建筑設計：卡艾特工作室

Architects: Caat Studio

卡里扎克公寓樓，德黑蘭，伊朗

Kahrizak Residential， Tehran， Iran， 2015

建筑設計：卡艾特工作室

Architects: Caat Studio

德黑蘭地區(qū)的居民主要都是低收入的移民工薪階層。由于其人口構成的特點，這個區(qū)域的文化較為保守。在建造住宅時，他們更看重的也是數(shù)量而非質量。因此這里甚至有些公寓的臥室沒有窗戶，既曬不到太陽也看不到風景。這類住宅由于其低廉的價格，往往銷售得更多更快。

這個項目在找到建筑師之前，有幾層結構已經建成，而且客戶遇到了嚴峻的資金困難。建筑位于一塊方形地段，各邊長都為18m。其另外三面都與周圍的建筑緊貼，只有南立面能夠敞開。每層包含4套50m2的公寓。在這樣的條件下，最好的解決方式就是聚焦于朝南的公寓，關注南立面和城市界面的關系，同時也要在限制條件下改善朝北公寓的居住條件。

項目的首要考慮是造價限制，因此關鍵性的答案就是使用源于當?shù)氐牟牧?。最終我們選擇了磚——在地段附近就有制磚廠，而且當?shù)氐慕ㄖと艘彩煜て龃u的方法。另外，住戶的生活方式與該地區(qū)的建造方式有巨大的差異，例如街區(qū)中的陽臺作為一項立面常規(guī)功能，就并未得到充分使用。

那里的住戶有不同的空間要求，他們通過最簡單的方式按各自需要對空間進行改造。他們用石墻或是彩色玻璃把陽臺封閉起來，從而晾曬衣服、儲存物品，甚至把泡菜罐子存放在那里。

項目的核心概念就是尋求一種讓建筑師、建造方和客戶緊密合作的方式，從而縮小造價，并考量當?shù)匚幕约白舻纳罘绞健?/p>

從這一概念出發(fā)，我們在充分理解各方需求之后，提出了這一設計：一座卡里扎克的新型住宅樓，一座滿足當?shù)鼐用裥枨蟮慕ㄖ?。磚，首先是一種廉價材料，其次它作為基本模數(shù)和成比例的材料，擁有很多優(yōu)點，方便創(chuàng)造出多種變體。我們的設計策略是，為南立面背后的每個空間設計相應的磚砌單元，讓室內獲得充足的日照以及儲物空間。

磚砌單元根據(jù)伊朗傳統(tǒng)幾何圖樣設計，每個單元都優(yōu)先保證背后空間的功能。盡管磚砌單元有多個變體，但它們的語匯能產生共鳴。由此形成的平滑立面既能代表伊朗的磚建筑，又能表達建筑住戶的生活。另外一個值得考慮的問題是，我們希望挖掘當?shù)仄龃u工人的潛力。他們擅長用磚，而且能夠輕易地理解通過不同排磚方式所產生的幾何形式。（黃華青 譯）

1　立面/Facade

The population of this region are mostly working class immigrants with low incomes. Due to its population dynamics the area has a conservative culture. When it comes to shelter， what matters is rather quantity rather than quality. As a result， even there are some residential flats with windowless bedrooms lacking both sunlight and view. These buildings are purchased more and faster because of low prices.

The project was delegated to the architect in a situation that a couple of structural levels were built adding that the client had real budget limits. It was located in a square shaped lot， with 18m length each side. All three sides of the building were blocked but the southern elevation. Each story of project contains four residential units with 50m2unit area. Best solution evolved in conditions described， was to focus on units facing south and the interaction between southern elevation and the urban facade and of course the improvement of units facing north considering their limitations.

The foremost consideration was the budget，therefore the key answer was the use

of regional materials. We came up with brick as our solution:There were brick factories nearby and also regional workmen were familiar with bricks. Secondly， there was a huge gap of residents' lifestyles and the types of constructions in the area. For example， balconies in the neighborhood， as a routine function in the facade were misused.

People there needed different spatial requirements； they were adapting their spaces to their needs with basic solutions. They were blocking the balconies with masonry or even colorful glass，to hang their clothes， store their stuffs， or even have their pickle jars stored there.

The main concept of this project is to offer a close collaboration between the architects，constructor sand the client， within minimum cost budget and taking local culture and lifestyles of the residents into account.

That is where we started to think about a design， with understanding all those needs， to a new alternative residential building in Kahrizak. A building to fit in the requirements of local residents. Brick， firstly as inexpensive material and secondly as a modular and proportional material which has many advantages in order to create different alternatives. The design strategy was to provide each space behind the southern facade with proper brickwork modules to let sufficient daylight come in with sufficient storage space.

