史鐵丑,徐曉紅
?
重慶市典型縣撂荒耕地圖斑的提取與驗(yàn)證
史鐵丑1,2,徐曉紅3※
(1. 河北地質(zhì)大學(xué)土地資源與城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃學(xué)院,石家莊 050031;2. 中國(guó)科學(xué)院地理科學(xué)與資源研究所陸地表層格局與模擬院重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100101;3. 河北工業(yè)職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院工商管理系,石家莊 050091)
耕地撂荒在國(guó)際和國(guó)內(nèi)眾多區(qū)域都有分布,而且近年來(lái)有愈演愈烈的趨勢(shì)。撂荒地塊的提取是進(jìn)一步研究耕地撂荒狀況的基礎(chǔ)。該文詳細(xì)闡述了重慶市典型縣的撂荒耕地地塊的提取過(guò)程,利用2期耕地圖層疊加,剔除退耕還林和森林工程圖斑,得到撂荒耕地分布圖,在此基礎(chǔ)上得出了重慶市典型縣的耕地撂荒狀況。將隨機(jī)抽樣提取的撂荒耕地圖斑與Google Earth影像驗(yàn)證,撂荒耕地圖斑提取的正確率達(dá)到85.3%,該方法用于提取山區(qū)的撂荒耕地是可行的。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),2011年石柱、巫山和酉陽(yáng)3縣的耕地撂荒率分別為14.0%、19.9%和19.2%,整體上3縣的平均撂荒率為18.0%,撂荒耕地總面積為5.6萬(wàn)hm2。撂荒耕地以旱地為主,占總撂荒地面積的82.4%,旱地撂荒率為20.4%,水田撂荒率為11.5%。3縣中,巫山縣和酉陽(yáng)縣的撂荒率高于石柱縣;而且,在水田撂荒方面,巫山縣和酉陽(yáng)縣的水田撂荒率也明顯高于石柱縣,3縣的水田撂荒率分別為17.2%、13.9%與6.3%。
土地利用;提取;驗(yàn)證;撂荒率;圖斑;撂荒耕地
耕地撂荒是指耕地閑置1a以上而未被利用的現(xiàn)象[1]。20世紀(jì)后半葉,全球山區(qū)人口持續(xù)減少,出現(xiàn)大面積土地退耕現(xiàn)象[2]。北美、歐洲、地中海地區(qū)、日本等國(guó)家出現(xiàn)的農(nóng)地撂荒[3-5]、邊際耕地退出生產(chǎn)、森林面積增加等[6-9],可以認(rèn)為是農(nóng)地邊際化的典型案例[10-15]。中國(guó)國(guó)土面積的三分之二屬于丘陵區(qū)和高原區(qū),坡耕地面積較大[16]。部分省區(qū)耕地質(zhì)量總體不高,存在著大量的耕地撂荒現(xiàn)象[17-18]。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的發(fā)展歷程表明,在工業(yè)化和城市化的過(guò)程中,農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)力的損失是導(dǎo)致耕地撂荒的重要原因[19-22]。此外,政府出臺(tái)支持邊際地區(qū)的發(fā)展政策、需求增長(zhǎng)或勞動(dòng)力價(jià)格上漲引起的糧食價(jià)格上漲、新型省工性技術(shù)發(fā)展、能源作物推廣種植等因素都會(huì)制約或減緩耕地邊際化和撂荒的發(fā)展[2,23-28]。
耕地撂荒現(xiàn)象在國(guó)際和國(guó)內(nèi)眾多區(qū)域都有分布,而且近年來(lái)有愈演愈烈的趨勢(shì),但國(guó)內(nèi)關(guān)于耕地撂荒的研究多在宏觀的理論層面,如耕地撂荒的現(xiàn)象、機(jī)制和對(duì)策等,但關(guān)于耕地撂荒的規(guī)模和具體的數(shù)據(jù)很少有組織或個(gè)人能夠給出。
撂荒地塊的提取是進(jìn)一步研究耕地撂荒狀況的基礎(chǔ)。關(guān)于撂荒耕地的提取方法,馬玲玲等[29]對(duì)內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)和林格爾縣的耕地撂荒進(jìn)行了研究,撂荒耕地的提取方法是對(duì)土地詳查的耕地圖層與荒草地圖進(jìn)行疊加處理提取撂荒耕地,得出1996-2009年和林格爾縣的撂荒率為3.2%。程維芳[30]以廣東省惠東縣、海豐縣和陸豐縣為研究區(qū),通過(guò)3種遙感調(diào)查的方法:基于建立解譯標(biāo)志的撂荒地提取方法、基于NDVI的時(shí)間序列特征撂荒耕地提取方法、基于光譜特征的土地分類(lèi)提取方法,研究其撂荒情況,結(jié)果表明,以目視解譯的結(jié)果為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),基于NDVI時(shí)間序列特征的撂荒耕地提取方法為較適宜的方法。
