王傳飛,龔平,王小萍,*,姚檀棟
1. 中國科學(xué)院青藏高原研究所 中國科學(xué)院青藏高原環(huán)境變化與地表過程實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100101 2. 中國科學(xué)院青藏高原地球科學(xué)卓越創(chuàng)新中心,北京 100101
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西藏農(nóng)田土和農(nóng)作物中多氯聯(lián)苯的分布、環(huán)境行為和健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估
王傳飛1,2,龔平1,2,王小萍1,2,*,姚檀棟1,2
1. 中國科學(xué)院青藏高原研究所 中國科學(xué)院青藏高原環(huán)境變化與地表過程實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100101 2. 中國科學(xué)院青藏高原地球科學(xué)卓越創(chuàng)新中心,北京 100101
南亞排放的多氯聯(lián)苯類污染物(PCBs)可隨大氣傳輸?shù)轿鞑啬喜浚⒊两档睫r(nóng)田等區(qū)域。農(nóng)田中的PCBs能夠經(jīng)食物鏈進(jìn)入人體,從而可能對人體健康產(chǎn)生影響。但目前尚無西藏農(nóng)田PCBs環(huán)境過程和農(nóng)作物健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估的研究。本研究通過同步采集西藏農(nóng)田土壤和農(nóng)作物,發(fā)現(xiàn)西藏農(nóng)田土壤、青稞和油菜PCBs的濃度均值分別為5.1 pg·g-1dw、13.5 pg·g-1dw和10.9 pg·g-1dw,低于全球其他地區(qū)。青稞和油菜對PCBs的生物富集系數(shù)都大于1,說明PCBs在農(nóng)作物中發(fā)生了生物富集現(xiàn)象。模型模擬結(jié)果顯示,農(nóng)田土壤中99.6%的PCBs都富集在土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)中,只有0.38%的PCBs進(jìn)入了植物根系。因此,青稞直接從大氣中吸收PCBs是其對PCBs積累和富集的主要途徑?;陲嬍辰Y(jié)構(gòu) (青稞、牛肉、牛奶和酥油),西藏人群PCBs攝入均值為0.75 ng·kg-1bw·d-1,低于安全閾值約一個數(shù)量級。PCBs的食物攝入不會對西藏居民健康狀況產(chǎn)生明顯影響。
多氯聯(lián)苯;西藏;空間分布特征;逸度模型;健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
Received 2 December 2015 accepted 2 January 2016
多氯聯(lián)苯(polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs)具有持久性、高毒性、生物富集和長距離傳輸?shù)奶卣?,在環(huán)境中廣泛分布,對生物體和人體健康具有嚴(yán)重的危害[1-3]。因而,PCBs受到全球科學(xué)家的廣泛關(guān)注[4-6],并成為首批加入《斯德哥爾摩公約》受控清單的持久性有機(jī)污染物(POPs)[1]。目前,雖然大多數(shù)國家都已經(jīng)停止了PCBs的生產(chǎn),但伴隨電子垃圾的焚燒[7]、拆卸[8]和污水灌溉[9],PCBs被再次釋放到環(huán)境中并產(chǎn)生了相應(yīng)的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。土壤富含有機(jī)質(zhì)是污染物的重要“儲庫”[10-12],其不但是長距離大氣輸送污染物的主要受體,還是局地工農(nóng)業(yè)活動所排放污染物的接收器。土壤對PCBs的全球循環(huán)起到重要的作用[13]。一方面,進(jìn)入土壤的PCBs會發(fā)生再分配與遷移,在此過程中不同氯代的PCBs可能發(fā)生組成分餾現(xiàn)象,表現(xiàn)為小分子PCBs向土壤深處遷移而大分子PCBs則傾向于富集于表層有機(jī)質(zhì)中[14];另一方面,土壤已然成為了小分子PCBs的二次源[15]。Li等[15]的研究表明全球大部分地區(qū)的土壤均在不同程度地向大氣揮發(fā)小分子PCBs。因此,從PCBs全球循環(huán)的角度看,由電子垃圾拆卸和焚燒所產(chǎn)生的一次PCBs排放及土壤揮發(fā)引發(fā)的二次排放過程是當(dāng)前PCBs的主要排放源,而深海[16]和位于亞北極圈的北方森林[14]則是PCBs的匯。
