aSchool of Pharmacy,Bandung Institute of Technology,Jl.Ganesa 10,Bandung 40132,Indonesia

bIndonesian High of Pharmacy,Jl.Soekarno Hatta no 354,Bandung,Indonesia

cFaculty of Pharmacy,University of Jenderal Ahmad Yani University,Cimahi,Indonesia

dSchool of Biological Science and Technology,Bandung Institute of Technology,Bandung 40132,Indonesia

Antiphytophthora and antifusarium from Indonesian medicinal plants

S.Sukrasnoa,*,Diah Lia Aulifab,Yenni Karlinac, Nyoman P.Aryanthad

aSchool of Pharmacy,Bandung Institute of Technology,Jl.Ganesa 10,Bandung 40132,Indonesia

bIndonesian High of Pharmacy,Jl.Soekarno Hatta no 354,Bandung,Indonesia

cFaculty of Pharmacy,University of Jenderal Ahmad Yani University,Cimahi,Indonesia

dSchool of Biological Science and Technology,Bandung Institute of Technology,Bandung 40132,Indonesia

A R T I C L E I N F O

Article history:

Available online 28 October 2015

Indonesian medicinal plants

Antiphytopthora

Antifusarium

Phytophthora and Fusarium are two phytopathogenic fungi that are frequently faced by farmer.A number of Indonesian medicinal plants have been traditionally used to treat skin diseases due to fungal infection.Some of the Indonesian medicinal plants have been tested and found to be active as antifungal agents. These plants were studied for the capacity to inhibit the growth of Phytophthora and Fusarium.The medicinal plants tested included Piper betle leaves,Piper crocatum leaves,Syzigium aromaticum leaves and fower,Ageratum conyzoides leaves,Cassia alata leaves,Cymbopogon nardus leaves,Curcuma domestica rhizome,Curcuma xanthorrhiza rhizome,Curcuma zedoaria rhizome,Alpinia galangae rhizome,Zingiber offcinale rhizome, Acorus calamus rhizome,Allium sativum bulb,Cinnamomum cardamom cortex,Garcinia mangostana fruit cortex and Ecliptica alba herb.Extraction was performed by macerating 10 g of medicinal plant powder with 100 mL methanol for 48 hours,and the extract obtained was evaporated to dryness.The extract was tested at 0.5 and 1%in water containing 2%Tween-80.

Agar diffusion method was employed to test the antifungal activity[1,2].Phytophthora palmivora Butler was obtained from the collection of Mycology Laboratory,Life Science Center of Bandung Institute of Technology.Fusarium oxysporum culture was obtained from Horticultural Research Institute Lembang, Bandung.The cultures were inoculated on PDA and incubated at 25°C–30°C for seven days.The assay was performed by making four diffusion wells on solid PDA media using a corkborer,and into each well 50 μl tested sample was added.Fungal culture with a diameter of 5 mm that was prepared using a cork borer was inoculated in the middle of the media and incubated for seven days.Inhibition diameter was measured after seven days and antifungal activity presented as inhibition percentage that was calculated by dividing the difference between the diameter of mycelial control growth and test growth toward the control growth.

Fig.1–Scanning electron microscopy of normal Fusarium oxysporum(a)treated with eugenol from S.aromaticum(b)at 350× magnifcation(above)and at 2,000×magnifcation(c,d).

Methanol extract of C.alata leaves,C.xanthorrhiza, C.domestica,C.zedoaria and S.aromaticum gave more than 50% inhibition at 1%toward P.palmivora.Extract of S.aromaticum fower gave the highest inhibition at 89.5%.Growth inhibitions at higher than 50%toward the growth of F.oxysporum were only given by the extract of P.betle leaf,S.aromaticum leaf and S.aromaticum fower.The highest antifusarium activity was also demonstrated by S.aromaticum fower extract.Identifcation of the antifungal compound toward both phytopathogenic fungi from S.aromaticum leaf and fower showed eugenol as the responsible compound for the antifungal activity.

Cell wall of fungi treated with eugenol was shrinking,indicating the disruption of cell wall structure(Fig.1).Eugenol induces the leakage of protein and lipid from the cells at 2× MIC for 120 minutes due to the damage of bacterial cell walls [3].Latest fnding showed that eugenol block the transport of aromatic and branched chain amino acid across the cytoplasmic membrane[4].

Clove is potential to be developed as a source for natural antifungal agent to control crop infection by pathogenic fungi agents such as Phytophthora and Fusarium.It may also be developed as antifungal agent for human skin infection by fungi.

Acknowledgement

This research was funded by the IMHERE Research Grant School of Pharmacy,Bandung Institute of Technology.

R E F E R E N C E S

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[2]Udomlert MW,Kupittayanat P,Gritsanapan W.In vitro evaluation of antifungal activity of anthraquinone derivatives of Senna alata.J Health Res 2010;24:117–122.

[3]Oyedemi SO,Okoh AI,Mabinya LV,et al.The proposed mechanism of bactericidal action of eugenol,α-terpineol and α-terpinene against Listeria monocytogenes,Streptococcus pyogenes,Proteus vulgaris and Escherichia coli.Afr J Biotech 2009;8:1280–1286.

[4]Darvishi E,Omidi M,Bushehri AAS,et al.The antifungal eugenol perturbs dual aromatic and branched chain amino acid permeases in the cytoplasmic membrane of yeast.PLoS ONE 2013;8:76028.

*E-mail address:sukras@fa.itb.ac.id.

Peer review under responsibility of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajps.2015.10.019

1818-0876/?2016 The Authors.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).