本文選取重慶市作為研究區(qū)域。重慶位于中國(guó)內(nèi)陸西南部,地跨105°11′~110°11′E、28°10′~32°13′N(xiāo)之間,幅員面積8.24萬(wàn)km2,下轄40個(gè)行政區(qū)縣。根據(jù)作者所在課題組前期的農(nóng)戶(hù)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),重慶山區(qū)耕地撂荒現(xiàn)象自20世紀(jì)90年代中期開(kāi)始增多。特別是2000年后,撂荒耕地面積增加較快。因此,本文選取2002-2011年為研究時(shí)段,從區(qū)域?qū)用嫔贤ㄟ^(guò)撂荒地塊的普查了解耕地撂荒的規(guī)模和分布。根據(jù)本研究的數(shù)據(jù)資料限制及撂荒定義,2002-2011年這10a的時(shí)間段,2002年在耕種而至2011年未耕種即認(rèn)為撂荒,不嚴(yán)格區(qū)分耕地具體是哪一年撂荒的,主要分析這10a的整體撂荒情況。
在綜合考慮重慶40個(gè)區(qū)縣的空間分布,各區(qū)縣農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和耕地撂荒情況的區(qū)域差異,以及課題組前期在重慶多個(gè)區(qū)縣的研究基礎(chǔ)上,認(rèn)為石柱、巫山和酉陽(yáng)3縣基本能夠代表和反映重慶市耕地撂荒的總體現(xiàn)狀和特征,因此選擇石柱、巫山和酉陽(yáng)3縣作為重慶市典型區(qū)(圖1),來(lái)進(jìn)行撂荒耕地地塊的提取并分析重慶市的耕地撂荒現(xiàn)狀。根據(jù)作者在重慶3縣大量的野外調(diào)查,當(dāng)?shù)匦莞F(xiàn)象和退耕還草現(xiàn)象基本不存在,可以忽略不計(jì),對(duì)結(jié)果沒(méi)有影響。石柱、巫山和酉陽(yáng)3縣均位于重慶市東部,3縣共管轄95個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn),2011年總?cè)丝?89.4萬(wàn)人,土地總面積1.11萬(wàn)km2,地形復(fù)雜,境內(nèi)以低山和中山為主,兼有平原和丘陵,屬于亞熱帶季風(fēng)濕潤(rùn)氣候,年均溫16.5 ℃,年均降水量1 131 mm。
2002年重慶市石柱、巫山和酉陽(yáng)3縣dwg格式1∶1萬(wàn)地形圖來(lái)源于3縣林業(yè)局;2011年石柱縣耕地解譯圖來(lái)源于重慶師范大學(xué),2011年巫山和酉陽(yáng)兩縣1∶1萬(wàn)shp格式土地利用現(xiàn)狀圖來(lái)源于2縣國(guó)土局;2002-2006年退耕還林圖和2008-2011年森林工程圖來(lái)源于3縣林業(yè)局;3縣數(shù)字高程模型圖(DEM,分辨率30 m)與坡度圖(SLOPE,分辨率30 m),來(lái)源于地理空間數(shù)據(jù)云網(wǎng)站。
2011年完成的第2次土地利用調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),比例尺較大(1∶1萬(wàn)),基于SPOT影像人工制圖,為可靠的數(shù)據(jù)源,可作為現(xiàn)狀耕地分布的圖層。對(duì)于21世紀(jì)年代初期的情況,我們獲取了2002年的普通地形圖。該圖比例尺較大(1∶1萬(wàn)),地物以耕地、林地、道路、房屋等為主,其中耕地的地塊信息詳盡、界線清晰,可作為2002年耕地分布的圖層。兩期圖層疊加,可得2002-2011年退出耕作的耕地地塊分布圖。上述步驟得到的放棄耕作的耕地,含2002-2011年間參與退耕還林的耕地。鑒于本文研究的對(duì)象為農(nóng)戶(hù)自愿棄耕的耕地,需要將這部分耕地剔除。課題組獲取了重慶市3縣的退耕還林圖和森林工程圖,該圖的比例尺較大(1∶1萬(wàn)),包含村名、樹(shù)種、種植年份、小斑編號(hào)、保存率等信息,可與兩期耕地圖層疊加使用,以剔除因參與退耕還林或其他植樹(shù)造林工程的耕地。
2.1 提取2002年地形圖內(nèi)的耕地圖斑
收集到的2002年石柱、巫山和酉陽(yáng)3縣的地形圖比例尺為1∶1萬(wàn),格式為shp和dwg兩種,但shp格式的地圖包括耕地圖斑在內(nèi)的所有多邊形全部是不閉合的、線狀的,無(wú)法直接使用。因此首先需要依據(jù)dwg格式耕地底圖將shp格式的耕地圖斑轉(zhuǎn)為閉合的,即線狀轉(zhuǎn)為面狀。從而提取3縣2002年的耕地圖層。這是提取撂荒耕地的關(guān)鍵一步,也是工作量最大的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。
