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        環(huán)狀RNA參與腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的機(jī)制

        2017-01-12 13:33:23祝靈平陳秀何蘊(yùn)藉周思穎鐘山亮趙建華唐金海
        中國腫瘤外科雜志 2017年6期
        關(guān)鍵詞:環(huán)狀外顯子測序

        祝靈平, 陳秀, 何蘊(yùn)藉, 周思穎, 鐘山亮, 趙建華, 唐金海

        環(huán)狀 RNA (circular RNA, circRNA) 在哺乳動物中廣泛表達(dá)。許多研究表明,環(huán)狀RNA與胃癌、結(jié)直腸癌、乳腺癌、食管癌、肝癌和卵巢癌等多種腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展有直接或間接的關(guān)系。不少文獻(xiàn)也證實(shí)環(huán)狀RNA可調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)錄和轉(zhuǎn)錄后基因的表達(dá),可與蛋白質(zhì)相互作用進(jìn)而影響細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程、細(xì)胞衰老和凋亡等生命活動。隨著RNA 測序技術(shù)和生物學(xué)分析的發(fā)展,不僅越來越多的環(huán)狀RNA被發(fā)現(xiàn),而且其具體的作用機(jī)制也逐漸被人們所熟知,環(huán)狀RNA有望成為一種新穎的疾病診斷標(biāo)志物。本文通過綜合國內(nèi)外有關(guān)環(huán)狀RNA的研究進(jìn)展,對環(huán)狀RNA發(fā)展歷史、起源、主要特征、功能及其參與腫瘤發(fā)展進(jìn)行概述。

        1 環(huán)狀RNA的發(fā)展歷史

        1976年,Sanger等[1]發(fā)現(xiàn),類病毒基因組由單鏈、閉合RNA分子構(gòu)成,類病毒能侵染植株并導(dǎo)致其死亡,而死亡植株體內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)了類病毒的基因組RNA。1979年,洛克菲勒大學(xué)Hsu 和 Coca-Prados 在電子顯微鏡下觀察到真核細(xì)胞的胞質(zhì)中有環(huán)狀RNA的存在[2]。1993年,Capel等[3]在小鼠精子決定基因Sry中發(fā)現(xiàn)環(huán)狀RNA轉(zhuǎn)錄過程。2006年,Houseley等[4]在果蠅中發(fā)現(xiàn)來自Muscleblind的未知環(huán)狀轉(zhuǎn)錄本。2012年,Salzman等[5]通過RNA-Seq方法首次報(bào)道80個環(huán)狀RNA。隨著高通量測序技術(shù)的發(fā)展,大量環(huán)狀RNA分子被相繼發(fā)現(xiàn)。Jeck等[6]在人類成纖維細(xì)胞中檢測出 25 000多種環(huán)狀RNA;而Memczak等[7]通過結(jié)合RNA-seq數(shù)據(jù)和人白細(xì)胞數(shù)據(jù)庫鑒定出1 950種人類環(huán)狀RNA、1 903種小鼠環(huán)狀RNA (其中81種與人類環(huán)狀RNA相同) 和724種線蟲環(huán)狀RNA。

        2 環(huán)狀RNA的起源和特征

        環(huán)狀RNA的種類和形式多種多樣,可以起源于基因組序列中任何區(qū)域,且同一基因位置產(chǎn)生的環(huán)狀RNA也可以是不同類型[7-11]。不同于線性RNA,環(huán)狀RNA是一組3’和5’ 端反向剪接形成共價閉合的環(huán)狀結(jié)構(gòu),稱為“backsplicing”[9, 12-15]。根據(jù)來源主要分為3類:內(nèi)含子序列形成的環(huán)狀RNA (circular intronicRNA, ciRNA),外顯子序列形成的環(huán)狀RNA(exonic circular RNA, ecircRNA) 以及內(nèi)含子和外顯子序列共同形成的環(huán)狀RNA (exon-intron circular RNA, EIciRNA)[8,10, 16-17]。外顯子環(huán)狀RNA可以由一個或者多個外顯子序列組成,主要存在于細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi),而內(nèi)含子環(huán)狀RNA主要分布在細(xì)胞核內(nèi)[18-19]。由于環(huán)狀RNA呈封閉環(huán)狀結(jié)構(gòu),沒有5’—3’的極性和多聚腺苷酸尾巴,故不易被核酸外切酶RNaseR降解,比線性RNA更穩(wěn)定,進(jìn)化也是保守的[20-21]。環(huán)狀RNA廣泛存在于人體細(xì)胞中,其數(shù)量甚至超過線性RNA的10倍。環(huán)狀RNA具有組織和疾病特異性,在腦組織的含量高,尤其是神經(jīng)突觸中[5-6,22-23]。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),環(huán)狀RNA在細(xì)胞外泌體中富集,其可能機(jī)制是環(huán)狀RNA不易被降解,可通過細(xì)胞分泌細(xì)胞外囊泡途徑釋放到胞外[24-25]。

