融入自然

Slipping into Nature

在越南的湄公河三角洲，胡志明市建筑大學(xué)（HUA）的新校園正在建設(shè)中。該項(xiàng)目承認(rèn)了人們和環(huán)境兩者的需求。這個(gè)獨(dú)特的建筑群，以流式設(shè)計(jì)為基礎(chǔ)，與自然環(huán)境無(wú)縫融合。不經(jīng)意進(jìn)入這個(gè)空間，學(xué)生將有機(jī)會(huì)直接體驗(yàn)可持續(xù)性。

“20世紀(jì)已經(jīng)過(guò)去了——我們可以問(wèn)心無(wú)愧地繼續(xù)前進(jìn)，” 小島一浩說(shuō)，“是時(shí)候關(guān)注21世紀(jì)的需求了?！比绻l(shuí)想驗(yàn)證這位日本建筑師說(shuō)的這些話在哪付諸實(shí)踐的話，他只需要看胡志明市建筑大學(xué)的新校區(qū)設(shè)計(jì)就可以了。

小島一浩及其團(tuán)隊(duì)的出發(fā)點(diǎn)就是這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題：空間與教育可以如何共存？計(jì)算流體動(dòng)力學(xué)（CFD）的原理以及對(duì)風(fēng)和活動(dòng)流的分析，都貫穿在校園的設(shè)計(jì)中；建筑不僅具有壯麗的外觀，還與景觀相融合。

通過(guò)這種方式，設(shè)計(jì)不僅考慮了學(xué)生數(shù)量不斷增長(zhǎng)的需求，也同樣考慮了校園所處位置的環(huán)境敏感性。

在河流三角洲生活和學(xué)習(xí)

建筑大學(xué)是越南三所建筑專業(yè)性大學(xué)最重要的一所。學(xué)校的建筑學(xué)系、城市規(guī)劃系、土木工程系、建設(shè)系和應(yīng)用藝術(shù)系（室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)和時(shí)裝）的學(xué)生有6000人。其位于胡志明市中心的校園太小。所以，學(xué)校計(jì)劃在這個(gè)600萬(wàn)人口大城市的郊區(qū)規(guī)劃一個(gè)新校園。

新校園位于湄公河的一個(gè)島嶼上，占地40hm2，將有120,000m2的生活學(xué)習(xí)空間?？紤]到將來(lái)學(xué)生人數(shù)會(huì)增長(zhǎng)到8000人，新校園設(shè)計(jì)有典型的大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施——禮堂、行政辦公室、圖書館、運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)、可以容納2000學(xué)生的公寓樓。湄公河三角洲所在處是胡志明市以后數(shù)年各類新發(fā)展主要規(guī)劃的一部分。

設(shè)計(jì)從校址的流向開始，遵循融入自然的理念。

九龍江

湄公河是世界主要河流之一，是東南亞地區(qū)的命脈。湄公河發(fā)源于西藏高原，長(zhǎng)4500km，流經(jīng)中國(guó)、緬甸、老撾、泰國(guó)和柬埔寨，然后進(jìn)入越南，通過(guò)三角洲，流入南中國(guó)海。湄公河是1300多種魚類和無(wú)數(shù)鳥類和爬行動(dòng)物的家園，是地球上生物多樣性最豐富的體系之一。湄公河在越南被稱為九龍江——形容湄公河流經(jīng)胡志明市分成九條支流。三角洲區(qū)域依季節(jié)覆蓋了39,000km2的面積——該面積相當(dāng)于荷蘭的國(guó)土面積。三角洲區(qū)域擁有肥沃的土壤、豐富的沉積物，因而具有發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)的最理想的條件。作為越南的糧倉(cāng)，該地區(qū)每年產(chǎn)1600萬(wàn)噸大米以及熱帶水果、甘蔗和椰子。

