張 茂,陳健龍,彭 浩,符傳藝,符策銳(.海南省人民醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,???5703;.海南省人民醫(yī)院TCD科,???5703)
尼莫地平聯(lián)合法舒地爾輔助早期高壓氧對(duì)腦動(dòng)脈瘤栓塞術(shù)后腦血管痙攣患者相關(guān)指標(biāo)的影響Δ
張 茂1*,陳健龍1,彭 浩1,符傳藝1,符策銳2(1.海南省人民醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,海口 570311;2.海南省人民醫(yī)院TCD科,???570311)
目的:探討尼莫地平聯(lián)合法舒地爾輔助早期高壓氧對(duì)腦動(dòng)脈瘤栓塞術(shù)后腦血管痙攣患者相關(guān)指標(biāo)的影響。方法:150例腦動(dòng)脈瘤栓塞術(shù)后腦血管痙攣患者隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組(75例)和觀(guān)察組(75例)。兩組患者均給予早期高壓氧治療,每日1次,7 d為1個(gè)療程,共3個(gè)療程。在此基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)照組患者給予尼莫地平注射液10 mg,加入0.9%氯化鈉注射液100 ml中,微泵持續(xù)輸注,q8 h。觀(guān)察組患者在對(duì)照組治療的基礎(chǔ)上加用鹽酸法舒地爾注射液30 mg,加入5%葡萄糖注射液40 ml中,微泵持續(xù)輸注,q8 h。兩組療程均為3周。觀(guān)察兩組患者治療前后格拉斯哥(Glasgow)昏迷評(píng)分、大腦中動(dòng)脈(MCA)平均血流速度、神經(jīng)功能缺損(NFI)評(píng)分、巴氏(Barthel)指數(shù)評(píng)分、格拉斯哥預(yù)后量表(GOS)分級(jí)情況、術(shù)后30 d腦梗死發(fā)生情況及不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果:治療后,兩組患者Glasgow昏迷評(píng)分、MCA平均血流速度、Barthel指數(shù)評(píng)分均顯著高于同組治療前,且觀(guān)察組高于對(duì)照組,NFI評(píng)分顯著低于同組治療前,且觀(guān)察組低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。術(shù)后,觀(guān)察組患者GOS各級(jí)例數(shù)均顯著優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,腦梗死發(fā)生率顯著低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組患者不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:尼莫地平聯(lián)合法舒地爾輔助早期高壓氧用于腦動(dòng)脈瘤栓塞術(shù)后腦血管痙攣,可有效促進(jìn)神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù),加快腦動(dòng)脈血流速度,提高患者生存質(zhì)量,且不增加不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生。
尼莫地平;法舒地爾;高壓氧;腦動(dòng)脈瘤栓塞術(shù);腦血管痙攣;療效;安全性
腦動(dòng)脈瘤是神經(jīng)外科的常見(jiàn)病與多發(fā)病。流行病學(xué)研究顯示,腦動(dòng)脈瘤在正常人群中發(fā)生率較高[1]。腦動(dòng)脈瘤破裂后可導(dǎo)致蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血與顱內(nèi)血腫的發(fā)生,而血管栓塞術(shù)是治療該病的主要手段,具有快速有效控制局部出血、改善預(yù)后的優(yōu)點(diǎn)[2],但術(shù)后易發(fā)生腦血管痙攣,這是患者術(shù)后致死、致殘的主要原因[3]。以往包括高壓氧、尼莫地平在內(nèi)的綜合干預(yù)方案已被用于腦動(dòng)脈瘤栓塞術(shù)后腦血管痙攣的治療,但療效欠佳。近年來(lái),法舒地爾開(kāi)始被用于治療血管栓塞術(shù)后腦血管痙攣,并取得了一定效果,但其聯(lián)合尼莫地平能否獲得更佳的臨床收益目前尚缺乏相關(guān)隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究。為此,在本研究中筆者探討了尼莫地平聯(lián)合法舒地爾輔助早期高壓氧對(duì)腦動(dòng)脈瘤栓塞術(shù)后腦血管痙攣患者相關(guān)指標(biāo)的影響,旨在為臨床提供參考。
1.1 研究對(duì)象
選擇2012年1月-2015年11月我院收治的150例腦動(dòng)脈瘤栓塞術(shù)后腦血管痙攣患者,將所有患者按抽簽法分為對(duì)照組(75例)和觀(guān)察組(75例)。對(duì)照組男性42例,女性33例;年齡34~68歲,平均(59.40±6.12)歲;前交通動(dòng)脈瘤19例,后交通動(dòng)脈瘤26例,大腦中動(dòng)脈瘤17例,大腦前動(dòng)脈瘤10例,椎-基底動(dòng)脈瘤3例;按亨特-蓋斯(Hunt-Hess)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分為:Ⅰ級(jí)21例,Ⅱ級(jí)46例,Ⅲ級(jí)8例。觀(guān)察組男性45例,女性30例;年齡36~67歲,平均(59.28±6.09)歲;前交通動(dòng)脈瘤17例,后交通動(dòng)脈瘤27例,大腦中動(dòng)脈瘤18例,大腦前動(dòng)脈瘤11例,椎-基底動(dòng)脈瘤2例;按Hunt-Hess標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分為:Ⅰ級(jí)24例,Ⅱ級(jí)44例,Ⅲ級(jí)7例。兩組患者性別、年齡等基本資料比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。本研究方案經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)審核通過(guò),所有患者家屬均簽署了知情同意書(shū)。
