劉 茁,羅 程,胡 帥,范 宇,劉振華,楊新宇,沈 棋,劉漓波,韓文科,周利群,虞 巍, 何 群,張 騫,金 杰
(北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院泌尿外科,北京大學(xué)泌尿外科研究所,國(guó)家泌尿、男性生殖系腫瘤研究中心,北京 100034)
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·論著·
T1a~T1b期前列腺癌的診斷與治療
劉 茁,羅 程,胡 帥,范 宇,劉振華,楊新宇,沈 棋,劉漓波,韓文科,周利群,虞 巍, 何 群,張 騫,金 杰△
(北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院泌尿外科,北京大學(xué)泌尿外科研究所,國(guó)家泌尿、男性生殖系腫瘤研究中心,北京 100034)
目的:探討經(jīng)尿道前列腺電切術(shù)后偶發(fā)前列腺癌(即T1a~T1b期前列腺癌)的臨床病理特點(diǎn),提高對(duì)該病的診療認(rèn)識(shí)。方法:回顧性分析2004年5月至2013年9月北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院泌尿外科977例因良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hypertrophy,BPH)而行經(jīng)尿道前列腺電切手術(shù)(transurethral resection of prostate,TURP)患者的臨床病理資料,選擇其中總前列腺特異抗原(total prostate specific antigen, tPSA)≤10 μg/L,且既往無(wú)前列腺或膀胱手術(shù)史者共771例,對(duì)TURP組織病理標(biāo)本進(jìn)行全部取材,由專業(yè)病理科醫(yī)師進(jìn)行分析,描繪HE染色切片顯微鏡下的腫瘤輪廓,采用Image J 1.47h軟件采集圖像,測(cè)量腫瘤面積,將每例患者所有切片中的腫瘤面積相加,估算的腫瘤體積等于腫瘤測(cè)量面積總和乘以模塊厚度。收集患者的臨床及病理資料,隨訪其治療方式、前列腺特異性抗原(prostate specific antigen, PSA)進(jìn)展情況、干預(yù)治療的原因及方式、腫瘤特異性病死率等。結(jié)果:本組患者發(fā)現(xiàn)偶發(fā)癌86例,檢出率為11.2%,此86例患者腫瘤體積0.4~180.2 mm3,其中T1a期77例(89.5%),平均腫瘤體積為(12.3±12.6) mm3,T1b期9例(10.5%),平均腫瘤體積為(105.1±41.8) mm3。所有患者腫瘤體積均<500 mm3,屬于小體積前列腺癌。腫瘤Gleason評(píng)分,<7分者79例,≥7分者7例。86例患者初步治療方案均為等待觀察,其中2例失訪,中位隨訪時(shí)間88.9個(gè)月(27.9~150.1個(gè)月)。共5例患者發(fā)生PSA進(jìn)展,其中T1a期4例,T1b期1例,此5例患者均選擇干預(yù)治療。T1b期有1例患者雖然未發(fā)生PSA進(jìn)展,但因患者意愿強(qiáng)烈也選擇了干預(yù)治療。T1a期患者中,1例選擇前列腺根治性切除術(shù),術(shù)后未見(jiàn)生化復(fù)發(fā);3例選擇內(nèi)分泌治療,未見(jiàn)治療后PSA進(jìn)展。T1b期1例患者選擇放療,未見(jiàn)放療后生化復(fù)發(fā),1例選擇內(nèi)分泌治療,未見(jiàn)治療后PSA進(jìn)展。獲得隨訪的84例患者中非前列腺癌特異性死亡者6例,未見(jiàn)前列腺癌特異性死亡者。結(jié)論:本研究偶發(fā)癌檢出率為11.2%,86例偶發(fā)癌均屬于小體積前列腺癌,等待觀察治療對(duì)T1a~T1b期前列腺癌是一種相對(duì)安全的治療策略。
前列腺腫瘤;前列腺;經(jīng)尿道前列腺電切術(shù)