在土壤的研究中,PCBs在農(nóng)田土中的環(huán)境過程和農(nóng)田食物鏈傳遞引起了廣泛關(guān)注。一方面,頻繁的耕作活動加速了PCBs的氣-地交換過程[17],促使了更多的PCBs向大氣揮發(fā);另一方面農(nóng)作物對土壤PCBs的吸收,使得PCBs通過食物鏈的傳遞而在人體富集[8]。目前,相關(guān)研究主要集中在受電子垃圾和污灌直接影響的農(nóng)田土壤中[9, 18]。
青藏高原被稱為地球“第三極”。相比南極、北極,它是唯一有著人類豐富生存活動的極地地帶。青藏高原工業(yè)貧瘠但是卻有較長時間的農(nóng)墾活動[19]。此外,青藏高原毗鄰印度、尼泊爾、巴基斯坦等南亞國家,目前這些國家已經(jīng)成為了發(fā)達(dá)國家電子垃圾的重要傾瀉地[20-21]。電子垃圾拆卸與焚燒產(chǎn)生了大量的PCBs,在印度季風(fēng)的驅(qū)使下,印度排放的PCBs會經(jīng)大氣傳輸?shù)竭_(dá)青藏高原[22-28]。農(nóng)田土一般有較高含量的有機(jī)質(zhì),傳輸?shù)角嗖馗咴腜CBs是否會在高原農(nóng)田土壤中積累,并產(chǎn)生怎樣的分布格局?西藏農(nóng)田土壤中PCBs向空氣、水、有機(jī)質(zhì)、礦物質(zhì)及植物根系的傳輸過程怎樣?其是否會被高原典型農(nóng)作物吸收并產(chǎn)生可能的食用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。針對這些問題,本研究在青藏高原農(nóng)田分布區(qū)同步采集農(nóng)田土壤和農(nóng)作物的樣品,旨在獲得農(nóng)田土壤和農(nóng)作物PCBs的濃度水平、空間分布特征,一方面借助土壤模型探討農(nóng)田土壤中PCBs的環(huán)境行為,另一方面結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的酥油[29-30]、牛奶[31]、牦牛肉[31]中PCBs的含量估算藏民由飲食途徑而攝入PCBs的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
1.1 樣品采集
據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),藏南地區(qū)(包括拉薩市、日喀則地區(qū)、林芝地區(qū)、山南地區(qū)、昌都地區(qū))農(nóng)田面積占西藏農(nóng)田總面積的96%[19]。本研究于2011年8月在藏南采在農(nóng)田中隨機(jī)選取100×100 m2樣地,在樣地的4個角和中心點(diǎn)用干凈的不銹鋼鏟各采集1份表層土壤樣品(0~10 cm),將這5份子樣本混合成1個樣品,該樣品可以代表所在該樣地的特征。用剪刀采集樣地內(nèi)青稞和油菜的地上組織樣本,并用上述方法混合。所有樣品用2層鋁箔包裹并置于2層自封袋中密封保存。采集完的樣品盡快送回實(shí)驗(yàn)室,于-20 ℃冷凍保存。土壤和農(nóng)作物含水率按照文獻(xiàn)[29]進(jìn)行測定:稱取10 g土壤或2 g農(nóng)作物(均為濕重),將其置于烘箱中105 ℃烘20 min,之后90 ℃烘致恒重。通過比較烘干前后樣品的重量差而獲得含水率。本研究測得的農(nóng)田土壤和農(nóng)作物的含水量分別為13%±5%和37%±24%。
圖1 西藏農(nóng)田土壤和農(nóng)作物采樣點(diǎn)的分布Fig. 1 Sampling sites from the Tibetan agricultural regions
集農(nóng)田土壤樣品32個,同步采集青稞(Hordeum vulgare Linn. var. nudum Hook. f.)樣品32個,隨機(jī)采集油菜(Brassica campestris L.)樣品4個,采樣點(diǎn)詳見圖1。
1.2 樣品的提取和分析方法
30 g新鮮農(nóng)田土壤和30 g無水硫酸鈉的混合,用200 mL二氯甲烷(DCM)索式提取16 h,并加入2 ng回收率指示物質(zhì)(PCB-30和Mirex)。經(jīng)濃縮后,用氧化鋁硅膠柱(柱子內(nèi)自上而下填充:2 g無水硫酸鈉,10 g氧化鋁,9 g硅膠)凈化,并用180 mL體積比為1:1的DCM:正己烷(hexane)混合溶液洗脫柱子。淋洗液濃縮至5 mL后用濃硫酸進(jìn)行酸解,過凝膠色譜柱(GPC)。用46 mL DCM:hexane (1:1, V/V)洗脫液淋洗GPC柱,舍棄前16 mL洗脫液,只收集后30 mL溶液。將收集的洗脫液加入含2 ng內(nèi)標(biāo)物質(zhì)(PCB-209和 PCNB)定容至100 μL。農(nóng)作物的前處理方法與土壤相同,所用樣品量為20 g新鮮農(nóng)作物樣品。實(shí)驗(yàn)用DCM和Hexane均為HPLC級,購自J.T.Baker公司;無水硫酸鈉(優(yōu)級純)、層析用的中性氧化鋁和硅膠的生產(chǎn)商為國藥集團(tuán)化學(xué)試劑有限公司。
