彭 鼎,李學(xué)松,張崔建,楊?lèi)鹞?,?琦,張 雷,余霄騰,何志嵩,周利群
(北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院泌尿外科,北京大學(xué)泌尿外科研究所,國(guó)家泌尿、男性生殖系腫瘤診治中心,北京 100034)
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·論著·
T3N0M0期腎細(xì)胞癌患者預(yù)后相關(guān)因素分析:?jiǎn)沃行?82例患者回顧性研究
彭 鼎*,李學(xué)松*,張崔建△,楊?lèi)鹞?,?琦,張 雷,余霄騰,何志嵩,周利群△
(北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院泌尿外科,北京大學(xué)泌尿外科研究所,國(guó)家泌尿、男性生殖系腫瘤診治中心,北京 100034)
目的:研究影響T3N0M0期腎細(xì)胞癌患者腫瘤學(xué)預(yù)后的臨床及實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查因素。方法:回顧性分析2007年至2012年于北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院行手術(shù)治療的T3N0M0腎細(xì)胞癌患者的臨床資料、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果及隨訪(fǎng)數(shù)據(jù)。應(yīng)用Kaplan-Meier法計(jì)算生存率,Log-rank方法進(jìn)行單因素分析,對(duì)單因素分析中顯著相關(guān)的變量采用Cox模型進(jìn)行多因素生存分析。結(jié)果:共182例T3N0M0腎細(xì)胞癌患者納入研究,其中男性患者126例(69.23%),女性患者56例(30.77%)?;颊咂骄挲g為(56.75±12.45)歲,中位隨訪(fǎng)時(shí)間48個(gè)月(3~99個(gè)月),末次隨訪(fǎng)時(shí)共有50例(27.47%)患者死亡,59例患者(32.42%)復(fù)發(fā)?;颊叩?年腫瘤特異性生存率為68.30% (95%CI: 60.16%~75.84%),5年無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)生存率為60.70%(95%CI: 53.16%~68.84%)。多因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病(HR=2.434, 95%CI:1.243~4.769,P=0.010)、術(shù)前低白蛋白血癥(HR=2.188, 95%CI:1.074~1.074,P=0.031)及貧血(HR=3.320, 95%CI:1.839~5.991,P<0.001)是T3N0M0腎細(xì)胞癌患者術(shù)后腫瘤特異生存的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,更高的Fuhrman分級(jí)(HR=2.552, 95%CI:1.433~4.545,P=0.001)、術(shù)前貧血(HR=2.535, 95%CI:1.497~4.293,P=0.001)是T3N0M0腎細(xì)胞癌患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)論:糖尿病、術(shù)前低白蛋白血癥、貧血是T3N0M0腎細(xì)胞癌患者術(shù)后生存的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素;高Fuhrman分級(jí)、貧血是T3N0M0腎細(xì)胞癌患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
腎腫瘤;癌,腎細(xì)胞;治療結(jié)果;腎切除術(shù)
腎細(xì)胞癌(renal cell carcinoma,RCC)占所有惡性腫瘤的3.9%,其中85%為透明細(xì)胞癌(clear cell renal cell carcinoma,ccRCC)[1-2]。根據(jù)《2015年中國(guó)癌癥統(tǒng)計(jì)》,中國(guó)每年新增腎癌66 800例,死亡23 400例[3]。在2002年至2011年的10年中,RCC發(fā)病率年增長(zhǎng)1.6%[4],因此,研究RCC的預(yù)后及術(shù)后風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素對(duì)于預(yù)測(cè)患者復(fù)發(fā)、轉(zhuǎn)移、腫瘤死亡及制定隨訪(fǎng)策略具有重要意義。
目前,RCC最常用的預(yù)后因素仍是TNM分期和Fuhrman分級(jí),兩者分別反映了腫瘤的解剖特征和分化特征與生存的關(guān)系。不同臨床特征的患者能夠表現(xiàn)出顯著不同的預(yù)后特點(diǎn),而針對(duì)T3N0M0這一特定分期RCC患者的研究較少。本研究對(duì)T3N0M0的RCC患者臨床資料與實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果進(jìn)行了回顧性研究,探討其與預(yù)后的相關(guān)性。
1.1 病例選擇與評(píng)估
2007年至2012年共有2 651例RCC患者于北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院行手術(shù)治療,根據(jù)2010年美國(guó)癌癥聯(lián)合委員會(huì)(American Joint Committee on Cancer,AJCC)的TNM分期[5],其中共有189例T3N0M0患者,因其中7例無(wú)隨訪(fǎng)數(shù)據(jù),予以排除,所以共182例患者納入本研究。所有患者術(shù)前均有完整的輔助檢查資料(胸部X線(xiàn)片、腹部超聲、泌尿系CT以及實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查項(xiàng)目;如有臨床相關(guān)癥狀的患者進(jìn)一步檢查頭顱CT、骨掃描、胸部CT等),術(shù)前均無(wú)轉(zhuǎn)移,術(shù)后組織病理檢查無(wú)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,組織病理類(lèi)型均為RCC。