2.2 提取2011年現(xiàn)狀圖耕地圖斑
2011年的石柱、巫山和酉陽(yáng)3縣的土地利用現(xiàn)狀圖全部為shp格式,比例尺為1∶1萬(wàn),地類(lèi)圖斑全部閉合,可以直接使用。利用ArcGIS軟件從現(xiàn)狀圖中提取旱地和水田圖斑,即得到3縣2011年的耕地圖層。
2.3 兩期耕地圖層疊加,獲取耕地退出圖層
提取出來(lái)的3縣2002年和2011年耕地圖層,比例尺都為1∶1萬(wàn),投影都是Xian_1980,可以將2個(gè)圖層直接疊加(圖2),因2002年耕地面積大于2011年耕地面積,耕地總體趨勢(shì)是減少的,2個(gè)圖層疊加后肯定不完全重合。提取未重疊部分,即得到耕地退出圖層。兩期耕地圖層疊加后會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些“零碎圖斑”,其中小于10 m2的圖斑數(shù)量上萬(wàn),平均面積僅為2.03 m2,在兩期圖的誤差范圍以?xún)?nèi),面積僅占撂荒耕地總面積的0.03%,這樣的圖斑在野外考察時(shí)很難找到,幾乎不存在,其對(duì)撂荒耕地分析的結(jié)論基本沒(méi)有影響,所以本研究選擇將面積小于10 m2的撂荒耕地圖斑剔除。
收集到的石柱、巫山和酉陽(yáng)3縣的退耕還林圖和森林工程圖(圖3),比例尺都是1∶1萬(wàn),wp格式。首先用AutoCAD軟件將其轉(zhuǎn)換為shp格式,并選擇與上述耕地圖層相匹配的投影,然后和耕地退出圖層疊加,并剔除退耕還林和森林工程圖斑。
2.4 獲取撂荒耕地圖層
經(jīng)過(guò)提取重慶市石柱、巫山和酉陽(yáng)3縣的2002年耕地圖層、提取2011年耕地圖層、2個(gè)耕地圖層疊加獲取耕地退出圖層、剔除退耕還林和森林工程圖斑等4個(gè)步驟(圖4),即得到3縣的撂荒耕地分布圖層(圖5)。
本研究將耕地分為旱地和水田2種類(lèi)型,所以撂荒耕地分布圖又可分為撂荒旱地分布圖和撂荒水田分布圖2部分。從重慶3縣的撂荒旱地圖和撂荒水田圖的對(duì)比明顯看出,撂荒旱地的分布區(qū)域和數(shù)量都大于撂荒水田(圖6-圖8),主要因?yàn)樗锏馁|(zhì)量和產(chǎn)量一般都遠(yuǎn)高于旱地,即使在勞動(dòng)力析出等背景下發(fā)生耕地撂荒,水田撂荒的概率也小于旱地。
3.1 2011年土地利用現(xiàn)狀圖的驗(yàn)證
為了進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證本研究第2期耕地地塊圖斑即2011年土地利用現(xiàn)狀圖的正確率,根據(jù)空間分布,作者從巫山和酉陽(yáng)2縣每縣選取2個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn),每個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)選取1個(gè)村(圖9),每個(gè)村選取約30個(gè)耕地圖斑,共計(jì)4個(gè)村約120個(gè)耕地圖斑,于2012-05-16-2012-06-28對(duì)選取的地塊進(jìn)行野外驗(yàn)證。其中有記錄的地塊信息54個(gè)(圖10),經(jīng)驗(yàn)證,圖中耕地圖斑正確率達(dá)到96.3%,說(shuō)明2011年土地利用現(xiàn)狀圖耕地圖斑真實(shí)可靠,可以滿足本研究的數(shù)據(jù)分析。
3.2 撂荒耕地圖斑的驗(yàn)證
為了驗(yàn)證本研究得出的撂荒耕地圖斑的正確率,將撂荒耕地圖斑與Google Earth影像進(jìn)行疊加對(duì)比,來(lái)判斷撂荒耕地圖斑對(duì)應(yīng)的影像是否確實(shí)撂荒,正確率能達(dá)到多少。經(jīng)證實(shí),Google Earth影像能夠覆蓋重慶市石柱、巫山和酉陽(yáng)3縣的部分區(qū)域,大部分區(qū)域影像分辨率能夠達(dá)到1 m左右,圖像清晰,絕大多數(shù)撂荒耕地圖斑可以識(shí)別判斷。
首先用ArcGIS軟件中的Create Random Points工具從石柱、巫山和酉陽(yáng)3縣中每1個(gè)縣的撂荒耕地圖層中隨機(jī)選取1 000個(gè)圖斑,然后在Google Earth軟件中有影像(2011年前后)覆蓋的區(qū)域中每縣隨機(jī)選取50個(gè)共150個(gè)撂荒耕地圖斑(圖11),將圖斑邊界與影像疊加顯示,來(lái)判斷每塊撂荒耕地圖斑是否確實(shí)撂荒,進(jìn)而計(jì)算出撂荒耕地圖斑的正確率。將3縣撂荒耕地圖中隨機(jī)提取的150撂荒耕地地塊與Google Earth影像疊加對(duì)比(圖12),證實(shí)128個(gè)地塊確實(shí)撂荒,22個(gè)地塊仍在耕作,撂荒耕地地塊的正確率為85.3%,本方法中撂荒地塊提取的正確率比較令人滿意。