化合物測定使用熱電公司(Thermo Electron Corporation)生產(chǎn)的離子阱氣相色譜-質(zhì)譜/質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用儀(GC-MS-MS,F(xiàn)innigan Trace GC/PolarisQ)。載氣為氦氣,流量為1 mL·min-1,進(jìn)樣方式為不分流進(jìn)樣。色譜柱為直徑250 μm、長50 m的CP-Sil 8 CB柱。進(jìn)樣口和傳輸線溫度分別為250 ℃和280 ℃。色譜的升溫程序?yàn)椋?00 ℃保持2 min,以20 ℃·min-1的速率升到140 ℃,以4 ℃·min-1升溫到200 ℃并保持10 min,之后以4 ℃·min-1升溫到300 ℃,保持17 min。目標(biāo)化合物為6種指示性PCB (indicator PCBs),包括PCB-28,52,101,153,138和180。
1.3 質(zhì)量控制
實(shí)驗(yàn)室前處理過程遵循嚴(yán)格的質(zhì)量控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。樣品處理過程中設(shè)置了實(shí)驗(yàn)室流程空白(即只用無水硫酸鈉進(jìn)行提取),每5個樣品設(shè)置一個實(shí)驗(yàn)室空白??瞻椎那疤幚砹鞒膛c樣品完全一致。在實(shí)驗(yàn)室空白中未檢出目標(biāo)化合物,表明樣品在分析過程中未受到污染。鑒于此,儀器檢出限使用工作曲線最低濃度點(diǎn)的信噪比進(jìn)行折算,設(shè)檢出限的信噪比為10?;?6 g農(nóng)田土壤和13 g農(nóng)作物干重(dw)樣品,PCBs的檢出限分別為0.002~0.004 pg·g-1dw和0.001~0.002 pg·g-1dw。農(nóng)田土樣品的回收率為60%~121%(PCB-30)和71%~133%(Mirex);農(nóng)作物樣品的回收率為49%~94%(PCB-30),54%~79%(Mirex)。
1.4 土壤模型簡介
土壤模型(Soil model,version 3.0)來自加拿大特倫特大學(xué)環(huán)境模型中心[32],該模型基于逸度的原理,以空氣、水、有機(jī)質(zhì)、礦物質(zhì)和植物根系為模擬介質(zhì),假設(shè)根系作為土壤的一部分與其他相之間處于交換平衡狀態(tài),進(jìn)而模擬表層土壤中化學(xué)物質(zhì)揮發(fā)、降解、淋溶等環(huán)境過程。本研究將借助該模型模擬PCBs在表層土壤中的揮發(fā)、降解和淋溶的速率及進(jìn)入土壤的PCB向植物根系的傳輸量。
2.1 西藏農(nóng)田土壤和農(nóng)作物PCBs的殘留狀況及濃度水平
西藏農(nóng)田土壤和農(nóng)作物樣品中均有PCBs檢出,檢出率最高的化合物為五氯PCB(PCB-101),檢出率分別為98%和100%;檢出率最低的化合物均為七氯PCB(PCB-180),檢出率分別為40%和20%。從樣品中PCBs質(zhì)量的相對組成看,農(nóng)田土壤中三氯、四氯PCB(PCB-28和PCB-52)分別占PCBs總質(zhì)量的30%和16%;農(nóng)作物中這些化合物所占的比重分別為29%和33%。西藏農(nóng)田土壤和農(nóng)作物PCBs的組成以小分子的多氯聯(lián)苯為主,這與西藏表土、牧草及全國背景土壤PCBs的組成是相似的[29, 33, 34]。
青藏高原農(nóng)田土壤和農(nóng)作物(包括青稞和油菜)PCBs濃度的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)見表1。農(nóng)田土壤6種PCBs的濃度范圍為1.9~13.2 pg·g-1dw,平均濃度為(5.1±2.9) pg·g-1dw(表1)。與長江三角洲(3.6×104pg·g-1dw)、太湖區(qū)域(1.1×103pg·g-1dw)及山東濰坊(5.9×103pg·g-1dw)等中國東部地區(qū)農(nóng)田相比[35-37],西藏農(nóng)田土壤PCBs濃度低3~4個數(shù)量級。在國外農(nóng)田中,巴基斯坦、瑞典的農(nóng)田土壤PCBs濃度分別為9.4×103pg·g-1dw和1.6×103pg·g-1dw[38-39],亦比西藏農(nóng)田土壤PCBs高近3個數(shù)量級。從全球來看,西藏農(nóng)田PCBs的濃度較低,與全球背景土壤的濃度(9~51.2×103pg·g-1dw)[5]的低值相接近。