本研究所統(tǒng)計(jì)的患者臨床及病理特征包括性別、年齡、體重指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)、糖尿病病史、血尿病史、組織病理亞型、腫瘤侵犯范圍、Fuhrman分級(jí)、腫瘤部位、腫瘤最大徑、腎盂侵犯、腎竇脂肪侵犯、手術(shù)類(lèi)型(開(kāi)放手術(shù)及腹腔鏡手術(shù))、手術(shù)方式[腎部分切除術(shù)(partial nephrectomy, PN)及根治性腎切除術(shù)(radical nephrectomy,RN)]。實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)包括術(shù)前白蛋白、膽固醇、血紅蛋白、中性粒細(xì)胞百分比。組織病理學(xué)亞型根據(jù)2004年世界衛(wèi)生組織(World Health Organization,WHO)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分類(lèi),F(xiàn)uhrman分級(jí)根據(jù)1997年WHO推薦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)估[6],分期根據(jù)2010年AJCC TNM分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行[5]。
患者隨訪(fǎng)策略為術(shù)后2年內(nèi)每3個(gè)月隨訪(fǎng)一次,第2~4年為每半年隨訪(fǎng)一次,第5年及以后每年隨訪(fǎng)一次。隨訪(fǎng)資料包括影像學(xué)(胸部X線(xiàn)片、CT、B超)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查(血常規(guī)、生化全項(xiàng)、尿常規(guī)等)。患者隨訪(fǎng)結(jié)果包括腫瘤特異性生存(cancer-specific survival,CSS)及無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)生存(recurrence-free survival,RFS), 復(fù)發(fā)包括局部復(fù)發(fā)及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。隨訪(fǎng)時(shí)間為手術(shù)日期到腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)、腫瘤特異死亡、末次隨訪(fǎng)的時(shí)間,單位為月。
1.2 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
數(shù)據(jù)分析使用SPSS軟件(19.0,Chicago, Illinois),呈正態(tài)分布的數(shù)值型變量,使用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,不符合正態(tài)分布的變量,采用中位數(shù)及極值的形式。用Kaplan-Meier法繪制曲線(xiàn)及生存率的估計(jì),Log-rank檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行單因素分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。單因素分析中有顯著差異的變量,進(jìn)行Cox回歸模型多因素分析,以逐步向前法得到CSS及RFS的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
按照納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn),共182例患者納入研究,其中失訪(fǎng)病例12例,失訪(fǎng)率6.59%。182例入組患者中男性126例(69.23%),女性56例(30.77%);患者平均年齡(56.75±12.45)歲,其他一般臨床特征如表1所示?;颊咧形浑S訪(fǎng)時(shí)間48個(gè)月(3~99個(gè)月),末次隨訪(fǎng)時(shí)共有50例患者(27.47%)死亡,59例患者(32.42%)復(fù)發(fā)。患者的5年腫瘤特異性生存率為68.30%(95%CI:60.16%~75.84%), 5年無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)生存率為60.70%(95%CI:53.16%~68.84%,圖1)。
采用Log-rank檢驗(yàn)對(duì)可能影響T3N0M0RCC預(yù)后的因素(性別、年齡、BMI、糖尿病病史、血尿、組織病理亞型、Fuhrman分級(jí)、腎盂浸潤(rùn)、腎竇脂肪浸潤(rùn)、腫瘤侵犯范圍、左右側(cè)、腫瘤最大徑、手術(shù)方式、手術(shù)類(lèi)型、術(shù)前白蛋白、膽固醇、血紅蛋白、中性粒細(xì)胞百分比)進(jìn)行單因素分析,結(jié)果如表1所示。
表1 患者一般臨床特征及腫瘤特異性生存、無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)生存的單因素分析結(jié)果Table 1 Clinicopathologic characteristics of the patients and univariate analysis of prognostic factors for cancer-specific survival and recurrence-free survival
CSS,cancer-specific survival; RFS, recurrence-free survival; BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; IVC, inferior vena cava; ccRCC, clear cell renal cell carcinoma; PN, partial nephrectomy; RN, radical nephrectomy.
