梓里
2016年9月1日,蒼南縣礬山鎮(zhèn)福德灣村獲聯(lián)合國教科文組織2016年度“亞太地區(qū)文化遺產(chǎn)保護獎”。礬山鎮(zhèn)曾經(jīng)因采煉礬石而盛衰,如今隨著工業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)保護工作的日漸完善,嶄新的活力逐漸注入到這個古老的礦區(qū)。
礬都沒落,小鎮(zhèn)如何尋出路
明礬,與我們生活息息相關(guān),廣泛用于食品加工、制藥、凈水、造紙等。
溫州市西南部山區(qū)蘊藏著儲量豐富的礬礦。640年前,小鎮(zhèn)因礬而生,因礬而興,因礬而名。據(jù)探測,礬山鎮(zhèn)周邊的雞籠山、水尾山至大崗山一帶綿延十公里,明礬總儲量達2.4億噸,約占全國儲量的80%、世界儲量的60%,因稱“世界礬都”。
礬山采煉礬石的記載,最早始于明洪武八年(1375)。據(jù)明弘治《溫州府志》說:礬,平陽赤山(即今蒼南礬山)有之……取石細搗提煉而成,清者為明礬,濁者為白礬。至晚清、民國時期,礬山礦山開采、明礬煉制規(guī)模盛大。那時,明礬與茶葉、絲綢已成為溫州的三大出口物資,遠銷日本、澳大利亞、美國等國。
數(shù)百年間,福德灣村沿雞籠山而建,從山上至山下,依次為礦洞、居住區(qū)、煉礬區(qū),居民多依礬業(yè)為生,命運隨著礬業(yè)興衰轉(zhuǎn)變。
出生于福德灣村的朱為黨,退休前是當(dāng)?shù)氐V里的煉礬工。他見證了離他最近一次的礬業(yè)繁榮,也目睹了近30年來礬業(yè)的日漸衰敗。
新中國成立初期,礬礦曾是溫州最大的產(chǎn)業(yè),礬山的工業(yè)產(chǎn)值約占當(dāng)時全市的38%。1956年,礬山公私合營,組建平陽明礬廠聯(lián)合公司,明礬銷售量逐年上升。1959年,明礬銷售達到歷史最高水平?!澳菚r的晚上,溫州市里只有零星燈光,我們鎮(zhèn)上已是萬家燈火。各大銀行紛紛入駐。鎮(zhèn)上有遠近聞名的礬山醫(yī)院,不少外地人專程來鎮(zhèn)上看病。”滿頭銀發(fā)的朱為黨,回憶起當(dāng)年礬山的盛況,嘴角上揚難掩興奮之情。
如今走在礬山鎮(zhèn)的中心街道上,很難想象朱為黨記憶中小鎮(zhèn)的輝煌往事?,F(xiàn)在的礬山鎮(zhèn),僅有一家農(nóng)村合作銀行,礬山醫(yī)院也日漸蕭條。豎在鎮(zhèn)政府老街舊樓頂上的“溫州礬礦 世界礬都”幾個大字,經(jīng)歷了數(shù)十載的風(fēng)吹雨打,已變成暗灰色,與不遠處福德灣村幾處高高聳起的廢棄煅燒爐相互映襯。
重生之路,傳承工業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)
從20世紀(jì)70年代起,明礬多被硫酸鋁取代,銷售量驟減。當(dāng)時,國家僅開放雞籠山礦區(qū)供開采,多年來開采區(qū)的礬礦資源已近枯竭,遠遠望去,采空的山體肉眼可見。
礦山采煉,為小鎮(zhèn)帶來經(jīng)濟的騰飛,但粗放式的生產(chǎn)模式極大破壞了當(dāng)?shù)氐纳鷳B(tài)環(huán)境。
20世紀(jì)80年代,因礦而生的福德灣村陷入了蕭條。礬山鎮(zhèn)的年輕人外出發(fā)展井巷業(yè),落寞的礬礦只剩下老礦工們堅守。面臨資源短缺、企業(yè)老化、高污染、高能耗、低效能、連年虧損的窘境,礬山人已經(jīng)意識到,依靠礬礦發(fā)家致富的日子遠去了。
近30年來,蒼南縣一直在想方設(shè)法,希望能喚醒昏睡的“世界礬都”。在環(huán)境治理的同時,蒼南開始思索如何保存礬山這座百年工業(yè)遺存、將之轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闅v史文化富礦,造福一方,永續(xù)后人。
蒼南縣政協(xié)主席張傳君的父輩是礬山人,對于礬山老家,他有著特殊的情感?!暗\礦沉淀了豐富的工業(yè)文明遺產(chǎn)以及濃郁的地方文化和獨特的礦工風(fēng)貌,尤其是礦山開采和井巷施工技術(shù),至今還影響著當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟發(fā)展?!睆垈骶f。
