刁萬(wàn)英,劉 剛,司炳成
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土壤水力特性異質(zhì)性對(duì)土壤排水影響的瞬態(tài)隨機(jī)分析
刁萬(wàn)英1,劉 剛1※,司炳成2
(1. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)土壤與水科學(xué)系,北京 100193; 2. 西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)水利與建筑工程學(xué)院,楊凌 712100)
土壤剖面水分入滲及再分布對(duì)生態(tài)和水文建模十分重要,而土壤異質(zhì)性導(dǎo)致垂向的導(dǎo)水率值差異非常大。因此,該文假設(shè)在單位梯度下,用微擾法和運(yùn)動(dòng)波模型并結(jié)合隨機(jī)分析研究一維瞬態(tài)土壤剖面排水的問題。采用Brooks-Corey模型,設(shè)飽和導(dǎo)水率和模型參數(shù)為隨機(jī)變量。結(jié)果表明:1)飽和導(dǎo)水率方差增大對(duì)排水過程具有減緩的作用,有效飽和導(dǎo)水率較?。?)土壤導(dǎo)水率異質(zhì)性越大,土壤蓄水能力越強(qiáng);3)比較模型參數(shù)的波動(dòng)與飽和導(dǎo)水率方差和模型參數(shù)的協(xié)方差,飽和導(dǎo)水率方差對(duì)排水影響更大;4)田間排水試驗(yàn)的結(jié)論與模型預(yù)測(cè)相一致。研究可為以長(zhǎng)期自我維持的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和高田間持水量為目標(biāo)的土壤復(fù)墾提供依據(jù)。
異質(zhì)性;排水;導(dǎo)水率;運(yùn)動(dòng)波;Brooks-Corey模型;粒徑分布;土壤
土壤飽和導(dǎo)水率是土壤水力學(xué)重要參數(shù)之一,反映土壤入滲和排水的性質(zhì)[1],也是了解非飽和土壤中水分和物質(zhì)運(yùn)移的必要參數(shù)[2]。通??山柚寥懒椒植紒?lái)估算土壤導(dǎo)水率[3-4],并進(jìn)一步獲得土壤含水量[5-6]。土地利用類型、土壤性質(zhì)和生物過程等因素都會(huì)導(dǎo)致土壤導(dǎo)水率的空間變異性增大[7-11],進(jìn)而影響土壤剖面的水分入滲及再分布[12]。土壤剖面排水是治理環(huán)境問題中需要重點(diǎn)考慮的因素之一,對(duì)建立生態(tài)[13-15]和水文模型也至關(guān)重要。
土壤剖面排水過程可用Richards方程進(jìn)行描述,研究表明,土壤剖面排水的最初始階段以重力作用占優(yōu)的自由排水為主,它呈現(xiàn)單位梯度變化趨勢(shì)[16]。在非飽和多孔介質(zhì)中,Richards方程的非線性特性使其求解,特別是在涉及隨機(jī)流時(shí),其處理過程變得更加復(fù)雜[17-18]??赏ㄟ^一階偏微分方程簡(jiǎn)化Richards方程,使其具有簡(jiǎn)單且精度高的優(yōu)點(diǎn)[19]。隨機(jī)分析法已廣泛應(yīng)用于深層土壤異質(zhì)水力參數(shù)對(duì)溶質(zhì)運(yùn)移的研究[17,20]。前人研究了2種土壤在水力特性相同而初始飽和含水量不同情況下土壤含水量在水平方向的重新分布[4],也分析了質(zhì)地對(duì)土壤水分入滲和再分布的顯著作用[6]。關(guān)于土壤導(dǎo)水率的異質(zhì)性對(duì)土壤含水量以及其剖面排水影響的研究較少。因此,本研究采用一種隨機(jī)模型[17,20-21],結(jié)合運(yùn)動(dòng)波[22]和微擾展開逼近法[21,23]研究單位梯度的排水過程,并用瞬態(tài)隨機(jī)量化分析土壤導(dǎo)水率和Brooks-Corey模型參數(shù)[24]的不確定性對(duì)排水的影響,以期為土壤復(fù)墾提供指導(dǎo)依據(jù)。
1.1 均質(zhì)土壤剖面含水量分布模型
在非飽和土壤中,當(dāng)重力作用優(yōu)于毛管作用時(shí),一維Richards方程可寫為[19]
式中為體積含水量,cm3/cm3;為時(shí)間,h;為土壤剖面深度,cm;為土壤導(dǎo)水率,cm/d。
當(dāng)土壤剖面為0<<0(0代表飽和含水層和非飽和含水層的分界面位置),初始狀態(tài)為飽和時(shí),式(1)對(duì)應(yīng)的初始條件為
式中θ和θ分別表示飽和含水量和殘余含水量,cm3/cm3;為土壤剖面深度,cm。
式(1)和(2)中初始值稱特征值,在數(shù)學(xué)和工程領(lǐng)域也有大量研究[22]。一般通過常微分方程的解獲得式(2)的特征值[20,22]。
通過以下步驟獲得式(3)的解[19]:首先對(duì)()進(jìn)行微分,得到d/d;其次把d/d設(shè)為/獲得一個(gè)等式;最后對(duì)第2步進(jìn)行求解,確定(,),獲得(,)表達(dá)式的具體步驟見文獻(xiàn)[20]。為獲到(,)的解,須已知()。一般用van Genuchten模型[25]、Brooks-Core模型[24]和Gardner-Russo模型[26-27]描述()與的函數(shù)關(guān)系。van Genuchten模型和Brooks-Core模型優(yōu)于簡(jiǎn)化的Gardner-Russo模型,Brooks-Core模型比van Genuchten模型更易于分析。在某些情況下van Genuchten模型和Brooks-Core模型的參數(shù)可以相互轉(zhuǎn)化[28],因此,本文采用Brooks-Core模型。