良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hypertrophy,BPH)是一種引起中老年男性排尿障礙的常見(jiàn)疾病,對(duì)于中、重度下尿路癥狀或藥物治療效果不佳,部分患者最終需要手術(shù)治療[1],目前,經(jīng)尿道前列腺電切術(shù)(transurethral resection of prostate,TURP)廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床,術(shù)后行組織病理學(xué)檢查,除發(fā)現(xiàn)前列腺增生外少數(shù)患者偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)前列腺癌(incidental prostate cancer,IPCa)。大多文獻(xiàn)將IPCa等同于臨床分期T1a與T1b前列腺癌[2-5]。目前對(duì)IPCa的治療策略選擇主要基于傳統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn),即對(duì)于T1a期采取延遲治療,對(duì)于T1b期采取積極治療,然而這一結(jié)論是基于一些小樣本研究而得出的[6-8],而且目前應(yīng)用的2002年前列腺癌TNM分期系統(tǒng)起初是根據(jù)1992年第4版確定并沿用至今,近20多年未曾更新。本文回顧性分析近10年北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院?jiǎn)沃行腎PCa患者臨床病理資料,試圖分析其臨床病理特點(diǎn)并提高對(duì)TURP術(shù)后偶發(fā)癌的診療認(rèn)識(shí)。
1.1 一般資料
回顧性分析北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院泌尿外科2004年5月至2013年9月977例BPH患者行手術(shù)治療的臨床資料。所有患者均無(wú)前列腺癌家族史,直腸指診未觸及明顯硬結(jié),未行前列腺穿刺。本研究排除15例行2次TURP術(shù)患者,2例既往行前列腺激光手術(shù)患者,1例既往膀胱腫瘤行經(jīng)尿道膀胱腫瘤切除術(shù)患者,1例行膀胱切開(kāi)取石術(shù)患者,1例行經(jīng)尿道汽化電切術(shù)患者,2例既往慢性腎功能不全患者,剩余956例BPH患者,其中選擇tPSA≤10 μg/L者,共771例。臨床基本資料包括:年齡、體重指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)、術(shù)前總前列腺特異性抗原(total prostate specific antigen, tPSA)、前列腺特異性抗原密度(prostate specific antigen density, PSAD)、前列腺體積、TURP切除組織質(zhì)量等,其中,BMI=體重(kg)/身高(m)2。PSA測(cè)量均在直腸指診前或指診1周后。前列腺體積(mL)=π/6×長(zhǎng)(cm)×寬(cm)×高(cm)。
1.2 病理資料
首先將手術(shù)標(biāo)本進(jìn)行稱重,對(duì)手術(shù)標(biāo)本進(jìn)行全部取材,并用甲醛溶液固定。將所有標(biāo)本組織塊置入厚度為3 mm的模塊中進(jìn)行石蠟包埋,對(duì)每個(gè)模塊進(jìn)行切片并進(jìn)行HE染色。由專業(yè)病理科醫(yī)師進(jìn)行分析,在光學(xué)顯微鏡下辨認(rèn)并挑選含有腫瘤的組織塊。采用Image J 1.47h軟件采集圖像,勾畫(huà)腫瘤輪廓(不含正常前列腺腺體及基質(zhì)組織), 測(cè)量腫瘤面積。將每例患者所有切片中的腫瘤面積相加,估算腫瘤體積=測(cè)量腫瘤面積總和×模塊厚度[9-10]。
1.3 治療與隨訪