a. 撂荒地塊1a. Abandoned farmland 1b. 撂荒地塊2b. Abandoned farmland 2c. 耕作地塊1c. Farming land 1d. 耕作地塊2d. Farming land 2
2002年,重慶市石柱、巫山和酉陽(yáng)3縣共有耕地面積31.34萬(wàn)hm2,至2011年共有5.63萬(wàn)hm2耕地發(fā)生撂荒,撂荒率為18.0%(表2)。其中撂荒旱地4.64萬(wàn)hm2,占比為82.4%,旱地撂荒率為20.4%;撂荒水田0.99萬(wàn)hm2,占比為17.6%,水田撂荒率為11.5%(圖13)。旱地撂荒面積明顯高于水田,說(shuō)明即便在大量農(nóng)村青壯年勞動(dòng)力“析出”的情況下,肥沃水田撂荒的可能性仍然較低,而貧瘠、生產(chǎn)力低下的旱地,被撂荒的可能性更高[31]。
R2011=×100%
式中R2011為2011年耕地撂荒率,%;AA2002-2001為2002-2011年撂荒耕地面積;AF2002為2002年耕地面積。
表2 2002-2011年重慶市耕地撂荒情況
對(duì)比石柱、巫山和酉陽(yáng)3縣的旱地撂荒率發(fā)現(xiàn),3縣分別為18.4%、20.1%和21.5%,相差不大,和3縣整體旱地撂荒率20.4%都非常接近。而3縣的水田撂荒率相差較大,最大為巫山的17.2%,最小為石柱的6.3%,這可能和各縣水田狀況和耕作條件的差異有關(guān),如各縣的林地占比、高程、地形坡度、勞均耕地、農(nóng)民人均純收入等。
本文重點(diǎn)介紹了重慶市石柱、巫山和酉陽(yáng)3縣撂荒耕地的提取方法和過(guò)程。選擇巫山和酉陽(yáng)2縣的4個(gè)村約120個(gè)耕地圖斑,對(duì)選取的地塊進(jìn)行野外驗(yàn)證,經(jīng)驗(yàn)證,圖中耕地圖斑正確率達(dá)到96.3%;將隨機(jī)抽樣提取的撂荒耕地圖斑與Google Earth影像驗(yàn)證,撂荒耕地圖斑提取的正確率達(dá)到85.3%。因此,該方法用于提取山區(qū)的撂荒耕地是可行的。該方法的使用為撂荒地塊的提取提供了新思路,有利于獲取詳細(xì)的撂荒地塊信息數(shù)據(jù),為耕地撂荒微觀尺度的研究提供了可能。但由于需要大比例尺、高精度的耕地現(xiàn)狀圖,而且收集耕地現(xiàn)狀圖、退耕還林圖等圖件難度較大,所以大規(guī)模應(yīng)用還比較困難。
根據(jù)上述方法,本文得出了2011年重慶市3縣耕地撂荒狀況。3個(gè)縣中,巫山和酉陽(yáng)的撂荒率高于石柱縣;而3縣的水田撂荒率相差較大,巫山和酉陽(yáng)較高,分別為17.2%和13.9%,石柱較低,為6.3%??傮w上,石柱、巫山和酉陽(yáng)3縣的耕地撂荒率為18.0%,撂荒耕地以旱地為主,比例為82.4%。由此可見(jiàn),正如在調(diào)研過(guò)程中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的,研究區(qū)內(nèi)耕地撂荒現(xiàn)象比較嚴(yán)重。
土地是最重要的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)資料,耕地撂荒必然有深刻的原因,這些問(wèn)題與生態(tài)恢復(fù)和糧食安全關(guān)系密切,是值得進(jìn)一步探討和研究的。據(jù)調(diào)研中發(fā)現(xiàn),重慶地區(qū)耕地撂荒的主要原因是非農(nóng)就業(yè)收入的提高,造成當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民紛紛放棄農(nóng)耕,進(jìn)城務(wù)工。此外,丘陵山區(qū)土地貧瘠,農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)收入低,導(dǎo)致大量耕地撂荒。因而,從本質(zhì)上講,是因?yàn)檗r(nóng)民收入低導(dǎo)致農(nóng)民放棄農(nóng)耕,若要緩解耕地撂荒,政府需要從保障農(nóng)民收入水平這方面著手。
[1] 史鐵丑,李秀彬.歐洲耕地撂荒研究及對(duì)我國(guó)的啟示[J]. 地理與地理信息科學(xué),2013,29(3):101-103.
