模化、效益化、持續(xù)化。
中國設(shè)施園藝裝備研發(fā)不系統(tǒng)、不持續(xù)的問題由來已久,其他問題也與此相關(guān),雖然2011年出臺(tái)了第一個(gè)《全國設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)“十二五”發(fā)展規(guī)劃》,但側(cè)重于產(chǎn)業(yè),技術(shù)支撐的問題涉及很少。在中國設(shè)施園藝規(guī)模已居世界首位、作用凸顯的形勢(shì)下,應(yīng)盡早制定《設(shè)施園藝裝備技術(shù)創(chuàng)新發(fā)展規(guī)劃(2016-2025)》,以指導(dǎo)中國全領(lǐng)域、全行業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新工作。規(guī)劃重點(diǎn)是要立足農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的新形勢(shì)、新矛盾,以中國由設(shè)施園藝大國向強(qiáng)國轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槟繕?biāo),對(duì)重點(diǎn)研究領(lǐng)域、重要技術(shù)裝備、重大研究項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行科學(xué)規(guī)劃,結(jié)合科技管理體制改革的新要求,對(duì)體制機(jī)制創(chuàng)新、保障體系建設(shè)進(jìn)行安排,特別對(duì)那些長期存在的“短板”問題,要建立長期支持的重點(diǎn)扶持計(jì)劃,保障設(shè)施園藝裝備科技創(chuàng)新合理有序、持續(xù)健康發(fā)展。
通過綜合性發(fā)展計(jì)劃在短時(shí)間內(nèi)提升設(shè)施園藝產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展質(zhì)量和水平是許多國家的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)。如2011年荷蘭農(nóng)業(yè)部制定的“Kas als energiebron”計(jì)劃[69],日本2009年推出的《植物工廠基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)研究基地事業(yè)》和《植物工廠實(shí)證、展示和研修事業(yè)》[70]、2014年推出的《次世代設(shè)施園藝推進(jìn)事業(yè)》[71]等。中國也應(yīng)針對(duì)整個(gè)設(shè)施園藝產(chǎn)業(yè)的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)、長期短板和國家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的階段性要求,從裝備技術(shù)提升、節(jié)能減排、經(jīng)營效益等方面,制訂綜合性的技術(shù)促進(jìn)和產(chǎn)業(yè)促進(jìn)“全面趕超”計(jì)劃,從技術(shù)、資金、人才、政策等多方面為設(shè)施園藝在短期內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)適度的跨越式發(fā)展提供新契機(jī)、新動(dòng)力。
以激發(fā)設(shè)施園藝裝備技術(shù)創(chuàng)新主體活力、發(fā)揮不同層次創(chuàng)新主體作用為目標(biāo),通過財(cái)稅政策引導(dǎo)、技術(shù)推廣平臺(tái)建設(shè)、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)等措施,逐步形成科研院校關(guān)注基礎(chǔ)共性技術(shù)、企業(yè)積極投身應(yīng)用技術(shù)研發(fā)推廣的局面。如設(shè)立裝備技術(shù)研發(fā)促進(jìn)基金,通過少量的政府投入拉動(dòng)更大規(guī)模的社會(huì)研發(fā)資金;又如設(shè)立政府監(jiān)管下的成果“先使用,后付費(fèi)”技術(shù)推廣機(jī)制,政府出資向產(chǎn)權(quán)單位擔(dān)保,在一定期限內(nèi)免費(fèi)讓企業(yè)使用,到期再支付轉(zhuǎn)讓金等。此外,還要在立項(xiàng)、研發(fā)、應(yīng)用上推動(dòng)協(xié)作機(jī)制,鼓勵(lì)農(nóng)機(jī)/農(nóng)藝、企業(yè)/院校、專家/用戶、國內(nèi)/國外深度融合、長期協(xié)作,通過這種以生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果來確定技術(shù)成果價(jià)值的方式鼓勵(lì)真正的創(chuàng)新者、合作者,促進(jìn)裝備技術(shù)價(jià)值的真正實(shí)現(xiàn)。
調(diào)研中發(fā)現(xiàn),中國農(nóng)技推廣隊(duì)伍中缺少設(shè)施園藝裝備技術(shù)人員,直接造成了許多不當(dāng)技術(shù)設(shè)備的使用,影響到種植者效益。為確保裝備技術(shù)能更有效地應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐,應(yīng)進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化技術(shù)推廣與服務(wù)體系,本著公益、市場(chǎng)相結(jié)合的方針,在公益性推廣部門中,通過增加人員數(shù)量、強(qiáng)化培訓(xùn)等方式,提高推廣的科學(xué)性、及時(shí)性;同時(shí),通過市場(chǎng)化手段,建立社會(huì)化的推廣服務(wù)體系,調(diào)動(dòng)企業(yè)、科研、教學(xué)機(jī)構(gòu)的積極性,吸引其廣泛參與,最終形成層次分明、分工協(xié)作、推廣到位、服務(wù)及時(shí)、充滿活力的技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)體系。
隨著中國溫室園藝面積的快速增長,現(xiàn)有設(shè)施裝備技術(shù)體系在技術(shù)含量、穩(wěn)定性、信息化、智能化等方面的不足,導(dǎo)致的對(duì)產(chǎn)業(yè)瓶頸制約作用越來越明顯,影響了產(chǎn)業(yè)整體效益水平和勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)效率的提升。本文按照溫室生產(chǎn)所涉及的種苗、生產(chǎn)、物流、管理4個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)入手,對(duì)中國設(shè)施園藝裝備技術(shù)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了分析,并于國際設(shè)施園藝發(fā)達(dá)國家的水平進(jìn)行了比對(duì),找出了在種苗全程自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)、溫室結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和設(shè)施設(shè)備工程化、室內(nèi)智能物流輸送技術(shù)研發(fā)和栽培管理系統(tǒng)開發(fā)等方面存在的差距。進(jìn)而明確了設(shè)施園藝裝備產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展中存在的技術(shù)研發(fā)系統(tǒng)性和持續(xù)性不夠、與裝備匹配的農(nóng)藝參數(shù)缺乏長期積累、裝備整體性和工程性亟需提高、系統(tǒng)化前瞻性研究還未展開等問題。針對(duì)性的提出包括:區(qū)域化園藝作物生長機(jī)理、北方日光溫室結(jié)構(gòu)與裝備升級(jí)、全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈自動(dòng)化作業(yè)、園藝信息化智能化管理、非耕地基地化與城鎮(zhèn)化裝備等未來重點(diǎn)研發(fā)的方向,以及制定設(shè)施園藝裝備技術(shù)創(chuàng)新發(fā)展規(guī)劃、實(shí)施設(shè)施園藝技術(shù)促進(jìn)與產(chǎn)業(yè)促進(jìn)的“全面趕超”計(jì)劃、創(chuàng)新以激發(fā)協(xié)同研發(fā)活力的體制機(jī)制、強(qiáng)化技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)體系建設(shè)等政策建議,供科研單位、政府部門未來計(jì)劃和政策的制定提供參考,為指導(dǎo)中國設(shè)施園藝裝備技術(shù)的革新、切實(shí)發(fā)揮裝備技術(shù)對(duì)設(shè)施園藝產(chǎn)業(yè)健康、持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要支撐作用,提供借鑒和保障。
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Development status and future research emphase on greenhouse horticultural equipment and its relative technology in China
Qi Fei, Wei Xiaoming, Zhang Yuefeng
(1.100125,; 2.,100125,)