對(duì)于偶發(fā)前列腺癌,所有患者均選擇等待觀察(watchful waiting, WW)治療方式。 術(shù)后1個(gè)月進(jìn)行首次隨訪,內(nèi)容包括PSA檢查、詢問(wèn)手術(shù)療效及并發(fā)癥等,以后每3個(gè)月隨訪1次,2年后每6個(gè)月隨訪1次,5年后每年隨訪1次。收集隨訪資料,包括是否發(fā)生PSA進(jìn)展,是否進(jìn)行干預(yù)治療,干預(yù)治療的原因及方式等。PSA進(jìn)展指隨訪過(guò)程中PSA值大于等于TURP術(shù)后PSA的兩倍[11];干預(yù)方式包括前列腺根治性切除術(shù)、內(nèi)分泌治療和放射治療;根治術(shù)后生化復(fù)發(fā)指連續(xù)兩次血tPSA≥0.2 μg/L;放療后生化復(fù)發(fā)指PSA值高于放療后最低點(diǎn)2 μg/L;內(nèi)分泌治療后PSA進(jìn)展指連續(xù)兩次血tPSA≥0.4 μg/L。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
使用SPSS22.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,兩組的年齡(歲)、BMI(kg/m2)、術(shù)前tPSA(μg/L)、PSAD、前列腺體積(mL)、TURP切除組織質(zhì)量等數(shù)據(jù)的比較采用Mann-WhitneyU檢驗(yàn),P<0.05認(rèn)為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
本組771例患者平均年齡(71.3±5.9)歲,平均BMI為(23.9±3.1)kg/m2,術(shù)前平均tPSA(4.4±2.8)μg/L。發(fā)現(xiàn)偶發(fā)癌86例,其檢出率為11.2%,兩組患者臨床特征比較見(jiàn)表1。偶發(fā)前列腺癌組與良性前列腺增生組,兩組年齡、BMI、術(shù)前tPSA、PSAD、前列腺體積、TURP切除組織質(zhì)量等比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
根據(jù)腫瘤占前列腺切除組織的百分比對(duì)IPCa組86例進(jìn)行亞組分析(表2),T1a期77例(89.5%), 平均腫瘤體積為(12.3±12.6) mm3;T1b期9例(10.5%), 其平均腫瘤體積為(105.1±41.8) mm3。總86例腫瘤體積為0.4~180.2 mm3。所有患者腫瘤均小于500 mm3,屬于小體積前列腺癌。其腫瘤Gleason評(píng)分,<7分者79人,≥7分者7人。T1a組與T1b組在年齡、術(shù)前tPSA、術(shù)前PSAD、術(shù)后1月tPSA、前列腺體積、TURP切除組織質(zhì)量上比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
86例患者均行等待觀察治療,其中2例失訪,中位隨訪時(shí)間88.9個(gè)月(27.9~150.1個(gè)月)。共有5例患者發(fā)生PSA進(jìn)展,其中T1a組4例,T1b組1例,此5例患者均選擇了干預(yù)治療。T1a組1人選擇前列腺根治性切除術(shù),術(shù)后未見(jiàn)生化復(fù)發(fā);3例選擇內(nèi)分泌治療,未見(jiàn)治療后PSA進(jìn)展。T1b組1人選擇放
療,未見(jiàn)放療后生化復(fù)發(fā),T1b組中有1例患者雖然沒(méi)有發(fā)生PSA進(jìn)展,但患者意愿強(qiáng)烈,也選擇了干預(yù)治療,1人選擇內(nèi)分泌治療,未見(jiàn)治療后PSA進(jìn)展。所有84例獲得隨訪的患者中,非前列腺癌特異性死亡者6人,無(wú)前列腺癌特異性死亡患者。
表1 行經(jīng)尿道前列腺電切術(shù)患者的臨床特點(diǎn)Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients who underwent TURP
IPCa, incidental prostate cancer; BPH, benign prostatic hypertrophy; PSA, prostate specific antigen; BMI, body mass index.