湄公河三角洲是人類密集聚居的地方。所以必須維持自然與人類之間的平衡——1450萬(wàn)人聚居在河下游。許多村莊只能通過(guò)船只到達(dá)，水位變化高達(dá)10m。2001年，河上架起了一座長(zhǎng)達(dá)千米的吊橋，為芹苴、美富、龍川和迪石主要城鎮(zhèn)提供交通便利，但交通流量很大。目前建筑大學(xué)新校園所處島嶼只能通過(guò)船只到達(dá)，但有規(guī)劃修一條公路。一方面這邊的水位變化不如其它三角洲地區(qū)大，另一方面其1.5m的季節(jié)性變化對(duì)建設(shè)規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)有重大影響。

空間與教育共存

有關(guān)新校園設(shè)計(jì)的國(guó)際大賽在2006年舉行，最后由來(lái)自東京CAt工作室的小島一浩及其團(tuán)隊(duì)贏得比賽。該建筑工作室歷史不長(zhǎng)，但碩果累累——許多令人印象深刻的大項(xiàng)目就是它的標(biāo)志性成果。CAt設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)位于吉爾吉斯斯坦納倫的中亞大學(xué)，還設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)越南河內(nèi)的住宅開發(fā)項(xiàng)目，并在這個(gè)項(xiàng)目上進(jìn)行了自然通風(fēng)實(shí)驗(yàn)。CAt工作室在其國(guó)家為村山項(xiàng)目工作，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目是離東京不遠(yuǎn)的前尼桑工廠廠址——改造面積為106hm2，項(xiàng)目本身是為將其改造為不同宗教信仰的“神圣禱告場(chǎng)”做前期準(zhǔn)備。

CAt工作室的多樣化景觀設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)貫穿于他們?cè)诮ㄖ髮W(xué)校園項(xiàng)目的工作中。其設(shè)計(jì)方案對(duì)如何使空間與教育共存的問(wèn)題做出了敏感性回答，這讓評(píng)審團(tuán)印象深刻。其設(shè)計(jì)方案強(qiáng)調(diào)使建筑最大程度地融入其自然環(huán)境——該區(qū)域蔥蔥郁郁，河流和溪流環(huán)繞穿過(guò)這個(gè)地方，河流沿岸是小樹林，風(fēng)不時(shí)吹過(guò)，驅(qū)散熱帶地區(qū)的炎熱?！斑@種環(huán)境給我設(shè)計(jì)帶來(lái)了靈感。” 小島一浩解釋道?！拔覀儾辉敢馐褂谜５暮影侗Ｗo(hù)工作來(lái)固化這個(gè)地方，以及對(duì)周圍自然環(huán)境產(chǎn)生影響。相反，我們的理念是盡可能保存雨季水域覆蓋的現(xiàn)有景觀。”

流式設(shè)計(jì)

因此，設(shè)計(jì)需要建造環(huán)道，而且考慮到水位的季節(jié)性波動(dòng)，環(huán)道要比周圍區(qū)域高2m。在環(huán)道內(nèi)，是低層大學(xué)建筑，占地面積大，盡量減小對(duì)不穩(wěn)定的表面造成的影響。建筑的排列方式呈流體型，與門階上的自然景觀呼應(yīng)。

“我們的設(shè)計(jì)主題是芹菜的橫切面，”小島一浩說(shuō)，“這是來(lái)源于液體方向的形狀——流式設(shè)計(jì)?！苯ㄖc周圍環(huán)境融為一體。學(xué)生有機(jī)會(huì)直接體驗(yàn)可持續(xù)性。

利用CFD全面分析場(chǎng)址風(fēng)流和活動(dòng)流來(lái)模擬不同的條件——例如，對(duì)建筑定位，以此完全利用常年吹的強(qiáng)風(fēng)?！拔覀冇蔑L(fēng)來(lái)當(dāng)風(fēng)扇，” 小島一浩說(shuō)，“湄公河三角洲的氣候很特殊——溫度可能會(huì)高，但在陰處，有風(fēng)的話，會(huì)很舒服?！盋At工作室的自然通風(fēng)和遮陽(yáng)設(shè)計(jì)，讓校園的大部分地方不需要空調(diào)。