青稞是西藏的主要農(nóng)作物,是當(dāng)?shù)夭孛竦闹魇持?。除青稞外,西藏還有少量的蔬菜種植。為了比較青稞和蔬菜PCBs的濃度水平,本研究隨機(jī)選擇4個采樣點(diǎn)采集了青稞和油菜(蔬菜主要品種)樣品。這些采樣點(diǎn)青稞和油菜PCBs的濃度分別為4.5~15 pg·g-1dw和5.8~16 pg·g-1dw (表1)。經(jīng)配對雙樣本t檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果顯示兩組數(shù)據(jù)的平均值不存在顯著的差異(P>0.05)。這說明西藏青稞和油菜PCBs的濃度水平相當(dāng)。因而,青稞PCBs的濃度能夠反映西藏農(nóng)作物PCBs的濃度水平。西藏32個青稞樣品PCBs的濃度范圍為2.4~28.6 pg·g-1dw,平均值為(13.5±7.6) pg·g-1dw (表1)。這與納木錯野生牧草PCBs (16.8 pg·g-1dw)的濃度水平相當(dāng)[29]。青稞是青藏高原的特有物種,與其他地區(qū)的主食農(nóng)作物相比,青稞PCBs的濃度比巴基斯坦的大米(1.1×103pg·g-1dw)和小麥(0.8×103pg·g-1dw)[38]及廣州的大米(0.8×103pg·g-1dw)[8]低約2個數(shù)量級。
綜上所述,青藏高原農(nóng)田土壤和農(nóng)作物PCBs的濃度均顯著低于全球其他農(nóng)田地區(qū)。
2.2 西藏農(nóng)田土壤和農(nóng)作物PCBs的空間分布特征
西藏農(nóng)田分布區(qū)土壤和農(nóng)作物PCBs的空間分布如圖2所示。在幾個行政區(qū)中,昌都地區(qū)的農(nóng)田土壤PCBs濃度最高(平均為6.0 pg·g-1dw,圖2a)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)土壤有機(jī)碳(SOC)對PCBs有較強(qiáng)的吸附能力,是影響土壤PCBs空間分布的重要因素[12]。昌都地區(qū)農(nóng)田土壤有機(jī)碳的含量高達(dá)3.5%,是其他區(qū)域的2~3倍,高含量的SOC促使更多的PCBs富集在土壤中。此外,Wang等[33]認(rèn)為昌都地區(qū)相對較高的降雨量(特別是降雪)加速了大氣PCBs的沉降。高含量的SOC和濕沉降的共同作用使昌都農(nóng)田土壤PCBs的濃度高于其他地區(qū)。林芝地區(qū)的農(nóng)田土壤PCBs濃度為幾個行政區(qū)中的最低值(平均3.0 pg·g-1dw,圖2a)。拉薩、日喀則和山南地區(qū)PCBs濃度則介于以上兩者之間,且濃度水平相差并不大(圖2a)。西藏農(nóng)田土壤PCBs高低值僅有2倍之差。這說明西藏地區(qū)農(nóng)田土壤PCBs的空間差異較小。
鑒于油菜的樣品數(shù)量較少,本文只討論了青稞PCBs的空間分布(圖2b)。西藏青稞PCBs的濃度水平依次為日喀則>山南>林芝>拉薩>昌都??傮w上,青藏高原南部與南亞接壤行政區(qū)中的青稞PCBs含量稍高,這與農(nóng)田土壤PCBs的空間分布特征(圖2a)差異較大。植物和土壤都能夠從大氣中吸收污染物,在根系從土壤中吸收污染物的同時,植物也在葉片接收大氣沉降的PCBs[40]。大氣對農(nóng)作物PCBs的貢獻(xiàn)可能是引起土壤和農(nóng)作物PCBs空間分布差異的原因。此外,農(nóng)作物對PCBs的吸收過程只發(fā)生在當(dāng)年生長季,而土壤中的PCBs是多年累積的結(jié)果。這也可能是引起兩者空間分布特征不同的原因。
2.3 農(nóng)作物的生物富集
植物從其生長環(huán)境中富集污染物的程度,可以用生物富集因子(biological concentration factor, BCF)來表示,即植物與其生長環(huán)境中污染物濃度的比值。若BCF>1,則說明污染物在植物體內(nèi)發(fā)生了生物富集。
表1 青藏高原農(nóng)田土壤和農(nóng)作物PCBs濃度(pg·g-1 dw)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)
注:*樣品量為32個;**樣品量為4個;Min:最小值;Max:最大值;Mean:平均值;Std:標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差;BDL:低于檢測限。
Note: *Thirty two samples; **Four samples; Min: Minimum; Max: Maximum; Mean: Mean values; Std: Standard deviation; BDL: Below detection limit.
圖2 西藏(a)農(nóng)田土壤和(b)青稞PCBs的空間分布特征Fig. 2 The spatial distribution of PCBs in (a) agricultural soil and (b) hulless barley of the Tibet
圖3 西藏青稞和油菜PCBs的生物富集系數(shù) 注:圖中長方形的上下兩條邊分別表示上和下四分位數(shù),星號表示最大最小值,橫線表示中位數(shù),小方框表示平均值,紅色虛線表示生物富集系等于1。Fig. 3 The bioaccumulation factor of PCBs for highland barley and rape in the Tibet Note:The box is defined by the 25th and 75th percentiles, whiskers mark the maximum and minimum, the median is represented by a horizontal line, the mean by a square, the values of BCF=1 is represented by a red broken line.