表2 偶發(fā)前列腺癌患者臨床及病理特征Table 2 Clinical and pathologic findings of patients with incidental prostate cancer
偶發(fā)前列腺癌指術(shù)前未考慮前列腺癌診斷可能(直腸指診未觸及明顯硬結(jié)或影像學(xué)檢查未發(fā)現(xiàn)異常),在因下尿路癥狀(lower urinary tract symptoms,LUTS)等有手術(shù)指證而行TURP的標(biāo)本中,組織學(xué)檢查偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的前列腺癌[12]。2002年前列腺癌TNM分期中,臨床分期T1a期指偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的腫瘤且病變小于前列腺組織的5%,T1b期指偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的腫瘤且病變大于前列腺組織的5%。大多文獻(xiàn)將IPCa等同于臨床分期T1a與T1b前列腺癌[2-5]。
隨著人們對(duì)PSA認(rèn)識(shí)的深入,“偶發(fā)癌”的概念也在發(fā)生不斷變化,報(bào)道的檢出率也有所不同。Jones等[13]認(rèn)為PSA時(shí)代(1994~2000年)偶發(fā)癌的檢出率較PSA前時(shí)代(1986~1987年)顯著下降(5.2%和14.9%),尤其以T1b期腫瘤下降為主。PSA時(shí)代偶發(fā)癌的檢出率下降的原因可能為:(1)隨著治療BPH藥物的進(jìn)步,需要TURP等手術(shù)解除下尿路癥狀的患者逐漸減少;(2)對(duì)藥物治療效果不滿意的患者有一部分選擇行經(jīng)尿道前列腺電汽化術(shù)、經(jīng)尿道射頻消融術(shù)等,這些手術(shù)操作因無(wú)法進(jìn)行病理檢查,也導(dǎo)致了IPCa檢出率的下降;(3)PSA篩查增大了前列腺穿刺發(fā)現(xiàn)前列腺癌的檢出率,有一部分原本應(yīng)被診斷為T(mén)1a期或T1b期的患者在出現(xiàn)下尿路癥狀而行TURP之前,就因?yàn)镻SA升高而行穿刺發(fā)現(xiàn)前列腺癌(歸為T(mén)1c期)。IPCa的概念中并未對(duì)PSA有所限定,本研究將入組人群限定在PSA≤10 μg/L。因?yàn)镻SA>10 μg/L時(shí),臨床醫(yī)生將高度懷疑患者可能患前列腺癌,因此應(yīng)行進(jìn)一步檢查,如前列腺穿刺等。而對(duì)于穿刺結(jié)果陰性的患者,因前列腺穿刺有假陰性率亦不能完全除外其患前列腺癌的可能性,因此認(rèn)為IPCa的嚴(yán)格定義應(yīng)該除外PSA指標(biāo)過(guò)高或接受過(guò)穿刺活檢的患者。
目前對(duì)IPCa的治療策略選擇主要基于傳統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn),即對(duì)于T1a期采取延遲治療,對(duì)于T1b期采取積極治療。傳統(tǒng)觀念認(rèn)為T(mén)1b期偶發(fā)癌較T1a期具有較差的臨床預(yù)后[14-15],然而這一結(jié)論是基于一些小樣本量研究而得出的[6-8],而且目前應(yīng)用的2002年前列腺癌TNM分期系統(tǒng)起初是根據(jù)1992年第4版確定并沿用至今,近20多年未曾更新。目前很多研究對(duì)T分期提出質(zhì)疑:(1)T分期(T1a和T1b期)不是根治性前列腺切除術(shù)(radical prostatectomy,RP)預(yù)測(cè)殘余腫瘤的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子[16];(2)T分期不能夠精確地預(yù)測(cè)RP術(shù)后生化復(fù)發(fā)[16];(3)TURP術(shù)中切除組織總質(zhì)量可能強(qiáng)烈影響T分期,導(dǎo)致無(wú)法單純反應(yīng)腫瘤體積或殘余腫瘤的特點(diǎn)[16-17]。
前列腺腫瘤體積是能夠反映前列腺癌預(yù)后的重要指標(biāo)之一,有學(xué)者研究表明[18-21],前列腺腫瘤體積是前列腺根治術(shù)后生化復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子。大多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為根治性前列腺切除術(shù)后腫瘤體積小于500 mm3的前列腺癌是沒(méi)有臨床意義或臨床意義極小的,對(duì)于這些患者,更適合進(jìn)行保守治療[21-24]。Epstein等[22]最先開(kāi)始研究“小體積前列腺癌”或“無(wú)臨床意義前列腺癌”,認(rèn)為腫瘤體積小于500 mm3患者5年內(nèi)沒(méi)有發(fā)生疾病進(jìn)展。van Oort等[23]研究在經(jīng)過(guò)39.5個(gè)月隨訪,無(wú)臨床意義的前列腺癌(腫瘤體積小于0.5 mL且不含GS4或5分成分)的生化復(fù)發(fā)率顯著偏低,因此建議對(duì)于小體積或無(wú)臨床意義的前列腺癌行期待治療。本研究86例偶發(fā)癌平均估算腫瘤體積0.4~180.2 mm3,均小于500 mm3,因此本課題組認(rèn)為對(duì)86例患者行等待觀察治療是一種相對(duì)安全的治療策略。