利用三角洲的優(yōu)勢(shì)

“在亞洲的建設(shè)項(xiàng)目中，推廣使用自然的空氣制冷措施是如此重要。”小島一浩認(rèn)為。通常人們認(rèn)為，建筑被規(guī)劃為高耗能的系統(tǒng)——亞洲快速發(fā)展地區(qū)認(rèn)為這是西方生活方式的標(biāo)志。但這會(huì)明顯增加能耗和CO2排放。CAt工作室的設(shè)計(jì)打破了大規(guī)模項(xiàng)目的模式——即使預(yù)計(jì)空調(diào)會(huì)在校園、禮堂或?qū)嶒?yàn)室使用，太陽(yáng)能收集裝置將提供所需的能量；其他地方則設(shè)定了自然通風(fēng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

水也是設(shè)計(jì)中利用的自然資源。熱帶傾盆大雨給建筑降溫，而雨水被收集用于滿足飲用水和灰水要求。該區(qū)域快速長(zhǎng)大的植物也有助于提高校園的能效。再過(guò)些年，4層高的建筑將掩映在高達(dá)40m的大樹下。從美學(xué)觀點(diǎn)看，這些建筑群將完全融入環(huán)境。同時(shí)，多孔性的概念在確保遮蔭的前提下實(shí)現(xiàn)最佳的采光和通風(fēng)效果——建筑立面有雙層皮膚，建筑外部為百葉窗元素；建筑內(nèi)部是固定百葉窗。計(jì)算機(jī)模型確保最大程度利用每項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)選擇。

2 怡人的戶外空間/Pleasant alfresco space

學(xué)生參與

贏得比賽后，小島一浩的設(shè)計(jì)方案就被介紹給了建筑大學(xué)建筑系的教師和學(xué)生。他們通過(guò)討論，得到了新的理念和問(wèn)題解決方案。該項(xiàng)目也是理想的教學(xué)工具——新一代專家有很大機(jī)會(huì)在生活和工作各方面接觸到建筑師的視野，從而對(duì)他們將來(lái)的職業(yè)產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。CAt團(tuán)隊(duì)的佐貫大輔認(rèn)為，這些機(jī)會(huì)也還會(huì)更大。“我們希望在市中心舉辦展覽，將我們的設(shè)計(jì)理念呈現(xiàn)給大眾——這將引起大家重視如何進(jìn)一步開發(fā)湄公河三角洲?！彼f(shuō)。然而，待開發(fā)地方的獨(dú)特自然特征在這方面讓人敬畏——“這么多自由會(huì)被限制。這很容易回到舊的思路上去?！?/p>

幸運(yùn)的是，該團(tuán)隊(duì)的并沒(méi)有在過(guò)去的20世紀(jì)尋求庇護(hù)，而是用開創(chuàng)性的理念武裝起來(lái)，在新的世紀(jì)里施展新作為。

致力于流式設(shè)計(jì)

使用最新技術(shù)來(lái)更好地理解自然力量，似乎有點(diǎn)耐人尋味。然而，小島一浩堅(jiān)持使用CFD分析工具，秉持流式設(shè)計(jì)的理念，并取得成果?！白鳛橐豁?xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)，它實(shí)現(xiàn)了新的精確高度?！彼忉尩?。例如，通風(fēng)不是原來(lái)曾經(jīng)的“固定”方式——借助CFD，分析時(shí)可考慮許多可能性，而設(shè)計(jì)將其調(diào)整為能實(shí)現(xiàn)最佳預(yù)期效果的方式?；蛘撸绻囟臻g在聲音方面存在問(wèn)題，小島一浩并不是簡(jiǎn)單地畫一面墻來(lái)解決問(wèn)題，而是用CFD來(lái)考慮整形動(dòng)態(tài)學(xué)。“用這種方式進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)，建筑可以更自然，更有機(jī)，更有生命力?！彼f(shuō)。