西藏青稞和油菜中PCBs的BCF值75%以上都大于1(圖3),說明大部分PCBs在農(nóng)作物中都發(fā)生了生物富集。青稞中PCB-52及PCB-153的生物富集系數(shù)較高。就平均值而言,青稞BCF的順序是PCB-153 ≈ PCB-52 > PCB-101≈ PCB-28。雖然土壤和青稞中PCB-153和 -101的濃度和所占的百分含量都不高,但這些大分子PCBs較穩(wěn)定,因而其生物富集系數(shù)也較高。由于PCB-28、-52和-180未在土壤和油菜樣品中同時被檢出,故油菜中這些化合物的生物富集系數(shù)無法進(jìn)行表示。與青稞相比,油菜PCB-101,-153和-138的生物富集系數(shù)略高于青稞(圖3)。
圖4 西藏農(nóng)田表層土壤PCB-52和PCB-153的環(huán)境行為Fig. 4 The environmental behaviour of PCB-52 and PCB-153 in the surface agricultural soil from the Tibet
2.4 農(nóng)田土壤PCBs的環(huán)境行為模擬
進(jìn)入農(nóng)田土壤的PCBs不斷與土壤各介質(zhì)進(jìn)行交換。青藏高原農(nóng)田表層土壤PCBs具有怎樣的環(huán)境行為?本研究選擇土壤中含量較高的小分子PCB-52及生物富集系數(shù)較大的PCB-153作為被試化合物,借助土壤模型模擬了西藏農(nóng)田表層土壤(面積1 ha,厚度0.1 m)PCBs的環(huán)境行為,結(jié)果如圖4所示。
表層土壤PCBs的損失包括揮發(fā)、降解和淋溶3個過程。模擬結(jié)果顯示,西藏農(nóng)田表層土壤PCB-52和153的淋溶和揮發(fā)速率較小,比降解速率低3~4個數(shù)量級。這說明表層土壤中的PCBs輸出主要以降解為主,而淋溶和揮發(fā)的貢獻(xiàn)很小。就相分配而言,所有介質(zhì)中,西藏農(nóng)田土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)富集的PCBs最多,占土壤PCBs總量的99.6%(圖4)。植物根系吸收的PCBs(2.26×10-3g·m-2)比土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)中PCBs含量(2.6×10-2g·m-2)低一個數(shù)量級(圖4)。這表示植物根系從土壤中吸收的PCBs極少。此外,土壤空氣、空隙水及礦物質(zhì)對PCBs的儲存能力也非常有限(圖4)。因此,西藏農(nóng)田土壤中的PCBs可能主要存儲在有機(jī)質(zhì)中,這與先前的很多研究結(jié)果是一致的[10, 12]。2種PCBs化合物相比,大分子PCB-153的揮發(fā)、降解、淋溶速率都低于小分子PCB-52(圖4)。大分子PCBs相對穩(wěn)定的理化性質(zhì)可能是其在土壤中長期停留的主要原因。
將PCBs環(huán)境行為、生物富集和空間分布結(jié)合在一起,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)由根系向青稞傳輸PCB-153不是青稞中積累PCB-153的主要途徑,然而青稞中PCB-153的生物富集因子卻較大。植物具有有機(jī)蠟質(zhì)表面能夠直接吸收大氣中的有機(jī)污染物,因此,青稞直接從大氣中吸收PCBs可能是其對PCBs積累和富集的主要途徑。在前文空間分布的研究中,青藏高原南部與南亞臨近地區(qū)的青稞中有較高含量的PCBs。這種離南亞越近PCBs含量越高的現(xiàn)象也表明青稞能直接吸收大氣中的PCBs污染物。
2.5 PCBs的食物攝入風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
PCBs進(jìn)入農(nóng)作物是其進(jìn)入人類食物鏈的一種方式。此外其被牧草吸收,牦牛通過食用牧草而將PCBs攝入體內(nèi),而人類又通過食用牦牛奶和肉等制品而攝入PCBs為其進(jìn)入人類食物鏈的另外一種方式。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),由于生物富集作用,牦牛肉、奶等制品中的PCBS含量往往比牧草中高于牧草中相應(yīng)污染物的含量[31],因而,即便在污染狀況很低的青藏高原地區(qū),依然有必要評估人類的PCBs食物攝入風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