1.2 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①經(jīng)電子計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描血管造影(CTA)或數(shù)字減影血管造影(DSA)檢查確診為腦動(dòng)脈瘤;②動(dòng)脈瘤破裂后行腦動(dòng)脈瘤栓塞術(shù);③符合腦血管痙攣的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4];④發(fā)病至手術(shù)時(shí)間<72 h。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①其他原因?qū)е碌哪X血管痙攣;②急性心腦血管疾??;③嚴(yán)重臟器功能障礙;④代謝性疾?。虎菥裣到y(tǒng)疾??;⑥臨床資料不全。
1.3 治療方法
兩組患者均行早期高壓氧治療(氧艙壓力為0.2 mPa,升壓20 min后吸入氧氣,濃度為99.50%,持續(xù)時(shí)間30 min,連吸2次,正常艙內(nèi)呼吸空氣5 min后減壓20 min至正常壓力水平),每日1次,7 d為1個(gè)療程,共3個(gè)療程。在此基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)照組患者給予尼莫地平注射液(通化金馬藥業(yè)集團(tuán)股份有限公司,規(guī)格:20 ml∶4 mg,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20056408)10 mg,加入0.9%氯化鈉注射液100 ml中,微泵持續(xù)輸注,q8 h。觀(guān)察組患者在對(duì)照組治療的基礎(chǔ)上加用鹽酸法舒地爾注射液(天津紅日藥業(yè)股份有限公司,規(guī)格:2 ml∶30 mg,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20040356)30 mg,加入5%葡萄糖注射液40 ml中,微泵持續(xù)輸注,q8 h。兩組療程均為3周。
1.4 觀(guān)察指標(biāo)
1.4.1 觀(guān)察兩組患者治療前后格拉斯哥(Glasgow)昏迷評(píng)分[5]Glasgow昏迷評(píng)分包括睜眼、語(yǔ)言及運(yùn)動(dòng)反應(yīng),總分0~15分,分?jǐn)?shù)越低表示意識(shí)障礙程度越嚴(yán)重。
1.4.2 觀(guān)察兩組患者治療前后大腦中動(dòng)脈(MCA)平均血流速度 采用ACUSON X300 PE彩色多普勒超聲診斷儀(德國(guó)西門(mén)子公司)檢測(cè)MCA平均血流速度。
1.4.3 觀(guān)察兩組患者治療前后神經(jīng)功能缺損(NFI)評(píng)分[5]NFI評(píng)分范圍0~20分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高表示神經(jīng)功能損傷程度越嚴(yán)重。
1.4.4 觀(guān)察兩組患者治療前后巴氏(Barthel)指數(shù)評(píng)分[5]采用Barthel指數(shù)評(píng)價(jià)生存質(zhì)量,分?jǐn)?shù)越高表示生存質(zhì)量越高。
1.4.5 觀(guān)察兩組患者術(shù)后格拉斯哥預(yù)后量表(GOS)分級(jí)情況[6]GOS分為Ⅰ~Ⅴ級(jí),Ⅰ級(jí)為死亡,Ⅴ級(jí)為恢復(fù)良好。
1.4.6 觀(guān)察兩組患者術(shù)后30 d腦梗死發(fā)生情況 腦梗死發(fā)生率=腦梗死發(fā)生例數(shù)/總例數(shù)×100%。
1.4.7 不良反應(yīng) 觀(guān)察兩組患者治療期間的不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析。計(jì)量資料以表示,采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 兩組患者治療前后Glasgow昏迷評(píng)分、MCA平均血流速度、NFI評(píng)分比較
治療前,兩組患者Glasgow昏迷評(píng)分、MCA平均血流速度、NFI評(píng)分比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。治療后,兩組患者Glasgow昏迷評(píng)分、MCA平均血流速度均顯著高于同組治療前,且觀(guān)察組高于對(duì)照組,NFI評(píng)分均顯著低于同組治療前,且觀(guān)察組低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),詳見(jiàn)表1。
表1 兩組患者治療前后Glasgow昏迷評(píng)分、MCA平均血流速度、NFI評(píng)分比較()Tab 1 Comparison of Glasgow coma scores,the mean flow velocity of MCA,NFI scores between 2 groups before and after treatmen(t)
表1 兩組患者治療前后Glasgow昏迷評(píng)分、MCA平均血流速度、NFI評(píng)分比較()Tab 1 Comparison of Glasgow coma scores,the mean flow velocity of MCA,NFI scores between 2 groups before and after treatmen(t)
注:與治療前比較,*P<0.05;與對(duì)照組比較,#P<0.05Note:vs.before treatment,*P<0.05;vs.control group,#P<0.05
組別對(duì)照組觀(guān)察組n 75 75 Glasgow昏迷評(píng)分,分治療前8.96±1.30 8.89±1.27治療后11.05±1.75*12.84±1.94*#MCA平均血流速度,cm/s治療前106.71±21.18 107.57±21.10治療后120.26±28.40*138.89±35.17*#NFI評(píng)分,分治療前15.71±2.17 15.80±2.20治療后10.84±1.76*7.92±1.50*#
2.2 兩組患者治療前后Barthel指數(shù)評(píng)分比較
治療前,兩組患者Barthel指數(shù)評(píng)分比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。治療后,兩組患者Barthel指數(shù)評(píng)分均顯著高于同組治療前,且觀(guān)察組高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),詳見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 兩組患者術(shù)后GOS分級(jí)情況比較
術(shù)后,觀(guān)察組患者GOS各級(jí)例數(shù)均顯著優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),詳見(jiàn)表3。