流的概念也適用于校園的活動(dòng)區(qū)域。設(shè)計(jì)旨在解決建筑群中各院系連接性與分離性之間的矛盾。盡管各院系都有自己的空間，它們各自形成順序環(huán)的一個(gè)部分——在這個(gè)系統(tǒng)中，建筑師認(rèn)為這樣可以增強(qiáng)交流。

自然建筑

“在我的設(shè)計(jì)中，我經(jīng)常使用黑白區(qū)域的概念，”小島一浩解釋，“黑區(qū)是不能改變的功能區(qū)域——例如衛(wèi)生間、廚房。白區(qū)是多用途空間或者是可以改變的空間?！苯柚@些設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)，建筑的建造和長(zhǎng)期使用都不需要進(jìn)行重大改變。在建筑大學(xué)校園項(xiàng)目上，這意味著將教學(xué)空間和公共學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)域放在建筑的外圍。實(shí)驗(yàn)室和其他特殊功能設(shè)施是黑色區(qū)，放在建筑的核心空間。

校園建筑將由當(dāng)?shù)亟ㄖ淌褂镁媒?jīng)考驗(yàn)的當(dāng)?shù)胤椒▉?lái)建造。這種方法使用由磚塊填充的混凝土框架，立面采用例如竹子或紅樹木材之類的有孔材料來(lái)加強(qiáng)通風(fēng)。該項(xiàng)目的經(jīng)濟(jì)性能也因這些選擇而更為突出。傳統(tǒng)知識(shí)和經(jīng)得起考驗(yàn)的材料因此與最現(xiàn)代的模擬技術(shù)結(jié)合起來(lái)。最終結(jié)果就是，大學(xué)校園有了一個(gè)新家。

3 流動(dòng)的活動(dòng)空間/Fluid space for activity

4.5 遮陽(yáng)通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)/Shading system and ventilation

6 各種連續(xù)的空間/Variety of sequential spaces

In Vietnam's Mekong Delta, a new campus for the students of Ho Chi Minh City's University of Architecture is being built. Te project acknowledges the needs of both people and the environment. Te unique complex, based on the design of flows, is seamless with its

natural location. Slipped into this space, students will have the opportunity to directly experience sustainability.

"The 20th century is past – we can move forward without guilt," Kazuhiro Kojima says. "It's time to focus on 21st century needs." Whoever wishes to match the Japanese architect's words with actions need look no further than his design for the new campus of Ho Chi Minh City's University of Architecture (HUA).

Te starting point for Kazuhiro Kojima and his team was the question: how can space and education coexist? Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), an analysis of wind and activity flow, informed the design; rather than an imposing structure, the architecture merges with the landscape.

In this way, the design considers the environmental sensitivity of its location as much as the requirements of a growing student population.

Living and learning in a river delta

HUA is the most important of Vietnam's three architecture universities. There are 6,000 students across the faculties of archi-tecture, urban planning, civil engineering, construction, and applied arts (interior design and fashion). Its home, in the center of Ho Chi Minh City, is too small. A new campus on the outskirts of this six million strong city is planned.

The 40 hectare parcel, on an island in the Mekong Delta, will contain some 120,000 square meters of living and learning space. As well as the typical university infrastruc-ture needed for an expected growth to 8,000 students in the future –auditoriums, administration offices, libraries and sports fields – apartments for 2,000 students are included. Te river delta location is part of the city's master plan for various new deve-lopments over coming years.

Te design began from the fluid direction of the site,following the idea of slipping into nature.

Nine dragons river

Te Mekong is one of the world's major rivers, and South-East Asia's lifeblood. Its source is in the Tibetan Plateau – from there, it travels around 4500 kilometers through China, Myanmar, Laos, Tailand and Cambodia, before arriving in Vietnam, and emptying, via its delta, into the South China Sea. At least 1300 different types of fish as well as numerous bird and reptile species call the Mekong home, making it one of the most biodiversity-rich systems on Earth. The river's Vietnamese name –Song Cuu Long or Nine Dragons – describes the nine main arteries which form once the river splits around Ho Chi Minh City. Te delta region can cover up to 39,000 square kilometers depending on the season – a land area equivalent to the Netherlands. Its fertile land, rich in sediment deposits, is ideal for agriculture – as the rice bowl of Vietnam, the area produces around 16 million tonnes per year as well as tropical fruit, sugar cane and coconut.