With the fast increasing of greenhouse scale, the Chinese greenhouse horticultural equipment industry also developed rapidly in recent years. A complete technology system would be establishing gradually. On account of shortage for influencing mechanism between greenhouse environment and plant demand, poor matching of greenhouse with equipment and low level of the whole equipment manufacturing industry, the level of greenhouse horticultural equipment in China is lower than that in developed country in the aspects of technical content, stability, information and intelligent level. The mechanization rate of greenhouse horticulture in China is only 32.45% in 2012, and there was imbalance of mechanization rate among the processes of greenhouse horticulture such as plough, cultivate, harvest, environmental control and so on. These situation limiting the improvement of effectiveness level and labor productivity of greenhouse horticulture industry in China. After the announcement of Made in China 2025 Action Plan, it is necessary to make a systematic summary for equipment and relative technology of greenhouse horticulture in China, and to point out the research main points of the greenhouse horticultural equipment which play the real supporting function roles in greenhouse horticulture. Based on obtaining the present status of Chinese greenhouse horticulture equipment technology exactly, the level of greenhouse horticulture equipment in China was compared with that in the developed country from the aspects of seeding breeding equipment, cultivation producing equipment, logistics transporting equipment, plant management equipment, and the relative gap between countries was found. Meanwhile, the problems existing in the development of Chinese greenhouse horticulture equipment technology were point out, such as: lacking of systematic and constant research and innovation, shortage of accumulation in agronomic technique matching with equipment, absence of systematic research for future technology, insufficiency of integrity and engineering for equipment. The future key research tasks in Chinese greenhouse horticulture equipment were formulated, such as: 1)long-term collaborative research for regional greenhouse horticultural crop growth mechanism, which conducted the continues monitoring for equipment, environment and crop physiology in multi-span greenhouse, Chinese solar greenhouse in the north of China and plastic film greenhouse in the south of China, and established the relation model between mainly environment parameters and crop yield under different greenhouse equipment conditions in different region; 2)technology research for upgrade and update of Chinese solar greenhouse, which developed the new greenhouse structure and cultivation model to achieve whole year planting, labor force saving, land saving and energy saving; 3) whole industrial chain automatic production technology and equipment research, which developed the equipment for seed breeding, cultivation, harvesting and logistics, to archived vegetable automatic production in greenhouse; 4) research for greenhouse horticulture intelligent management equipment, which developed the information management software for large greenhouse production and established regional greenhouse horticulture cloud computing database; 5) research for non-cultivated land greenhouse equipment, which integrated the water saving irrigation technology and soilless cultivation technology to archive planting in greenhouse in non-cultivated land. The policy suggestions were also put forward such as making greenhouse horticultural equipment technology innovation plan, establishing technology promotion service system and so on. This article should provide an important reference for making future planning and policy by government and scientific research institutions and for guiding the innovation of Chinese greenhouse horticulture equipment technology.
greenhouses; equipment; technology; greenhouse horticulture; development status; research emphasis
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.24.001
S62
A
1002-6819(2017)-24-0001-09
2016-11-02
2017-12-11
國家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2017YFD0701500)
齊 飛,總工程師、研究員,主要從事溫室結(jié)構(gòu)、設(shè)備、材料和產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展方面的研究。Email:qf2008@188.com
齊 飛,魏曉明,張躍峰. 中國設(shè)施園藝裝備技術(shù)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與未來研究方向[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2017,33(24):1-9. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.24.001 http://www.tcsae.org
Qi Fei, Wei Xiaoming, Zhang Yuefeng. Development status and future research emphase on greenhouse horticultural equipment and its relative technology in China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(24): 1-9. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.24.001 http://www.tcsae.org