Shi Tiechou, Li Xiubin. Farmland abandonment in Europe and its enlightenment to China[J]. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 2013, 29(3): 101-103. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[2] 李秀彬,趙宇鸞.森林轉(zhuǎn)型、農(nóng)地邊際化與生態(tài)恢復(fù)[J].中國(guó)人口資源與環(huán)境,2011,21(10):91-95.
Li Xiubin, Zhao Yuluan. Forest transition, agricultural land marginalization and ecological restoration[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2011, 21(10): 91-95. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[3] MacDonald D, Crabtree J R, Wiesinger G,et al. Agricultural abandonment in mountain areas of Europe: Environmental consequences and policy response[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2000, 59(1): 47-69.
[4] Kozak J. Forest cover change in the Western Carpathians in the past 180 years: A case study in the Orawa Region in Poland[J]. Mountain Research and Development, 2003, 23(4): 369-375.
[5] Romero-Calcerrada R, Perry G L W. The role of land abandonment in landscape dynamics in the SPA Encinares del rīo Alberche y Cofio, Central Spain, 1984-1999[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2004, 66(4): 217-232.
[6] Caraveli H. A comparative analysis on intensification and extensification in mediterranean agriculture: Dilemmas for LFAs policy[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 2000, 16(2): 231-242.
[7] Rudel T K, Coomes O T, Moran E, et al. Forest transitions: towards a global understanding of land use change[J]. Global Environmental Change, 2005, 15(1): 23-31.
[8] Gellrich M, Baur P, Koch B, et al. Agricultural land abandonment and natural forest re-growth in the Swiss mountains: A spatially explicit economic analysis[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2007, 118(1): 93-108.
[9] Sluiter R, de Jong S M. Spatial patterns of Mediterranean land abandonment and related land cover transitions[J]. Landscape Ecology, 2007, 22(4): 559-576.
[10] Arnaez J, Lasanta T, Errea M P,et al. Land abandonment, landscape evolution, and soil erosion in a Spanish mediterranean mountain region: The case of Camero Viejo[J]. Land Degradation & Development, 2011, 22(6): 537-550.