2011年,張傳君組織縣政協(xié)部分委員,歷時3個月,對礬礦開展專題調(diào)研。經(jīng)過專家建議,礬山鎮(zhèn)可以借鑒德國魯爾區(qū)資源型城市成功改造轉(zhuǎn)型案例。與礬山鎮(zhèn)相同,德國魯爾工業(yè)區(qū)遭遇煤炭資源枯竭、由鋼鐵振興到企業(yè)沒落的經(jīng)濟陣痛。經(jīng)過半個世紀(jì)的綜合整治,魯爾區(qū)從一個環(huán)境污染嚴(yán)重的重工業(yè)區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)變成一個工業(yè)歷史文化休閑區(qū)。蒼南縣決定,礬山鎮(zhèn)轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)展生態(tài)旅游業(yè),同時,以“溫州礬礦”為名申報世界工業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)。
2013年,溫州礬礦申報世界工業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)研究促進會成立。此后,當(dāng)?shù)卮迕瘛⒎钦M織(申遺促進會)和政府機構(gòu)共同努力,修繕福德灣老街傳統(tǒng)民居,開發(fā)利用礬礦采空區(qū),打造綠色國家礦山公園。
今日礬山,新興旅游城鎮(zhèn)
礬山鎮(zhèn)域內(nèi)自然資源豐富,擁有16平方公里的圓形火山口、海拔千米的蒼南第一高峰鶴頂山。鶴頂山形成于距今1.5億年前的晚侏羅紀(jì)地質(zhì)年代,山上遍布“石?!钡孛?。
礬山鎮(zhèn)的人文資源以礦區(qū)延展。沿主礦山而建的福德灣村是礬山城鎮(zhèn)形成的最初雛形,見證了礬礦工人生產(chǎn)生活的歷程。這里的民居始建于清末民初,從山上至山下緊依采煉區(qū)舊址而建。村落格局保存完整,具有浙南典型山地民居特色。村內(nèi)遍布古街巷、石臺階、古樹、古井及大量的特色民居。長年累月的明礬運輸形成了礬山—藻溪、礬山—赤溪、礬山—福建前岐等挑礬古道,其中礬—藻挑礬古道居于兼具旅游休閑、采風(fēng)創(chuàng)作、野外運動的“溫州十大古道”之首。
640年的采煉礬石歷史給礬山留下了明礬始祖宮、登山石步道、古礬窯、礦工石頭屋、礦主老宅院、工人大禮堂、蘇式辦公樓等一大批人文歷史景觀。礬礦至今仍保留沿用半機械、半人力的采煉技術(shù)。作為“煉礬遺址”,它是浙江省級文物保護單位中唯一仍在生產(chǎn)的工業(yè)“活遺址”,也是礬礦采煉技術(shù)發(fā)展、工藝變遷活的教科書。
福德灣村是一個完整的采煉生產(chǎn)、生活系統(tǒng)。村外雞籠山北坡的南洋312平洞,已成為礬礦礦區(qū)展示地之一。近期,礬山鎮(zhèn)政府與當(dāng)?shù)貒鴮W(xué)讀書會簽訂了《礬都口述史》編撰意向書,希望通過采訪見證礬山發(fā)展歷程的人物,留住礦區(qū)記憶。
一如當(dāng)初先祖在這里發(fā)現(xiàn)礦藏,開始定居生產(chǎn)、綿延子孫,如今的百年工業(yè)遺存成了礬山人新的寶藏。
曾經(jīng)大片光禿的礦山已經(jīng)恢復(fù)綠色。不少年輕人回鄉(xiāng)創(chuàng)業(yè),建起民宿、農(nóng)家樂。節(jié)假日的礬山,多了不少游人。對于礬山人來說,未來的路還很長,但這場轉(zhuǎn)變遠比預(yù)想的要快。礬山能否成為浙南的“魯爾”,讓人充滿期待。
The mining glory
Alums are used for a range of industrial purposes, such as food processing, pharmaceutical sciences, water purification and paper-making.