2.4 兩組患者腦梗死發(fā)生率比較
對(duì)照組患者有13例發(fā)生腦梗死,發(fā)生率為17.33%;觀(guān)察組患者有4例發(fā)生腦梗死,發(fā)生率為5.33%。觀(guān)察組患者腦梗死發(fā)生率顯著低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
表2 兩組患者治療前后Barthel指數(shù)評(píng)分比較(,分)Tab 2 Comparison of Barthel index scores between 2 groups before and after treatmen(t,score)
表2 兩組患者治療前后Barthel指數(shù)評(píng)分比較(,分)Tab 2 Comparison of Barthel index scores between 2 groups before and after treatmen(t,score)
注:與治療前比較,*P<0.05;與對(duì)照組比較,#P<0.05Note:vs.before treatment,*P<0.05;vs.control group,#P<0.05
組別對(duì)照組觀(guān)察組治療后46.48±8.10*59.12±10.76*#n 75 75治療前34.75±5.38 34.87±5.43
表3 兩組患者術(shù)后GOS分級(jí)情況比較(例)Tab 3 Comparison of postoperative GOS rating between 2 groups(case)
2.5 不良反應(yīng)
兩組患者不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),詳見(jiàn)表4。
表4 兩組患者不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率比較(例)Tab 4 Comparison of the incidence of adverse reactions between 2 groups(case)
動(dòng)脈瘤破裂后引起的蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血及對(duì)腦組織繼發(fā)損傷和血管栓塞術(shù)中長(zhǎng)時(shí)間操作被認(rèn)為是導(dǎo)致腦血管痙攣發(fā)生的主要原因[7],臨床主要表現(xiàn)為神經(jīng)定位缺失、意識(shí)障礙等,影像學(xué)檢查可見(jiàn)血管損傷導(dǎo)致管腔形態(tài)學(xué)變化和顱底動(dòng)脈持續(xù)性收縮。已有研究顯示,一氧化氮、內(nèi)皮素及炎癥因子在顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤栓塞術(shù)后腦血管痙攣的發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用[8]。
早期高壓氧療法近年來(lái)已被廣泛用于缺血性腦血管痙攣的治療,其機(jī)制為患者通過(guò)吸入高純氧,有效提高機(jī)體血氧分壓和腦組織氧含量,從而達(dá)到促進(jìn)腦組織代謝和建立側(cè)支循環(huán)的目的[9]。尼莫地平為高效鈣離子拮抗藥,已被美國(guó)卒中協(xié)會(huì)作為防治腦血管痙攣的一線(xiàn)推薦藥物[10]。該藥經(jīng)血腦屏障進(jìn)入腦組織后可特異性結(jié)合神經(jīng)細(xì)胞鈣離子通道受體,有效調(diào)節(jié)鈣離子內(nèi)流水平,進(jìn)而發(fā)揮保護(hù)腦神經(jīng)元和提高缺血缺氧耐受性的作用;此外,其還能提高血管平滑肌細(xì)胞收縮功能,改善局部抗缺血缺氧能力。但有臨床研究顯示,尼莫地平無(wú)法有效改善腦血管痙攣患者的預(yù)后和降低死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[11]。
法舒地爾是一種腎素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng)同源基因(RHO)激酶抑制物,其用于治療腦動(dòng)脈瘤栓塞術(shù)后腦血管痙攣的主要作用機(jī)制為:(1)通過(guò)拮抗RHO激酶對(duì)肌球蛋白輕鏈磷酸酯酶抑制效應(yīng),促進(jìn)血管平滑肌舒張,阻滯鈣離子敏化效應(yīng),從而達(dá)到擴(kuò)張血管的目的;(2)通過(guò)抑制RHO激酶活性,有效阻滯炎癥因子浸潤(rùn)和遷徙,下調(diào)炎癥因子水平,干擾細(xì)胞凋亡和神經(jīng)組織損傷;(3)通過(guò)干擾RHO激酶活性,刺激一氧化氮合成和內(nèi)皮型一氧化氮合酶表達(dá),從而對(duì)腦部微循環(huán)血管進(jìn)行舒縮調(diào)節(jié)[12-13]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,治療后兩組患者Glasgow昏迷評(píng)分、MCA平均血流速度均顯著高于同組治療前,且觀(guān)察組高于對(duì)照組;NFI評(píng)分均顯著低于同組治療前,且觀(guān)察組低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。這提示,尼莫地平聯(lián)合法舒地爾輔助早期高壓氧可促進(jìn)受損神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)及腦動(dòng)脈血流灌注。治療后,兩組患者Barthel指數(shù)評(píng)分均顯著高于同組治療前,且觀(guān)察組高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。觀(guān)察組患者術(shù)后GOS各級(jí)例數(shù)均顯著優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,腦梗死發(fā)生率顯著低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。這提示,尼莫地平聯(lián)合法舒地爾輔助早期高壓氧可降低腦梗死發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),改善預(yù)后,提高生存質(zhì)量。兩組患者不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。這提示,尼莫地平聯(lián)合法舒地爾輔助早期高壓氧不增加不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生。