圖1 Kaplan-Meier法計(jì)算患者的腫瘤特異生存曲線(xiàn)(A)及無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)生存曲線(xiàn)(B)
Figure 1 Kaplan-Meier method estimated cancer-specific survival (A) and recurrence-free survival (B)
對(duì)單因素分析中P<0.05的變量進(jìn)行Cox多因素回歸分析。在比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型分析中,多因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn)糖尿病(HR=2.434, 95%CI:1.243~4.769,P=0.010)、術(shù)前低白蛋白血癥(HR=2.188, 95%CI:1.074~1.074,P=0.031)及貧血(HR=3.320, 95%CI:1.839~5.991,P<0.001)是T3N0M0RCC患者術(shù)后腫瘤特異生存的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(表2);更高的Fuhrman分級(jí)(HR=2.552, 95%CI:1.433~4.545,P=0.001)、術(shù)前貧血(HR=2.535, 95%CI:1.497~4.293,P=0.001)是T3N0M0RCC患者術(shù)后無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)生存的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(表3)。
目前對(duì)RCC預(yù)后及危險(xiǎn)因素的研究多為轉(zhuǎn)移性腎細(xì)胞癌(metastatic RCC)及局限性腎細(xì)胞癌(localized RCC),而對(duì)于T3N0M0RCC患者的預(yù)后及預(yù)后因子的研究較少。Nayak等[7]的一項(xiàng)多中心研究中,176例T3N0M0RCC患者的中位隨訪(fǎng)時(shí)間為22.6個(gè)月,3年無(wú)進(jìn)展生存(progression-free survival,PFS)為67%。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)T3N0M0RCC患者的3年RFS為71%,結(jié)果相仿。Stewart等[8]研究了94例T3及T4RCC患者,中位隨訪(fǎng)時(shí)間為17.4個(gè)月,無(wú)術(shù)前轉(zhuǎn)移患者的5年CSS為62.6%,無(wú)術(shù)前轉(zhuǎn)移患者的5年P(guān)FS為44.6%。本研究中T3N0M0RCC患者的5年CSS和RFS分別為68.30%、60.70%,結(jié)果均優(yōu)于上述研究,這應(yīng)該與Stewart等[8]的研究中包括了一部分T4期患者有關(guān)。Chen等[9]最近研究了218例pT3期RCC患者,中位隨訪(fǎng)時(shí)間30.6個(gè)月,108例患者(49.5%)發(fā)生了腫瘤進(jìn)展,80例患者(36.7%)發(fā)生了腫瘤死亡。本研究182例T3N0M0患者中共有50例(27.47%)患者腫瘤特異性死亡,59例患者(32.42%)發(fā)生了復(fù)發(fā),均低于上述報(bào)道,可能與Chen等[9]的研究中包括了淋巴結(jié)陽(yáng)性、術(shù)前有轉(zhuǎn)移的患者導(dǎo)致總體生存率降低有關(guān)。
表2 腫瘤特異性生存的Cox多變量回歸分析Table 2 Multivariate analyses of risk factors for cancer-specific survival
DM, diabetes mellitus.
表3 無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)生存的Cox多變量回歸分析Table 3 Multivariate analyses of risk factors for recurrence-free survival
RCC的預(yù)后因子可以分為4類(lèi):解剖學(xué)因素、病理學(xué)因素、臨床因素、分子標(biāo)記物等,其中TNM分期和Fuhrman分級(jí)是目前應(yīng)用最廣的指標(biāo)[1]。Chen等[9]通過(guò)單因素及多因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn),集合系統(tǒng)侵犯、組織病理亞型、腫瘤最大徑、術(shù)前轉(zhuǎn)移是pT3期RCC患者CSS的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素;而在本研究中,組織病理亞型、腫瘤最大徑并非T3N0M0RCC患者CSS的危險(xiǎn)因素。本研究隊(duì)列中非透明細(xì)胞癌的例數(shù)比較有限,這可能導(dǎo)致組織病理亞型對(duì)腫瘤學(xué)預(yù)后的影響并未體現(xiàn)出來(lái),腫瘤最大徑并非預(yù)后顯著影響因素提示與腫瘤分期相比,腫瘤最大徑可能只是患者預(yù)后的次要影響因素。
對(duì)于局限性RCC,已有許多文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道經(jīng)腹腔鏡手術(shù)與開(kāi)放手術(shù)對(duì)于患者腫瘤學(xué)預(yù)后的影響沒(méi)有明顯差異[10-12]。對(duì)于T3分期的RCC患者,Laird等[13]通過(guò)病例配對(duì)研究(開(kāi)腹25例、腹腔鏡25例)發(fā)現(xiàn),腹腔鏡及開(kāi)腹患者術(shù)后的總生存率(overall survival,OS)、CSS和PFS均無(wú)顯著差異。Bensalah等[14]對(duì)179例T3期RCC患者的配對(duì)研究(開(kāi)腹135例、腹腔鏡44例)顯示,患者的術(shù)后OS無(wú)顯著差異,在腎周脂肪浸潤(rùn)及腎靜脈侵犯的亞組中,術(shù)后OS也無(wú)顯著差異。本研究182例T3N0M0RCC患者中行開(kāi)腹手術(shù)的患者133例、腹腔鏡手術(shù)的患者49例,兩組的CSS(P=0.392)及RFS(P=0.204)差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,與以往的研究結(jié)果相符,說(shuō)明對(duì)于T3N0M0RCC患者,腹腔鏡手術(shù)在腫瘤學(xué)預(yù)后上與開(kāi)放手術(shù)一樣安全。