[11] Nunes A N, Coelho C O, Almeida A C D,et al. Soil erosion and hydrological response to land abandonment in a central inland area of Portugal[J]. Land Degradation & Development, 2010, 21(3): 260-273.
[12] Giupponi C, Ramanzin M, Sturaro E et al. Climate and land use changes, biodiversity and agri-environmental measures in the Belluno province, Italy[J]. Environmental Science & Policy, 2006, 9(2): 163-173.
[13] Pietro B, Mauro B. Abandonment and expansion of arable land in Europe[J]. Ecosystems, 2011, 14(5): 720-731.
[14] MacDonald D, Crabtree J R, Wiesinger G,et al. Agricultural abandonment in mountain areas of Europe: Environmental consequences and policy response[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2000, 59(1): 47-69.
[15] Xie H, Wang P, Yao G. Exploring the Dynamic Mechanisms of Farmland Abandonment Based on a Spatially Explicit Economic Model for Environmental Sustainability: A Case Study in Jiangxi Province, China[J]. Sustainability, 2014, 6(3): 1260-1282.
[16] 侯元?jiǎng)P,段紹光,趙水.中國(guó)退耕還林主要樹(shù)種(北方本)[M]. 北京:中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)出版社,2004.
[17] 史鐵丑. 重慶山區(qū)耕地撂荒的規(guī)模及影響因素研究[D]. 北京:中國(guó)科學(xué)院大學(xué),2015.
Shi Tiechou. Research on Farmland Abandonment Scale and Influencing Factors in Chongqing Mountain Area[D]. Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2015. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[18] Zhang Y, Li X, Song W. Determinants of cropland abandonment at the parcel, household and village levels in mountain areas of China: A multi-level analysis[J]. Land Use Policy, 2014, 41(4): 186-192.
[19] Izquierdo A E, Grau H R. Agriculture adjustment, land-use transition and protected areas in Northwestern Argentina[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2009, 90(2): 858-865.
[20] Mather A S. The forest transition[J]. Area, 1992, 24(4): 367-379.
[21] Rudel T K, Bates D, Machiguiashi R. A tropical forest transition? Agricultural change, out-migration, and secondary forests in the Ecuadorian Amazon[J]. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2002, 92(1): 87-102.
[22] 張英,李秀彬,宋偉,等.重慶市武隆縣農(nóng)地流轉(zhuǎn)下農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)力對(duì)耕地撂荒的不同尺度影響[J]. 地理科學(xué)進(jìn)展,2014,33(4):552-560.
Zhang Ying, Li Xiubin, Song Wei, et al. Effect of agricultural laborer on cropland abandonment under land circulation at different levels in Wulong County, Chongqing City[J]. Progress in Geography, 2014, 33(4): 552-560. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[23] Campbell J E, Lobell D B, Genova R C, et al. The global potential of bioenergy on abandoned agriculture lands[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 42(15): 5791-5794.
[24] Min D S. An analysis of drag factors of farmland marginalization[J]. Journal of Yangtze University (National Science Edition), 2010, 10: 83-87.
[25] Campbell J E, Lobell D B, Genova R C, et al. Seasonal energy storage using bioenergy production from abandoned croplands[J]. Environmental Research Letters, 2013, 8(3): 1402-1416.
[26] Terres J, Nisini L, Anguiano E. Assessing the risk of farmland abandonment in the EU. Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/external-studies/2013/farmland- abandonment/fulltext_en.pdf
[27] 李升發(fā),李秀彬.耕地撂荒研究進(jìn)展與展望[J].地理學(xué)報(bào),2016,71(3):370-389.
Li Shengfa, Li Xiubin. Progress and prospect on farmland abandonment[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(3): 370—389. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[28] Shi T, Li X, Xin L, et al. Analysis of Farmland Abandonment at Parcel Level: A Case Study in the Mountainous Area of China[J]. Sustainability, 2016, 8(10): 988-1006.
[29] 馬玲玲. 半干旱地區(qū)基于遙感與農(nóng)戶(hù)調(diào)查的耕地撂荒原因探究:以?xún)?nèi)蒙古和林格爾縣為例[D].呼和浩特:內(nèi)蒙古師范大學(xué),2010.
Ma Lingling. Probe into the Reasons of Farmland Abandoned in Semi-arid Regions Based on Remote Sensing and the Investigation of Peasant Household: A Case Study of Hollinger County in Inner Mongolia[D]. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Normal University, 2010. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[30] 程維芳. 南方撂荒地遙感調(diào)查方法研究[D].北京:中國(guó)科學(xué)院大學(xué),2011.