The Mekong Delta is the place where nature meets dense human settlement. A sensitive balance must be maintained – 14.5 million people live in its catchment. Many villages are reachable only by boat; there are water level variances up to ten meters. In 2001, a kilometer-long suspension bridge over the river opened the main towns of Can Tho, My Tho, Long Xuyen and Rach Gia also to heavy traffic. Te island chosen for the new HUA campus is, at present, reachable only by boat, but a highway is planned. While the water level variance is not as significant here as in some delta regions, its 1.5 meter seasonal change impacts significantly on construction planning and design.

Space and education in co-existence

An international competition, hosted in 2006 for the design of the new campus, was won by Kazuhiro Kojima and his team from CAt, Tokyo. Te architectural studio has accomplished much in its young history – impressive large-scale projects are its hallmark. CAt has designed the campus for the newly-founded University of Central Asia in Naryn, Kyrgyzstan, and a residential development in Hanoi, Vietnam which experimented with natural ventilation. In their home country, they are working on the Murayama project, a former Nissan factory site not far from Tokyo – its 106 hectares rehabilitated, paving way for a new use as an interfaith "sacred site of prayer".

Their experiences within diverse landscapes informed CAt's work for the HUA campus. The design's sensitive response to the question of how space and education could co-exist impressed the jury. It focuses on the maximum integration of the architecture into its natural environment – the area is lush with greenery, rivers and streams course around and through the site, mangroves line the river banks, a constant wind cools the tropical heat. "Te setting inspired our design," Kazuhiro Kojima explains. "We had no desire to use the normal means of bank protection work to stabilize the site and impact upon the natural environment. Instead, ouridea is to preserve, as far as possible, the existing landscape that is covered by water in the rainy season."

7 各機(jī)構(gòu)和主流線/Faculties and main circulation

8 學(xué)生活動(dòng)流線設(shè)計(jì)/Student activity fluid design

9 依據(jù)計(jì)算機(jī)流體力學(xué)（CFD）分析，實(shí)現(xiàn)校園建筑計(jì)劃不使用空調(diào)而用運(yùn)用風(fēng)流的設(shè)計(jì)/According to computer fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, the campus building plan was realized without air conditioning, a wind fluid design.

10 湄公河三角洲的邊緣40hm2的大學(xué)校園，設(shè)計(jì)最大化地整合自然環(huán)境/Plans for a 40hm2university campus on the margin of the Mekong Delta, maximizing the integration of nature with the design

11 對(duì)于校園與其環(huán)境的無(wú)縫融合，CAt工作室正在尋找快速增長(zhǎng)的自然力量的幫助。再過(guò)些年，4層高的建筑將掩映在高達(dá)40m的大樹下。/For the campus to merge seamlessly with its environment,CAt is also seeking the assistance of fast-growing nature. Within a few years, the four-storey high buildings will be dwarfed by trees up to 40m tall.

The design of flows

The design, therefore, calls for a ring road, about two meters higher than the surrounding area, to take account of seasonal fluctuations in the water level. Within the ring, university buildings are lowrise, with a large footprint, for minimal impact on the unstable surface. The way the buildings are arranged, fluid forms in themselves, echoes the natural landscape on their doorstep.

"Our design motif is a cross-section of celery," Kazuhiro Kojima says. "It is a shape derived from fluid direction – the design of flows." The architecture blends into the site, slips into its surroundings. Students have the opportunity to directly experience sustainability.