近期的研究認(rèn)為[12,16],發(fā)現(xiàn)IPCa后治療決策的選擇應(yīng)該由以下因素綜合決定:(1)殘余腫瘤可能性的評(píng)估;(2)臨床進(jìn)展可能性的評(píng)估;(3)治療的相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn);(4)每例患者的預(yù)期壽命。并非所有的局限性前列腺癌均需要積極治療,對(duì)于有合并癥或預(yù)期壽命較短的患者可以采用延遲治療以提高其生活質(zhì)量,減少過(guò)度治療導(dǎo)致的危害。等待觀察(watchful waiting,WW)是一種以治療癥狀為主的保守治療方式。當(dāng)患者出現(xiàn)局部進(jìn)展、全身進(jìn)展或前列腺癌相關(guān)并發(fā)癥時(shí)再采取積極治療,積極治療包括采用TURP或者其他手術(shù)方式緩解泌尿系梗阻,采用內(nèi)分泌治療或者放療緩解轉(zhuǎn)移病變等。WW治療沒(méi)有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的隨訪方式,臨床醫(yī)師應(yīng)根據(jù)患者的具體情況制定個(gè)體化的隨訪方式。對(duì)IPCa患者行WW具有可行性的原因之一是部分前列腺癌進(jìn)展非常緩慢。Lee等[11]回顧性分析156位韓國(guó)IPCa患者,其中46人選擇延遲治療?;颊咴谘舆t治療隨訪期間采用PSA檢測(cè)和直腸指診(digital rectal examination, DRE)檢查?!癙SA進(jìn)展”被定義為T(mén)URP術(shù)后PSA發(fā)生倍增,9例患者因過(guò)程中發(fā)生疾病進(jìn)展而進(jìn)行積極干預(yù)治療,5例患者因強(qiáng)烈意愿而進(jìn)行干預(yù)治療,所有患者均未發(fā)生疾病特異性死亡。Herden 等[25]在一項(xiàng)前瞻性多中心研究中,報(bào)道了104例行主動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)(active surveillance,AS)治療的IPCa患者資料,在平均隨訪26.5個(gè)月后,只有16例患者發(fā)生疾病進(jìn)展,在單因素及多因素分析中,只有PSAD與疾病進(jìn)展相關(guān),其他指標(biāo),如Gleason評(píng)分、TNM分期、PSA具體數(shù)值及將PSA分為>10 μg/L或<10 μg/L兩組,均對(duì)是否發(fā)生疾病進(jìn)展無(wú)預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,發(fā)生疾病進(jìn)展患者的平均術(shù)前PSA較未發(fā)生進(jìn)展患者略高(5.12 μg/L與4.08 μg/L),但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,所有患者均未發(fā)生疾病特異性死亡。本中心86例患者均行等待觀察治療,在中位隨訪時(shí)間88.9個(gè)月中共5例患者發(fā)生PSA進(jìn)展,隨后均選擇了干預(yù)治療,隨訪期間無(wú)患者發(fā)生前列腺癌特異性死亡,由此我們認(rèn)為等待觀察治療T1a~T1b期前列腺癌是一種相對(duì)安全的治療策略。
《歐洲泌尿外科指南》[2]認(rèn)為,如需手術(shù)治療應(yīng)綜合考慮腫瘤臨床進(jìn)展的可能性,治療的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及患者生存獲益。預(yù)期壽命較長(zhǎng)且腫瘤分化較差患者可考慮行RP手術(shù)。Capitanio等[16]對(duì)158例T1a和T1b的偶發(fā)癌均行RP治療,5年無(wú)生化復(fù)發(fā)生存率為92%,隨訪患者均未出現(xiàn)臨床進(jìn)展或遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。雖然手術(shù)治療可以達(dá)到較好的根治腫瘤效果,但常伴隨手術(shù)并發(fā)癥,例如術(shù)中嚴(yán)重出血、直腸損傷、術(shù)后陰莖勃起功能障礙、尿失禁等[2]。
本研究為回顧性研究,且隨訪時(shí)間相對(duì)較短,需要長(zhǎng)期隨訪和前瞻性研究進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。
綜上所述,本組IPCa患者腫瘤體積相對(duì)較小,預(yù)后良好,因此本課題組認(rèn)為等待觀察治療T1a~T1b期前列腺癌是一種相對(duì)安全的治療策略。
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(2016-04-04收稿)
(本文編輯:王 蕾)
Diagnosis and treatment of T1a-T1b prostate cancer
LIU Zhuo, LUO Cheng, HU Shuai, FAN Yu, LIU Zhen-hua, YANG Xin-yu, SHEN Qi, LIU Li-bo, HAN Wen-ke, ZHOU Li-qun, YU Wei, HE Qun, ZHANG Qian, JIN Jie△
(Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological and Male Reproductive System Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, China)