(4)
式中K表示飽和導(dǎo)水率,cm/d;表示模型參數(shù)。
Brooks-Core模型中參數(shù)與常用參數(shù)(描述土壤孔徑分布的土壤特性參數(shù))的關(guān)系[27]為
根據(jù)上述3步算法,獲得土壤含水量的分布。
(6)
1.2 異質(zhì)土壤剖面含水量分布模型
本文只研究垂向分層明顯的土壤水力學(xué)特性的變化[29]。利用式(6)討論土壤水力學(xué)特性的空間變異性,需應(yīng)用1種方法分析土壤分層對(duì)排水的影響。若、θ和θ為常數(shù),那么θ和θ的變異性小于[12]。試驗(yàn)中參數(shù)K和服從對(duì)數(shù)正態(tài)分布[23,30],因此,令=ln()和=ln(K)??紤]到其空間變異性和估算的不準(zhǔn)確性,和為隨機(jī)變量,由期望值和隨機(jī)函數(shù)組成,分別為
假設(shè)和的變異性較小[12],則
式中2和2為和的方差。
將式(7)代入式(6),獲得
假設(shè)和變化很小,用泰勒展開法展開式(9)右邊分母項(xiàng),可得
將式(10)代入(9),得到
(11)
定義1、2、3和4分別為
那么,式(11)可以改寫為
(13)
用指數(shù)函數(shù)(e≈1++2/2+…)的泰勒展開對(duì)式(9)進(jìn)行整體平均,式(11)可進(jìn)一步寫成
式(9)進(jìn)行整體平均最終得到
(15)
式中σ是與的協(xié)方差。
此公式能估算土壤含水量,通過體積含水量與深度函數(shù)的積分,獲得某一深度瞬態(tài)土壤蓄水量(,)。
將*()=(,)/(,=0)定義為土壤相對(duì)蓄水量。
1.3 基于土壤粒徑分布估算土壤導(dǎo)水率
準(zhǔn)確獲得導(dǎo)水率與含水量的函數(shù)關(guān)系十分必要;而直接測(cè)量水力學(xué)特性的方法費(fèi)時(shí)[31]、成本高、結(jié)果差異大且適用范圍小[32]。通過土壤粒徑分布(particle size distribution,PSD)可以估算大范圍()~關(guān)系,是估算()的一種有效方法[32]。本文采用日本堀場(chǎng)激光散射粒度分布分析儀(LA-950, Horiba Instruments Inc., 2008)測(cè)定PSD,其測(cè)量范圍1.1×10-5~3.0 mm,分成93個(gè)粒級(jí)。將PSD分為部分,第級(jí)粒徑質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)用累計(jì)百分比與相應(yīng)的連續(xù)粒徑大小的差值除以100來(lái)表示?;赑SD的樣品導(dǎo)水率(θ)與對(duì)應(yīng)含水量θ間的關(guān)系[2]為
式中為試驗(yàn)粒徑分布數(shù)據(jù)所獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)參數(shù);為有效孔隙度,滿足=S·[1–(ρ/ρ)],為飽和含水量與總孔隙度的比),ρ為樣品的顆粒密度,g/cm3;ρ為樣品容重,g/cm3;R為第級(jí)粒徑的平均半徑;為指數(shù),與直徑為4的均勻圓管相等;為自然狀態(tài)下土壤的孔隙比;n為分式中的等效球粒子數(shù),α是Arya等[2]定義的標(biāo)度系數(shù)。
(18)
式中N是假想球形顆粒半徑R的標(biāo)度系數(shù)。由式(18)計(jì)算(),通過Brooks-Corey模型獲得參數(shù)和K及其變量。用瞬態(tài)隨機(jī)量化分析導(dǎo)水率不確定性的影響,比較理論與田間排水試驗(yàn)結(jié)果。
為驗(yàn)證隨機(jī)分析結(jié)果和式(15)的解,在加拿大艾伯塔省麥克默里堡北邊設(shè)置2個(gè)試驗(yàn)點(diǎn),進(jìn)行田間水分入滲和排水試驗(yàn),試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)分別為試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)A(57°05'57''N、111°38'54'' W)和試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)B(56°56'36''N、111°31'57'' W)。研究區(qū)域位于艾伯塔北方混交林生態(tài)區(qū)內(nèi),為濕潤(rùn)大陸性氣候區(qū)的邊緣,冬季寒冷且持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng);夏天溫暖且持續(xù)時(shí)間短。試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)A的生物量明顯低于試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)B。