Cheng Weifang. Study on the Remote Sensing Methods of Surveying Abandoned Farmland in the South[D]. Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2011. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[31] 邵景安,張仕超,李秀彬.山區(qū)耕地邊際化特征及其動(dòng)因與政策含義[J].地理學(xué)報(bào),2014,69(2):227-242.
Shao Jing’an, Zhang Shichao, Li Xiubin. Farmland marginalization in the mountainous areas: Characteristics, influencing factors and policy implications[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(2): 227-242. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Extraction and validation of abandoned farmland parcel in typical counties of Chongqing
Shi Tiechou1,2, Xu Xiaohong3※
(1.,050031,;2.,100101,;3.,,050091,)
Farmland abandonment refers to the phenomenon of cultivated land remaining unused and idle for more than one year. Two-thirds of China’s land area is hilly area and plateau area, and slope farmland area is larger. The quality of cultivated land in some provinces is not high as a whole, and there are a lot of phenomena of farmland abandonment. The farmland abandonment is distributed in many international and domestic regions, and in recent years there is a growing trend. But domestic research on farmland abandonment is more often conducted at the macro theoretical level, such as research on phenomenon, mechanisms, and countermeasures of farmland abandonment, however very few organizations or individuals have specified the scale of farmland abandonment or specific related data. Extraction of abandoned parcels is the foundation for further study on the status of farmland abandonment. This article describes the extraction process of abandoned farmland parcels in Chongqing’s typical counties in detail, and selects the years of 2002–2011 as the study period; and for the regional level, through the general investigation of abandoned parcel, the article investigates the scale and distribution of abandonment. Farmland figure spots are extracted from the topographical map in 2002 and the current land use map in 2011. Then, the superposition of farmland layers in 2 periods provides a distribution map of abandoned farmlands in 2002-2011. The above step obtains information on abandoned farmlands, including abandoned farmlands that are returned to forest areas during the period of 2002-2011. The research object of this paper is abandoned farmland that was voluntarily abandoned by farmers, especially as this particular type of farmland must be removed. After eliminating the figure spots of returning farmland to forest (2002–2006) and forest projects (2008–2011), we get the distribution map of abandoned arable land. Through verifying abandoned farmland figure spots extracted from maps and Google Earth images, the correct rate of figure spot extraction of abandoned farmland reaches 85.3%. Based on the distribution map, farmland abandonment condition of Chongqing’s typical counties is obtained. The study finds that farmland abandonment rates in Shizhu, Wushan and Youyang County were 14.0%, 19.9% and 19.2% respectively in 2011. The total area and farmland abandonment rate of the 3 counties were 56.3 thousand hm2and 18.0%. Dryland was the main type of abandoned farmland, which was about 82.4% of the total abandoned farmland; dryland abandonment rate was 20.4%, and paddy field abandonment rate was 11.5%. In the 3 counties, farmland abandonment rates of Wushan and Youyang County were higher than that of Shizhu County. Moreover, in the aspect of abandoned paddy field, the abandonment rates of Wushan and Youyang County were 17.2% and 13.9% respectively, also higher than Shizhu County (6.3%). The phenomenon of farmland abandonment in the study area is more serious, and the main reason is that non-farm employment income increases, causing local farmers to give up farming and to be migrant workers; at the same time, the land is barren in hill and mountain area, and the agricultural production income is low, which causes the massive farmland abandonment. Thus in essence, because the farmers’ income is low, they have to give up farming. To alleviate the farmland abandonment, the government needs to protect the income level of farmers.
land use; extraction; verification; abandonment rate; figure spot; abandoned farmland
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.035
F326.11
A
1002-6819(2016)-24-0261-07
2016-05-11
2016-06-11
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金重大國(guó)際合作項(xiàng)目(41161140352);國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目(41571095);國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金青年基金項(xiàng)目(41501192,41401193);河北地質(zhì)大學(xué)博士科研啟動(dòng)基金項(xiàng)目(BQ201603)
史鐵丑,博士,副教授,主要從事土地利用變化研究。石家莊 河北地質(zhì)大學(xué)土地資源與城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃學(xué)院,050031。Email: shitiechou@163.com
徐曉紅,博士,講師,主要從事區(qū)域與城市發(fā)展研究。石家莊 河北工業(yè)職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院工商管理系,050091。Email:xuxh81@126.com