Objective:To explore the clinical pathological characteristics and improve the recognition in the diagnosis and treatment of incidental (stage T1a-T1b) prostate cancer. Methods: Seven hundred and seventy-one patients who underwent TURP from May 2004 to September 2013 were analyzed retrospectively. In our institution, TURP specimens should be totally submitted in an extensive sampling method. The tumor area was outlined by estimation of an experienced genitourinary pathologist and calculated by the image analysis system software (Image J 1.47 h). The tumor area was then multiplied by the thickness of tissue. The total sum of all tumor volume was the estimated tumor volume. The clinical and pathological factors, follow-up results were obtained and we aimed to collect information about the period of watchful waiting (WW), PSA progression status, intervention status during the follow-up, the reason for intervention on WW and the type of intervention.Results: The average age of 771 patients was (71.3±5.9) years old, and the average BMI was (23.9±3.1) kg/m2, preoperative average tPSA was (4.4±2.8) μg/L. Eighty-six (11.2%) cases of incidental prostate cancer were detected. The patients in T1a group (77 cases, 89.5%) had tumor volumes of (12.3±12.6) mm3, and the patients in T1b group had tumor volumes of (105.1±41.8) mm3.The range of tumor volume was 0.4-180.2 mm3. The volume of all the 86 cases was less than 500 mm3as the threshold of insignificant cancer. All the patients were managed by WW. The mean follow-up time was 88.9 (27.9-150.1) months.The Gleason score was <7 in 79 patients, and ≥7 in 7 patients. There was no significant difference in age, preoperative tPSA, preoperative PSAD, postoperative tPSA, prostate volume and TURP resection between T1a group and T1b group (P>0.05). Among 84 patients without follow-up losts, PSA progression occurred in 5 patients. One T1a patient underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) as an intervention, and 3 patients underwent hormone therapy. One patient in T1b group underwent radiotherapy for PSA progression and one was treated because of patient preference without evidence of disease progression. There were no patients who died due to prostate cancer. Conclusion: Eighty-six (11.2%) cases of incidental prostate cancer were detected. The tumor volume of all the cases was insignificant cancer.The clinical outcomes of IPCa were satisfactory with the initial treatment of WW in the Chinese population.
Prostate neoplasms; Prostate; Transurethral resection of prostate
時(shí)間:2016-9-5 15:56:30
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.4691.R.20160905.1556.044.html
R737.2
A
1671-167X(2016)05-0812-05
10.3969/j.issn.1671-167X.2016.05.011
△ Corresponding auther’s e-mail, jinjie@vip.163.com