于2006年9月用土鉆進(jìn)行取樣,試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)A和試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)B的垂直采樣間隔分別為2和5 cm,取樣深度1 m。風(fēng)干,除去植物根系和其他碎片,過篩(2 mm),進(jìn)行土壤粒徑分析。土壤顆粒粒徑分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)采用美國(guó)制:粉粒(0.002 mm<≤0.05 mm),極細(xì)砂粒(0.05 mm<≤0.1 mm),細(xì)砂粒(0.1 mm<≤0.25 mm),中砂粒(0.25 mm<≤0.5 mm),粗砂粒(0.5 mm<≤2 mm)(為土壤顆粒的直徑)。如圖1所示,隨深度變化土壤粒徑分布發(fā)生變化。又根據(jù)前人研究[32-33],試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)A為均質(zhì)土壤,試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)B為異質(zhì)土壤,2個(gè)試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)的土壤質(zhì)地都比較粗,養(yǎng)分低。采用雙環(huán)入滲儀[34](由2個(gè)金屬環(huán)組成,內(nèi)徑60 cm,外徑120 cm)監(jiān)測(cè)2個(gè)試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)的入滲和排水,并用土壤水分傳感器(EnviroSCAN, Sentek Pty Ltd., South Australia)測(cè)定,測(cè)量深度為0.1~1.5 m。
3.1 土壤導(dǎo)水率異質(zhì)性對(duì)排水的影響
取樣行為易使土體結(jié)構(gòu)受到破壞,導(dǎo)致土壤水力學(xué)參數(shù)的測(cè)量精度降低。因此,本文中的飽和導(dǎo)水率與飽和含水量均無(wú)實(shí)測(cè)值。以一維為例,用運(yùn)動(dòng)波和微擾展開法說(shuō)明異質(zhì)性的影響。假設(shè)初始為飽和狀態(tài),A和B點(diǎn)θ相等,即θA=θB=θ=0.05 cm3/cm3。無(wú)蒸發(fā)的情況下,用沙子均勻地填充高為100 cm的土柱,能夠自由排水。通過試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)的粒徑分布數(shù)據(jù)獲取Brooks-Corey模型中土壤水力學(xué)特性參數(shù),A和B試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)θ分別為0.483和0.415 cm3/cm3,<>分別為3和4.09;K分別為937和3 049 cm/d。
考慮一維異質(zhì)土壤試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)B的垂直排水,用2描述導(dǎo)水率異質(zhì)性對(duì)排水的影響。圖2描述2個(gè)不同時(shí)段(12 min和1 d)水分隨土壤深度(即距土表距離)的變化(其中空心圓為均質(zhì)土壤)。當(dāng)2趨近于0時(shí),可用式(15)計(jì)算,也可單獨(dú)用式(6)計(jì)算;當(dāng)曲線2=0.001與曲線2=0重合,即2接近于0時(shí),式(15)復(fù)雜解可簡(jiǎn)化為式(6)。在某特定土壤深度下,2值越大,越大,即土壤異質(zhì)性對(duì)排水過程有減緩作用。
在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,隨著時(shí)間的變化,一定深度的土壤含水量對(duì)植物根系生長(zhǎng)十分重要。植物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育好才能維持生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的可持續(xù)性發(fā)展。圖3表示在2種異質(zhì)性(2)導(dǎo)水率的情況下,相對(duì)蓄水量隨排水時(shí)間的變化;當(dāng)2/<>為0~0.5時(shí),排水過程減緩,表明土壤水力學(xué)特征的空間異質(zhì)性較大,其蓄水能力增強(qiáng)。此外,異質(zhì)土壤(s=3 049 cm/d和2/<>=0.5)與均質(zhì)土壤(s=1 691.56 cm/d和2/<>=0)的蓄水量相等。假設(shè)和相關(guān)性為0,即σ= 0,變量的方差增加對(duì)減緩排水過程影響很大。
3.2 Brooks-Core模型參數(shù)不確定對(duì)排水的影響
設(shè)σ=0和2為定值,檢驗(yàn)(用2描述即ln不確定性)對(duì)排水的影響。圖4表明當(dāng)2不同時(shí),土壤相對(duì)蓄水量隨時(shí)間的變化(實(shí)線代表均質(zhì)土壤2=0)。2值越大,則水分移動(dòng)速度越慢,相對(duì)蓄水量越大。比較均質(zhì)條件與其他5種異質(zhì)條件(圖2和圖3)得出以下結(jié)論:與2相比較,的波動(dòng)對(duì)排水影響小,尤其是一開始就排水的情況;隨著時(shí)間的變化,均質(zhì)土壤水力傳導(dǎo)參數(shù)的曲線之間的差異增加;當(dāng)≈4.8 h,差異減少,隨后又增加;當(dāng)>9.6 h,異質(zhì)性曲線之間的差異明顯(圖4);2/<>比值越大,土壤蓄水能力越強(qiáng),在較長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)這種趨勢(shì)都會(huì)受到限制。