        3 環(huán)狀RNA的功能

        一直認(rèn)為,環(huán)狀RNA是一種mRNA錯誤剪接體,是一類沒有功能的結(jié)構(gòu),長期被忽視[3, 10, 26]。隨著轉(zhuǎn)錄本研究的深入和RNA測序技術(shù)發(fā)展,環(huán)狀RNA功能慢慢被了解。它們主要參與 miRNA 海綿吸附、轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控、結(jié)合蛋白質(zhì)、翻譯和剪接等 5個方面的調(diào)節(jié)[27-33]。據(jù)報(bào)道,環(huán)狀RNA在多種疾病(如心血管疾病[34]、阿爾茨海默病[35-36]、帕金森[37]等)和肝癌[38]、胃癌[39]、食管癌[40]、結(jié)腸癌[41]等腫瘤中發(fā)揮重要作用,參與這些疾病生理病理調(diào)節(jié)過程[42]。

        3.1 環(huán)狀RNA在腫瘤組織中異常表達(dá) 環(huán)狀RNA在腫瘤組織中異常表達(dá),與癌旁組織相比,環(huán)狀RNA hsa_circ_002059[43]、hsa_circ_0000096[39]、has_circ_0001649[44]表達(dá)水平在胃癌組織中下調(diào),而circPVT1[45]在胃癌組織中高表達(dá)。Hsa_circ_0000069[46]、hsa_circ_001569[47]、circ-BANP[41]表達(dá)水平在結(jié)腸癌組織中明顯上調(diào),而hsa_circ_001988[48]在結(jié)腸癌中低表達(dá)。Zhong等[49]在膀胱癌組織芯片中發(fā)現(xiàn)circTCF25高表達(dá)。Hsa_circ_0067934[40]在食管癌組織中上調(diào),而cir-ITCH[50]在食管鱗癌組織中明顯下調(diào)。 Xuan等[51]發(fā)現(xiàn),hsa_circRNA_100855在喉癌組織中上調(diào),而hsa_circRNA_104912在喉癌組織中下調(diào)。同樣有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)hsa_circ_0005075[52]、circZKSCAN1[53]在肝癌組織中上調(diào)。