本文使用聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織(FAO)和世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)提出的個體食物暴露評估方法[41]計(jì)算了西藏人群的指示性PCBs攝入風(fēng)險(xiǎn):
式中,Cij為個體i攝入的食物量(g·d-1),Tj為食品j中PCBs濃度(mg·kg-1鮮重),Wi為個體i的體重(本文假設(shè)為60 kg)??紤]到藏民族的食品結(jié)構(gòu),本文選擇青稞、牛肉、牛奶和酥油計(jì)算PCBs攝入量。食品人均消費(fèi)量來自于西藏自治區(qū)700戶居民抽樣調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)[42]。青稞和蔬菜PCBs數(shù)據(jù)來自于本研究,牛奶數(shù)據(jù)來自于文獻(xiàn)[31],酥油數(shù)據(jù)則取文獻(xiàn)[29]和[30]的平均值。牛肉中PCBs濃度低于檢出限[31],故計(jì)算過程中未考慮牛肉對PCBs攝入量的貢獻(xiàn)。
目前尚無指示性PCBs攝入量的安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn),Arnich等[43]綜合考慮了PCBs的毒性閾值、環(huán)境分布等因素,認(rèn)為10 ng·kg-1bw·d-1可作為PCBs攝入量的安全閾值。經(jīng)計(jì)算,西藏居民的平均PCBs攝入量為0.75 ng·kg-1bw·d-1,較安全閾值低至少一個數(shù)量級,即PCBs食物攝入對西藏居民健康的影響較小。青稞、蔬菜、牛奶、酥油的貢獻(xiàn)分別為0.07、0.02、0.01和0.66 ng·kg-1bw·d-1??梢姡钟涂赡苁俏鞑鼐用駭z入PCBs的主要食品。而青稞和蔬菜的貢獻(xiàn)僅占總攝入量的9.3%和1.3%,這表明農(nóng)田污染并非西藏人群攝入PCBs的主要途徑。
綜上可知,青藏高原雖自身污染排放有限但其卻毗鄰于印度等主要的南亞污染國家。南亞污染物在印度季風(fēng)驅(qū)動下傳輸至青藏高原已經(jīng)是不爭的事實(shí)[22, 24, 44-45]。在此基礎(chǔ)上,本研究確認(rèn)了農(nóng)作物吸收南亞排放PCBs的方式為直接從大氣吸收而不是由根系從土壤中吸收。本研究估算了藏族同胞通過食用農(nóng)作物和牦牛肉、奶而可能的食用風(fēng)險(xiǎn),發(fā)現(xiàn)藏族同胞對PCBs的攝入風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較小。基于較低的大氣、土壤及農(nóng)作物濃度與較低的攝入風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可以初步判斷南亞排放PCBs對西藏生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的影響較小,但是,鑒于南亞電子垃圾焚燒與拆卸有持續(xù)的趨勢,PCBs對西藏生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的影響,尤其是對藏南與南亞接壤地區(qū)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的影響也將是持續(xù)的。藏南生態(tài)類型多樣,包括森林、草甸、湖泊與農(nóng)田等,未來的工作應(yīng)當(dāng)著重關(guān)注南亞污染物在藏南森林、草甸和湖泊生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的積累和生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
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Distribution,Environmental Behavior, and Health Risks of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Tibetan Agricultural Soil and Crops
Wang Chuanfei1,2, Gong Ping1,2, Wang Xiaoping1,2,*, Yao Tandong1,2
1. Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Process, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 2. CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) emitted in South Asia can undergo long-range atmospheric transport to reach the southern Tibetan Plateau. Once PCBs are deposited into the agricultural soil of this region they have the potential to accumulate in the human body via food chains, and ultimately increase the health risk for those consuming the produce from these lands. However, despite this important issue, few studies have examined the environmental processes involved, or assessed the health risk, of PCBs in agricultural soil and crops. In the present study, agricultural soil and crops were collected from the southern Tibetan Plateau. The average concentrations of PCBs in the soil, in hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var nudum Hook. f), and in rape (Brassica campestris L.) were found to be 5.1, 13.5 and 10.9 pg·g-1dw, respectively, which are at the low end of global levels. The bio-concentration factors of all the vegetation were greater than 1, suggesting PCB accumulation. Results from a fugacity model showed that 99.6% of soil PCBs accumulated in the soil organic matter, while only 0.38% of PCBs were taken up by the roots of crops, implying that the main source of PCBs in the crops was atmospheric deposition. The dietary intake of non-dioxin-like PCBs in the southern Tibetan Plateau was found to be 0.75 ng·kg-1bw·d-1, which is more than one order of magnitude lower than the “guidance value”. In conclusion, the health risks of PCBs via dietary exposure in the southern Tibetan Plateau are low.
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); Tibet; spatial distribution; fugacity model; health risk
10.7524/AJE.1673-5897.20151202003
國家自然科學(xué)基金(41222010, 41571463)
王傳飛(1987- ),女,博士,研究方向?yàn)榍嗖馗咴h(huán)境污染,E-mail: wangchuanfei@itpcas.ac.cn
*通訊作者(Corresponding author), E-mail: wangxp@itpcas.ac.cn
2015-12-02 錄用日期:2016-01-02
1673-5897(2016)2-339-08
X171.5
A
簡介:王小萍(1976-),女,博士,研究員,主要研究方向?yàn)榍嗖馗咴h(huán)境污染與變化。
王傳飛, 龔平, 王小萍, 等. 西藏農(nóng)田土和農(nóng)作物中多氯聯(lián)苯的分布、環(huán)境行為和健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估[J]. 生態(tài)毒理學(xué)報(bào),2016, 11(2): 339-346
Wang C F, Gong P, Wang X P, et al. Distribution, environmental behavior, and health risks of polychlorinated biphenyls in the tibetan agricultural soil and crops [J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2016, 11(2): 339-346 (in Chinese)