3.3和的協(xié)方差對(duì)排水的影響
當(dāng)2和2為常數(shù)時(shí),考慮協(xié)方差(σ)對(duì)土壤蓄水量的影響。分析4組異質(zhì)土壤水力學(xué)傳導(dǎo)參數(shù)與均質(zhì)之間的差異(圖5)。4種異質(zhì)土壤的蓄水量的曲線差異比較小,表明在排水過程中,σ的影響小于2或2的影響。隨著時(shí)間變化,異質(zhì)土壤水力學(xué)傳導(dǎo)參數(shù)對(duì)應(yīng)的曲線之間的差異增加,當(dāng)≈2.4 h時(shí)差異變小,隨后這種差異又隨時(shí)間的增加而增加。在很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間內(nèi),σ值越大,土壤蓄水能力也就越強(qiáng)。
3.4 土壤有效導(dǎo)水率seff和2之間的相關(guān)性
圖3表明異質(zhì)土壤(K=3 049 cm/d和2=0.5)的蓄水量與均質(zhì)土壤(K=1 691.56 cm/d和σ=0)的相同。土壤有效導(dǎo)水率Keff與異質(zhì)性之間的關(guān)系值得深入研究。通過式(15)和式(6)對(duì)排水強(qiáng)度與時(shí)間的曲線進(jìn)行擬合,獲得Keff。同時(shí),用軟件Mathematica非線性擬合得到Keff。與σ2相比較,2和σ對(duì)排水的影響較小,圖6中2和σ均設(shè)為0,結(jié)果表明,土壤導(dǎo)水率的異質(zhì)性越大,則Keff越小,和圖3的結(jié)果一致,即異質(zhì)性對(duì)排水具有減緩的作用,導(dǎo)致土壤的蓄水能力增加。
3.5 驗(yàn) 證
為證明重力占優(yōu)的入滲理論和微擾展開法的適用性與準(zhǔn)確性,在2個(gè)試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行排水試驗(yàn),比較實(shí)測(cè)值與理論預(yù)測(cè)值。從圖7a可看出,若Brooks-Corey模型的參數(shù)s和為非隨機(jī),當(dāng)>12 h,試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)A和試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)B的蓄水能力基本一致??紤]異質(zhì)性,當(dāng)>4.8 h,試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)B的蓄水能力大于試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)A(圖7b)。圖8為試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)A和試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)B土壤粒徑分布平均值,可以看出試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)A的土壤粒徑分布范圍比試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)B小,說(shuō)明試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)B的孔隙度結(jié)構(gòu)異質(zhì)性更為顯著,土壤粒徑分布決定隨機(jī)變量s和的平均值和方差,試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)A和試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)B的2/<>分別是0.11和0.58。試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)B的2/<>較大,排水能力差,土壤的蓄水能力增加,與之前的理論預(yù)測(cè)相一致(圖3)。通過田間排水試驗(yàn)也可證明試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)B的排水能力小于試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)A(圖7c)。通過增加土壤結(jié)構(gòu)或土壤粒徑分布的異質(zhì)性,能提高土壤的蓄水能力,對(duì)維護(hù)穩(wěn)定生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的土壤復(fù)墾十分有用。
假設(shè)在一個(gè)單位梯度下,基于入滲理論和微擾展開法,本文采用Brooks-Corey模型及飽和導(dǎo)水率(K)和的隨機(jī)波動(dòng)研究在一維情況下,異質(zhì)性土壤瞬態(tài)排水的過程。研究表明變量ln(K)的方差增大對(duì)排水過程具有減緩作用,且有較小的有效導(dǎo)水率Keff;異質(zhì)土壤(K= 3 049 cm/d和2=0.5)與均質(zhì)土壤(K=1 691.56 cm/d和2=0)的蓄水量相等,假設(shè)2個(gè)變量(和)之間的相關(guān)性為0,導(dǎo)水率的方差增加對(duì)減緩排水過程影響很大。土壤導(dǎo)水率的異質(zhì)性越大,土壤蓄水能力越強(qiáng)。參數(shù)()和導(dǎo)水率的協(xié)方差變化對(duì)排水影響不大。理論分析結(jié)果與試驗(yàn)觀測(cè)一致,研究結(jié)果表明土壤的異質(zhì)性能提高蓄水能力。