        3.2 環(huán)狀RNA參與腫瘤的增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移、凋亡 環(huán)狀RNA在癌癥研究領(lǐng)域備受關(guān)注,多項(xiàng)研究表明,他們可以通過相關(guān)信號通路來影響細(xì)胞增殖、分化、轉(zhuǎn)移和凋亡等發(fā)展過程。例如,叉形頭盒 O3 環(huán)狀 RNA(circRNA-forkhead box O3, circ-Foxo3) 能與缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子 (hypoxia inducible factor 1α, HIF1α) 和局部粘著斑激酶 (focal adhesion kinase, FAK) 相結(jié)合,這些蛋白質(zhì)被捕獲,它們的功能無法發(fā)揮,從而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞衰老。circ-Foxo3能 與 細(xì) 胞 周 期 蛋 白 依 賴 性 激 酶 2 (cyclindependent kinase 2, CDK2) 和細(xì)胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶抑制劑 p21 形成三元復(fù)合物抑制 CDK2 的活性,將細(xì)胞阻滯在 G1/S 期,影響細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)展,抑制細(xì)胞增殖[54-55]。circHIPK3可以海綿吸附miR-124調(diào)節(jié)基因如蛋白磷酸酶調(diào)節(jié)分子(protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 13 like,iASPP)影響腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖[56-57]。此外,長非編碼RNA和環(huán)狀RNA可以在mRNA和蛋白水平上調(diào)節(jié)mir-671誘導(dǎo)上調(diào)凋亡相關(guān)因子caspase8和p38表達(dá),促進(jìn)神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞凋亡[58]。早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病/視黃酸受體α(promyelocytic leukemia/retinoic acid receptorα,PML/RARA)和酸甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶2A(lysine methyltransferase 2A,MLL)基因融合、生產(chǎn)環(huán)狀RNA(f-circm9和f-circpr)被敲除后會導(dǎo)致大量腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡[59]。cir-ITCH可結(jié)合miR-7和miR-214增強(qiáng)E3泛素蛋白連接酶(itchy E3 ubiquitin protein ligase ,ITCH)表達(dá),從而抑制Wnt/β-catenin信號通路[50]。同時,cZNF292下調(diào)被證實(shí)有助于降低核因子κb(nuclear factorκB,NF-κB)、轉(zhuǎn)錄因子E2F transcription factor 1(E2F1)、Sp1 transcription factor(SP1)、hypoxia inducible factor 1(HIF-1)、AP-1transcription factor subunit(AP-1)、信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)、信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活子5(signal transducer and activator of transcription 5,STAT5),從而抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長[60-61]。環(huán)狀RNA表達(dá)受到許多癌癥相關(guān)通路和信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路的影響,包括磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/Akt(Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Akt ,PI3K/Akt)和NFκB,轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β(transforming growth factorβ,TGF-β)等[62]。環(huán)狀RNA可能在腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展以及侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移中發(fā)揮重要作用[46, 53, 63]。

        4 環(huán)狀RNA可能成為新型的腫瘤診斷及治療標(biāo)志物

        隨著RNA測序和其他檢測技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,我們注意到,環(huán)狀RNA在許多腫瘤中差異表達(dá)現(xiàn)象很普遍,包括食管癌、胃癌、膀胱癌、結(jié)腸癌、肝細(xì)胞癌等腫瘤中環(huán)狀RNA的表達(dá)。Li等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn),外泌體中環(huán)狀RNA(exosome circRNA, exo-circRNA)含量比細(xì)胞豐富,且性質(zhì)穩(wěn)定,而血清中多種 exo-circRNA 在癌癥患者和健康人中具有明顯差異表達(dá),環(huán)狀RNA可通過外泌體傳遞某種信號到遠(yuǎn)處靶細(xì)胞,從而可以初步實(shí)現(xiàn)腫瘤患者的早期診斷和鑒別診斷。由于環(huán)狀RNA比線性RNA更穩(wěn)定,起源于易種植腫瘤,環(huán)狀RNA可以貯存在細(xì)胞囊泡中通過胞吐方式釋放進(jìn)入血液循環(huán),使得環(huán)狀RNA在臨床創(chuàng)傷小、易于獲得的采集體液 (如唾液、 血液等)中更容易被檢測和被提取[64-65]。這些特點(diǎn)為環(huán)狀RNA成為腫瘤診斷和靶向治療標(biāo)志物提供了臨床優(yōu)勢。環(huán)狀RNA有可能成為人類腫瘤中理想分子標(biāo)志物,用于某些腫瘤的靶向治療。

        5 環(huán)狀RNA的應(yīng)用與挑戰(zhàn)

        環(huán)狀RNA可通過調(diào)控miRNA間接實(shí)現(xiàn)其功能,環(huán)狀RNA 與miRNA 之間既存在競爭關(guān)系又存在協(xié)同關(guān)系,可以把環(huán)狀RNA作為靶標(biāo)來調(diào)控miRNA,進(jìn)而調(diào)控一系列生命活動,他們之間的平衡對生物體至關(guān)重要。目前,雖然已有大量證據(jù)證明環(huán)狀RNA參與基因的表達(dá)調(diào)控、腫瘤的發(fā)生和發(fā)展過程,但環(huán)狀RNA大部分功能還是未知的,且探索環(huán)狀RNA的工具也是有限的,因此更深入研究將面臨著挑戰(zhàn)。

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