Comprehensive analyses of wind and activity flows for the site, using CFD, were conducted to simulate various conditions – for example, orienting buildings to take full advantage of the strong winds that blow year-round. "We use the wind as a fan," Kazuhiro Kojima says. "The Mekong Delta has a special climate – the temperature may be hot, but in the shade, with the wind, it is comfortable." CAt's passive design of natural ventilation and solar shading means most locations on campus will need no air-conditioning.

Using the delta's strengths

"It is so important to promote the use of natural means of air-cooling in construction projects in Asia," Kazuhiro Kojima believes. Buildings are generally planned with an energy-hungry system in mind – Asia's rapidly developing communities see this as a mark of Western lifestyle. Yet the effect on rising consumption and CO2emissions is clear. CAt's design breaks the mold for large-scale projects –even where air-conditioning is foreseen on campus, in the auditorium or laboratories, solar collec-tors will provide the required energy; else-where natural ventilation sets the standard.

Water is also a natural resource harvested by the design. Tropical downpours cool the buildings, while rainwater is collected for potable and gray water requirements. The area's fast-growing vegetation also contributes to energy-efficiency on campus. Within a few years, the four-storey high buildings will be dwarfed by trees up to 40 meters tall. Aesthetically, the complex will then be fully integrated into its environment. Meanwhile, the concept of porosity maximizes daylight and ventilation while ensuring solar-shading – the building facades have a double skin, the outer elements are louvers; the inner are jalousie windows. Computer modeling ensures that maximum advantage is taken from each of these design choices.

Student participation

After the competition win, Kazuhiro Kojima's design was presented to lecturers and students from HUA's architecture faculty. Tese discussions led to new ideas and solutions to issues. Te project is also an ideal teaching tool – the opportunity for a new generation of specialists to be profoundly influenced in their future profession, by living and working surrounded by the architect's vision, is high. Tose opportunities go further, according to architect Daisuke Sanuki from the CAt team. "We would like to host exhibitions in the middle of the city, to bring our design concepts to the general population – it will draw attention to the importance to how the Mekong Delta is further developed," he says. Yet the unique nature of the greenfield site was daunting in one respect –"so much freedom can be limiting. It is very easy to return to old ideas."

For the campus to merge seamlessly with its environment,CAt is also seeking the assistance of fast-growing nature.Within a few years, the fourstorey high buildings will bedwarfed by trees up to 40 meters tall.

Fortunately, however, the team's ideas did not seek refuge in the 20th century past, but harnessed pioneering concepts which will resonate long into this new century.

Committed to design of flows

There is a certain irony in using the latest technology to better understand the oldest of natural forces. Yet Kazuhiro Kojima's commitment to the concept of the design of flows, using the CFD analysis tool has paid off. "As a design technique, it reaches a new height of precision," he explains. For example, ventilation is not the "given" it once was –with CFD there are numerous possibilities that can be fed into the analysis, and the design adjusted to maximize a desired effect. Or, if there is an acoustic issue in a given space, Kazuhiro Kojima does not simply draw a wall to solve the problem, but uses CFD to consider shaping dynamics. "Designing in this way leads to architecture which is more natural, more organic, more alive," he says.

Te notion of flows also applies to activity zones on campus. Te design aims to work the paradox of connectivity and separation between the different university faculties in the complex. Although each faculty has its own space, they each form part of a sequential loop – in a system the architect believes enhances communication.

Natural architecture

"I often use the concept of black and white zones in my designs," Kazuhiro Kojima explains. "Black zones are areas where functions cannot be changed – for example bathrooms, kitchens. White zones are multi-use spaces, or changeable." Using this as a design parameter contributes to a building's sustainable construction and long-term use without major renovation. On the HUA campus this means situating white zones such as teaching spaces and open learning areas around a building's periphery. Labs and other specialized functions are the black zones within the building's core.

The campus buildings will be constructed by local tradespeople using a time-honored local method – a brick-filled concrete frame finished with a facade of porous natural materials such as bamboo or mangrove timber to enhance ventilation. The economic performance of the project is also enhanced by these choices. Traditional knowledge and proven building materials are thus combined with the most modern simulation technology. And the result is a university campus at one with its new home.