Brick modules were designed based on Iranian geometrical pattern； each module was subservient by the function of the space behind it. Also with varieties in brick modules， they were speaking same language. That's how it resulted in a smooth facade，to resemble both Iranian brick architecture and residentially of the building. Another point to be considered is that we wanted to take the advantage of local workmen， that were skilled in using brick and they could easily perceive the geometry used in the brick arrangement.

項目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: 私人/Private

建筑用途/Building's Purpose: 低預算住宅/Low budget apartments

建筑面積/Usable Floor Area: 1660m2

磚材類型/Brick Type: 飾面磚/Facing bricks

建造周期/Construction Period: 2012.05 – 2015.03

攝影/Photos: Parham Taghioff （fig.1，4）， Ashkan Radnia （fig.2）

評論

張雷：住宅設計對磚建造的運用，為德黑蘭地區(qū)滿足平民需求低造價建設提供了一種可選擇的模式，對地方材料，和地方工匠傳統(tǒng)的尊重，結合設計與經濟考量，使得樸素的功能需求獲得了應有的尊嚴，延續(xù)傳統(tǒng)建造活動也被激發(fā)出內在的活力。

建筑南向唯一的城市景觀界面覆蓋地方出產的紅磚，并且由地方工匠手工操作完成。盡管其幾何呈現(xiàn)是純粹的當代數(shù)字化“設計”特征，但同樣易于被地方文化認同，這得益于其遵從了當?shù)氐臍夂?、傳統(tǒng)的材料和建造的原生邏輯，進而完成了當代語境下新的詮釋。項目在經濟運行方面的極大成功揭示了一個基本的、卻易于被當代建筑師忽視的問題，在大多情況下，建筑是生活的場景而不僅是自我欣賞的藝術展示品。

袁烽：卡里扎克公寓樓在城市關系層面采用網格化的立面處理方式形成了整個沿街立面的連貫性。在每一個網格單元中，建筑師將參數(shù)化邏輯思維與磚石建構方式進行結合形成了對伊朗傳統(tǒng)砌筑圖案的當代呈現(xiàn)，從視覺體驗上對伊朗地域文化進行了回應。同時，建筑師對每個網格內砌筑單元體的形態(tài)設計將幾何、材料與性能聯(lián)系起來，不同磚石形態(tài)在立面上的分布一方面產生了豐富的視覺效果，另一方面也實現(xiàn)了室內居住空間采光的最優(yōu)化處理。整個建筑由于在一定程度上受到造價的限制，只能以低技的手工砌筑方式進行實現(xiàn)，然而這種低技建造過程中所體現(xiàn)的手工藝從另一個側面體現(xiàn)了當?shù)靥赜械奈幕尘昂偷赜颥F(xiàn)狀。這種現(xiàn)狀與高技的參數(shù)設計思維相結合形成了一種特殊的參數(shù)化地域主義。

2　光影/Light and shadow

Comments

ZHANG Lei: The application to the bricks in residential design provides the residents in Tehran with an alternative to meet the need of local people for buildings of low cost. In regard of local materials and local artisan traditions along with economic considerations， such application endows dignity to simply functional requirements， and gives rise to the inherent vitality of the continuation of traditional architecture.

The only interface looking southward to the urban landscape is covered with homemade bricks， and built up manually by local craftsmen. Although its geometrical representation is featured with purely contemporary digital design， it also brings remarkable identity of local culture. Thanks to its accordance with traditional inherent logic of climate， material and construction， the new interpretation under the contemporary context is completed. The great success of the project in economic operation reveals a fundamental issue usually ignored by contemporary architects: in most cases， the architecture is a scenario of life instead of only an art exhibit of selfappreciation.

Philip F. Yuan: Kahrizak Residential maintains the continuity of the street's context by introducing a grid facade system. However， within each grid cell， the architect manipulates the brickwork through differing parametric rules， establishing a contemporary representation of Iranian geometric patterns and creates a dialogue with the local traditional culture. The geometry of the grid cells is furthermore associated with material and environmental performance. Each parametric brick assembly not only produces an attractive visual effect， but also optimizes the natural lighting of the rooms behind the grid facade. Due to the limited construction budget，the complex geometry of each grid cell could only be achieved through low-tech methods. However， the authentic handicraft found in the building process reveals the cultural background and situation of the region. To some extent， the association of the low-tech masonry assembly and the high-tech parametric design thinking establishes a new architecture paradigm – parametric regionalism.

3　剖面/Section

4　內景/Interior view