The mountainous southwest of Wenzhou has long been reputed for its rich alunite deposits. The alunite mining industry of Fanshan Town, dubbed “the worlds alum capital”, dates back to about 640 years ago, hence the towns name. Scientific exploration shows the gross reserves of alums in the ore deposits in the sprawling Jilongshan, Shuiweishan and Dagangshan belt are estimated to be 240,000,000 tons, meaning that the towns alunite reserve volume accounts for 80% of the national total and around 60% of the worlds total.
The towns alum mining started in the Hongwu years in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), and reached its heyday in the late Qing period and the early years of the Republican times, when alums ranked together with tea and silk as one of the top three chief exports of Wenzhou and enjoyed a big market in Japan, Australia and America.
For hundreds of years, the town thrived on the natures bounty. The mining industry remained as the lifeline of the locals until the late 1970s.
The bad times and rebirth
The rising dominance of aluminum sulfate in the 1970s led to the collapse of the towns alum industrial chain. In Jilongshan designated by the national government for mining, the deposits that once brought opulence to the town were nearing depletion, due to long-time reckless mining. The ecology suffered greatly, forcing the younger generation of the miners to leave their hometown for better opportunities.
Worsening resource scarcity, low-efficiency and deteriorating pollution broke the heart of many, including Zhang Chuanjun, chair of Cangnan County CPPCC. “It is a shame to see such a rich and unique industrial heritage die out because of the inaction of the local government,” he said.
Real changes started with a three-month research program launched by the county government in 2011. The research generated the consensus that the towns future development could draw experiences from the successful “renaissance” of the Ruhr district in Germany.
The largest urban agglomeration in Germany, Ruhr went through phases of structural crisis and industrial diversification as demand for coal decreased in the late 1950s, first developing traditional heavy industry, then moving into service industries and high technology. The air and water pollution of the area are largely a thing of the past, thanks to vigorous environmental construction and industrial transformation.
Industrial tourism
The towns alum cultural glory can now be seen at Fudewan Village, where civilian dwellings are all set in hilly ore areas and present a strong Qing and early Republican architectural style. For a more in-depth relish of the towns alunite mining past, the villages ancient alum transportation footpaths ensure a rewarding experience, with the Fanshan-Zaoxi path now ranking among the “top 10 ancient footpaths in Wenzhou”.
The towns 640-year-long alum mining history also spawned a dazzling variety of cultural spots for todays people to time travel. The towns ancient mining locations that are still in operation in the old-fashioned semi-mechanized style serve as a living fossil of the ancient alum mining and refining technologies in Wenzhou.
To do more justice to the towns alchemy pride, the town government is working with a local book club to put together a documentary-style book that records the vicissitudes of Fanshan.
For the locals, it is a great relief to see the comeback of the long-lost green on the mines and many young people coming home from big cities to start their entrepreneurial dreams. In the towns bustling industrial tourism scene, there is a bright future for all. It will be a long way to go, but the new directions have been set.