綜上所述,尼莫地平聯(lián)合法舒地爾輔助早期高壓氧用于腦動(dòng)脈瘤栓塞術(shù)后腦血管痙攣,可有效促進(jìn)神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù),加快腦動(dòng)脈血流速度,提高患者生存質(zhì)量,且不增加不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生。由于本研究受納入樣本量較小、隨訪(fǎng)時(shí)間較短、單一中心等因素的制約,故此結(jié)論有待大樣本、多中心研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
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Effects of Nimodipine and Fasudil Assisted with Early Hyperbaric Oxygen on the Related Indicators of Patients with Cerebral Vasospasm after IntracranialAneurysm Embolism Surgery
ZHANG Mao1,CHEN Jianlong1,PENG Hao1,F(xiàn)U Chuanyi1,F(xiàn)U Cerui2(1.Dept.of Neurosurgery,Hainan People's Hospital,Haikou 570311,China;2.Dept.of TCD,Hainan People's Hospital,Haikou 570311,China)
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of nimodipine and fasudil assisted with early hyperbaric oxygen on the related indicators of patients with cerebral vasospasm after intracranial aneurysm embolism surgery.METHODS:150 patients with cerebral vasospasm after intracranial aneurysm embolism surgery were randomly divided into control group(75 cases)and observation group(75 cases).All patients received early hyperbaric oxygen,once a day,7-d was a treatment course,it lasted 3 courses.Based on it,control group received Nimodipine injection 10 mg,adding into 0.9%Sodium chloride injection 100 ml by micropump continuous infusion,q8 h.Observation group was additionally given Fasudil hydrochloride injection 30 mg,adding into 5%Glucose injection 40 ml by micropump continuous infusion,q8 h.They were treated for 3 weeks.Glasgow,MCA,NFI score,Barthel index score before and after treatment,GOS,postoperative 30 d cerebral infarction and the incidence of adverse reactions in 2 groups were observed.RESULTS:After treatment,Glasgow coma score,MCA mean flow velocity,NFI score and Barthel index score in 2 groups were significantly higher than before,and observation group was higher than control group,with statistical significances(P<0.05).Postoperative GOS rating cases in observation group was significantly superior to control group,the incidence of cerebral infarction was significantly lower than control group,with statistical significances(P<0.05);and there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions in 2 groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSIONS:Nimodipine and fasudil assisted with early hyperbaric oxygen can effectively reduce the neurological impairment in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after intracranial aneurysm embolism surgery,accelerate cerebral blood flow velocity and improve life quality,and do not increase the incidence of adverse reactions.
Nimodipine;Fasudil;Hyperbaric oxygen;Intracranial aneurysm embolism surgery;Cerebral vasospasm;Efficacy;Safety
R651.1+2
A
1001-0408(2016)33-4631-03
2016-04-06
2016-09-13)
(編輯:陳 宏)
海南省自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(No.20168284)
*副主任醫(yī)師。研究方向:腦血管疾病介入及手術(shù)治療。E-mail:Zm02205@163.com
DOI 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2016.33.08