本研究中涉及的公式和算法較復(fù)雜且驗(yàn)證的土壤樣品的數(shù)量較少。因此,公式和算法的簡(jiǎn)化或改進(jìn),該模型的普適性驗(yàn)證是下一步的研究?jī)?nèi)容。
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Transient stochastic analysis on influence ofhydraulic heterogeneity ondrainage in soils
Diao Wanying1, Liu Gang1※, Si Bingcheng2
(1.100193; 2.712100)
Water draining and redistribution from soil profiles is important for both ecologicaland hydrological modeling. In reality, the vertical hydraulic conductivity is highly variable because of the heterogeneity of soil. Therefore, the objectives of this study were 1) to conduct the stochastic analysis of a one-dimensional transient drainage problem under a unit gradient assumption; 2) to quantify the influence of uncertainty of the hydraulic conductivity using the perturbation method and kinematic wave model; and 3) to verify the stochastic analysis and the analytical solution. Field experiments were carried out at 2 experimental sites (site A: 57°05'57'' N, 111°38'54'' W and site B: 56°56'36'' N, 111°31'57'' W) in the north of Fort McMurray, northeastern Alberta, Canada. A double-ring infiltrometer consisted of 2 metal rings with the inner ring diameter of 60 cm and the outer ring diameter of 120 cm was used to measure soil infiltration and drainage. In addition, soil water content was determined by EnviroSCAN probe (EnviroSCAN, Sentek Pty Ltd., South Australia). The parameters in Brooks-Corey model for homogeneous soil (site A) and heterogeneous soil (site B) were obtained from the particle size distribution (PSD) data. The results showed that the saturated water content (θ) of site A and site Bwere 0.483and 0.415 cm3/cm3, respectively. The PSD indexexpected value of site A and site Bwere 3 and 4.09, respectively. The saturated hydraulic conductivityof site A and site Bwere937 and 3 049 cm/d, respectively. The water draining process was slowly decreased when the variance of hydraulic conductivity was increased from 0 to 0.5. There was the same relative water storage when the saturated hydraulic conductivity of site A and site Bwere1 691.56 and 3 049 cm/d, respectively; and the variance of hydraulic conductivity were 0 and 0.5, respectively. The relative water storage difference among heterogeneous soil was remarkable when the time was more than 9.6 hours, and the trend was that at long time limit, the larger the soil water storage capacity should be. The draining