本研究中,糖尿病、術(shù)前低白蛋白、術(shù)前貧血是T3N0M0RCC患者CSS的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素;更高的Fuhrman分級(jí)、術(shù)前貧血是T3N0M0RCC患者RFS的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。關(guān)于糖尿病與腎癌預(yù)后的關(guān)系,有一些單中心的回顧性研究[15-17]。Psutka等[18]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),RCC患者中糖尿病患者的5年OS顯著低于非糖尿病患者(65%vs. 74%,P<0.001),多因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn)糖尿病是RCC患者CSS和OS的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),T3N0M0RCC患者合并糖尿病的5年CSS顯著低于無(wú)糖尿病患者(51%vs. 72%),多因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn)糖尿病史是T3N0M0RCC患者CSS的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。Psutka等[18]認(rèn)為,RCC患者中糖尿病患者的預(yù)后更差可能與其高胰島素血癥及高血糖血癥有關(guān)。血漿中高胰島素濃度會(huì)導(dǎo)致肝合成胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子-1(insulin-like growth factor-1,IGF-1)增加,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖,抑制了細(xì)胞凋亡,除此之外,高血糖還會(huì)導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞中的無(wú)氧酵解即Warburg效應(yīng)增加,促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)[19-20],這些可能是合并糖尿病的T3N0M0RCC患者預(yù)后更差的原因。
術(shù)前低白蛋白血癥及貧血都是反映患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)缺乏的重要指標(biāo)。許多研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在轉(zhuǎn)移性RCC中術(shù)前低白蛋白血癥、貧血是患者CSS或OS的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[21-24]。Morgan等[25]將術(shù)前低白蛋白作為非轉(zhuǎn)移RCC患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)缺乏的標(biāo)志,發(fā)現(xiàn)非轉(zhuǎn)移腎癌患者中5%存在低白蛋白血癥,25%存在貧血,多因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn)低白蛋白血癥是RCC術(shù)后OS的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(HR=2.41, 95%CI:1.40~4.18,P=0.002)。本研究中,T3aN0M0RCC患者中10.4%存在低白蛋白血癥,26.4%存在貧血,均高于此前文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道。由于本研究入選的均為T(mén)3期患者,而Morgan等[25]的報(bào)道中以T1~T2期患者為主,腫瘤分期的增高可能導(dǎo)致低白蛋白血癥發(fā)生增加,這可能與腫瘤消耗增加導(dǎo)致的營(yíng)養(yǎng)缺乏相關(guān)。術(shù)前低白蛋白血癥的RCC患者預(yù)后更差的原因也可能與免疫因素相關(guān),因白蛋白是免疫反應(yīng)的重要影響因素,與C反應(yīng)蛋白、紅細(xì)胞沉降率一樣是患者免疫應(yīng)激狀態(tài)的標(biāo)志[25]。
貧血是惡性腫瘤患者中經(jīng)常發(fā)生的并發(fā)癥,目前認(rèn)為,腫瘤患者貧血的產(chǎn)生原因可能有:(1)腫瘤釋放的細(xì)胞因子(如IL-6等)能夠通過(guò)影響鐵調(diào)素的生成導(dǎo)致缺鐵性貧血;(2)腫瘤細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的活性氧能抑制紅細(xì)胞生成;(3)腫瘤患者常伴有慢性出血,導(dǎo)致缺鐵性貧血[26]。因此,腫瘤患者低白蛋白血癥與貧血都可能反映其營(yíng)養(yǎng)及免疫功能的紊亂,這可能是低白蛋白血癥與貧血患者預(yù)后更差的原因。在一些指南中已經(jīng)建議,即使推遲手術(shù),也應(yīng)在術(shù)前改善患者的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況[27]。對(duì)于T3N0M0RCC患者,術(shù)前監(jiān)測(cè)白蛋白、血紅蛋白,并對(duì)低白蛋白及貧血患者進(jìn)行糾正,可能有助于改善其預(yù)后。
本研究的局限性是單中心、回顧性研究,樣本量相對(duì)較小。T3N0M0RCC患者預(yù)后及危險(xiǎn)因素的研究及術(shù)前監(jiān)測(cè)白蛋白、血紅蛋白,并對(duì)低白蛋白及貧血患者進(jìn)行營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持是否能改善其預(yù)后還需進(jìn)一步的前瞻性、大樣本量的多中心臨床對(duì)照研究。
綜上所述,糖尿病史、術(shù)前低白蛋白血癥、術(shù)前貧血是T3N0M0RCC患者術(shù)后腫瘤特異生存的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素;更高的Fuhrman分級(jí)、術(shù)前貧血是T3N0M0RCC患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
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(2016-04-06收稿)
(本文編輯:任英慧)
Prognostic factors of patients with T3N0M0renal cell carcinoma: a single-center retrospective study of 182 patients
PENG Ding*, LI Xue-song*, ZHANG Cui-jian△, YANG Kai-wei, TANG Qi, ZHANG Lei, YU Xiao-teng, HE Zhi-song, ZHOU Li-qun△
(Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University; National Urological Cancer Center; Beijing 100034, China)
Objective: To evaluate the impacts of clinical, pathological, and laboratory factors on oncological outcomes of patients with T3N0M0renal cell carcinoma. Methods: The clinical data, laboratory exam results, and follow-up outcomes of 182 patients with T3N0M0renal cell carcinoma who underwent nephrectomy from 2007 to 2012 in Peking University First Hospital were retrospectively collected. The 5-year cancer-specific survival and 5-year recurrence-free survival of all the patients were calculated using Kaplan-Meier method, and the statistical significance between the survival curves were compared using the Log-rank test. Variables with significant differences in the univariate analysis were subjected to the multivariate analysis by Cox regression model. All the comparisons were conducted using two-tailed test andP<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 182 patients were included in this study. Of all the 182 patients, 126 were male (69.23%) and 56 were female (30.77%). The mean age was (56.75±12.45) years. The median follow-up time was 48 months (3-99 months). At the end of the follow-up, 50 patients (27.47%) died due to the disease after a median of 29.74 months and 59 patients (32.42%) had tumor recurrence after a median of 22.12 months. The 5-year cancer-specific survival of all patients was 68.30% (95%CI: 60.16%-75.84%); the 5-year recurrence-free survival was 60.70% (95%CI: 53.16%-68.84%). In the univariate analysis, diabetes mellitus, tumor invasion status, Fuhrman grade, serum album, serum cholestenone, anemia, and neutrophils percentage were associated with the cancer-specific survival and Fuhrman grade, serum album and anemia were associated with the recurrence-free survival. Variables with significant differences on univariate analysis were included in Cox multivariate regression analysis. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that diabetes mellitus (HR=2.434, 95%CI: 1.243-4.769,P=0.010), hypoalbuminemia (HR=2.188, 95%CI: 1.074-1.074,P=0.031), and anemia (HR=3.320, 95%CI: 1.839-5.991,P<0.001) were independent risk factors significantly associated with cancer-specific survival; and higher Fuhrman grade (HR=2.552, 95%CI: 1.433-4.545,P=0.001), anemia (HR=2.535, 95%CI: 1.497-4.293,P=0.001) were independent factors significantly associated with recurrence-free survival. Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus, hypoalbuminemia, and anemia were independent risk factors significantly associated with cancer-specific survival of T3N0M0renal cell carcinoma patients; higher Fuhrman grade and anemia were independent risk factors significantly associated with tumor recurrence of T3N0M0renal cell carcinoma patients.
Kidney neoplasms; Carcinoma, renal cell; Treatment outcome;Nephrectomy
時(shí)間:2016-9-5 9:24:10
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.4691.R.20160905.0924.006.html
R737.11
A
1671-167X(2016)05-0806-06
10.3969/j.issn.1671-167X.2016.05.010
△ Corresponding author’s e-mail, surgeon_zhang@126.com, zhouliqunmail@sina.com
* These authors contributed equally to this work