of water was sensitive to the variance of hydraulic conductivity, but it was less sensitive to the fluctuation of PSD index, as well as to the covariance of hydraulic conductivity and PSD index. The larger the heterogeneity of soil hydraulic conductivity was, the smaller the effective saturated hydraulic conductivity was. The introduction of heterogeneities would slow down the draining and increase the water storage ability. Taking the heterogeneous characteristic into account, the site B had larger water storage capacity than the site A when time was more than 4.8 hours. However, the 2 sites had nearly the same water storage ability after 12 hours, when no stochastic characteristic in parameters of Brooks-Corey model was considered, such as soil hydraulic conductivity and PSD index. Two field experiments were in agreement with the theoretical predictions. The ratio of the variance and the expected value operator of hydraulic conductivity were 0.11 and 0.58 for site A and site B, respectively. The heterogeneous site B would hinder the draining of water and increase the water storage ability, which was also coincident with the theoretical prediction. The variance of hydraulic conductivity would cause the slowing down of the drainage process and thus result in a smaller effective saturated hydraulic conductivityIn conclusion, we could improve the water storage ability of soil by introducing heterogeneity in soil structure or particle size distribution. The analytical result agreed with the experimental observation, which hinted that making soil heterogeneous would be better for improving the water storage ability. This study is useful for soil reclamation whose objective is to produce a long-term self-sustaining ecosystem with high field capacity.
heterogeneity; drainage; hydraulic conductivity; kinematic wave; Brooks-Corey model; particle size distribution; soils
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.24.014
S152.7
A
1002-6819(2016)-24-0107-07
2016-03-09 修訂時(shí)間:2016-08-10
國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目資助(2016YFD0800102);國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(41371231)
刁萬(wàn)英,女,新疆博樂人,博士生,主要從事土壤含水量測(cè)量方法的研究。北京 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)土壤與水科學(xué)系,100193。Email:diaowanying@126.com
劉剛,男,山東威海人,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事土壤物理熱特性和土壤含水量測(cè)量方法的研究。北京 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)土壤與水科學(xué)系,100193。Email:liug@cau.edu.cn