劉 穎,張洪英,唐 濤,劉飛飛,吳 謂,羅 瑛,張繼虹(.昆明理工大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院衰老與腫瘤分子遺傳學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,云南昆明 650500;.壽光市人民醫(yī)院羊口分院,山東壽光 674)
以芳香烴受體為藥物靶點(diǎn)的腫瘤治療研究
劉穎1,張洪英2,唐濤1,劉飛飛1,吳謂1,羅瑛1,張繼虹1
(1.昆明理工大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院衰老與腫瘤分子遺傳學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,云南昆明650500;2.壽光市人民醫(yī)院羊口分院,山東壽光262714)
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版時(shí)間:2016-4-26 11:06網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/34.1086.R.20160426.1106.008.html
芳香烴受體(aryl hydrocarbon receptor,AhR)是一種配體依賴性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,可調(diào)控如2,3,7,8-四氯代苯并二惡英(2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins,TCDDs)等外源性配體化合物的毒性作用。通過(guò)參與細(xì)胞增殖與凋亡、免疫代謝等過(guò)程,AhR影響腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)、存活、遷移和侵襲。AhR對(duì)腫瘤的調(diào)控具有雙重作用,在多環(huán)芳烴、鹵代芳烴等配體作用下,AhR可促進(jìn)腫瘤生成;但苯并噻唑、氨基黃酮等化合物激活A(yù)hR后,可發(fā)揮抑癌功能,有望成為治療腫瘤的藥物靶點(diǎn)。該文主要討論AhR在腫瘤中的作用、以AhR為靶點(diǎn)的藥物作用機(jī)制以及目前AhR靶向藥物的研究現(xiàn)狀。
芳香烴受體;腫瘤;配體;靶向藥物;作用機(jī)制;研究現(xiàn)狀
芳香烴受體(aryl hydrocarbon receptor,AhR)是堿性螺旋-環(huán)-螺旋(basic helix-loop-helix,bHLH)
超家族的亞家族
很多化合物與AhR緊密結(jié)合后,以配體依賴的方式改變其活性,AhR被高度激活時(shí),容易產(chǎn)生毒性物質(zhì),影響腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)和分化。根據(jù)AhR對(duì)二惡英反應(yīng)元件(dioxin response element,DRE)依賴和非依賴的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,將AhR配體分為完全激動(dòng)劑、選擇性調(diào)節(jié)因子(selective AhR modulators,SahRMs)和純粹拮抗劑三類[6]。鹵代芳烴(halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons,HAHs)(如TCDDs、二苯并呋喃和多氯聯(lián)苯)、多環(huán)芳烴(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)(如苯并[a]芘、苯并蒽)通常作為AhR完全激動(dòng)劑發(fā)揮作用,調(diào)控AhR的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平和蛋白水平,產(chǎn)生的毒性物質(zhì)能夠誘發(fā)腫瘤。而屬于SahRMs的配體具有組織特異性的AhR激動(dòng)或拮抗作用[7-8],如山柰酚作為激動(dòng)劑,可以在MCF-7細(xì)胞中誘導(dǎo)AhR調(diào)控的CYP1A1,造成DNA損傷,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞死亡;但當(dāng)有TCDDs存在時(shí),其又是AhR拮抗劑,降低被TCDDs激活的AhR活性,減少TCDD代謝毒物的產(chǎn)生,保護(hù)機(jī)體[8-9]。而GNF351[N-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-9-isopropyl-2-(5-methylpyridin-3-yl)-9H-purin-6-amine]只能通過(guò)DRE調(diào)控反應(yīng),抑制AhR轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,并可以抑制由內(nèi)源性配體或外源性激動(dòng)劑誘導(dǎo)的DRE調(diào)控反應(yīng),體現(xiàn)出AhR完全拮抗劑的特點(diǎn)[6]。
在沒(méi)有配體存在的情況下,AhR在腫瘤中的作用主要從以下幾方面來(lái)體現(xiàn)[10]:①抑制p53和BRCA1等抑癌基因的功能性表達(dá)[11-12];②促進(jìn)干細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)化和血管生成;③通過(guò)影響細(xì)胞周期、凋亡、細(xì)胞接觸性抑制作用、細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)代謝和改造、細(xì)胞-基質(zhì)相互作用等生理過(guò)程,改變細(xì)胞的存活、增殖和分化過(guò)程;④ 與雌激素受體(estrogen receptor,ER)和炎癥信號(hào)通路的交互作用[13]。一般情況下,AhR是通過(guò)與配體結(jié)合來(lái)削弱自身致癌作用或加強(qiáng)其抑癌功能的,因?yàn)樵谂潴w的作用下,AhR與核轉(zhuǎn)位蛋白(AhR nuclear translocator,ARNT)形成異源二聚體,誘導(dǎo)多種細(xì)胞色素P450(CYP)酶的轉(zhuǎn)錄,影響腫瘤的代謝和生物活性[1]。因此,AhR可能是腫瘤治療的小分子靶點(diǎn)。目前,以AhR為靶點(diǎn)的多種化合物如苯丙噻唑類化合物{2-[(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazoles,2-(4-氨基苯基)苯并噻唑],Phortress}和氨基黃酮(aminoflavone,AF)都體現(xiàn)出抗腫瘤的效果,但存在腫瘤及細(xì)胞的選擇特異性。本文將基于AhR及其配體對(duì)腫瘤的作用,重點(diǎn)闡述以AhR為靶點(diǎn)的腫瘤治療研究現(xiàn)狀。
AhR作為轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,可以編碼異型物質(zhì)代謝酶(如CYP酶)的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控,其功能的異常與腫瘤的發(fā)生存在密切關(guān)系[14],如Fig 1所示。
Fig 1 Relationship between AhR and tumor
1.1腫瘤發(fā)生過(guò)程中AhR的表達(dá)和功能在腫瘤的起始階段,AhR促進(jìn)Ⅰ相代謝酶(CYP1A1、CYP1A2和CYP1B1等)的表達(dá),使TCDDs、BaP等致癌物被代謝活化成具遺傳毒性的中間產(chǎn)物或終產(chǎn)物,導(dǎo)致DNA損傷的產(chǎn)生,促進(jìn)腫瘤形成;但腫瘤中AhR表達(dá)增強(qiáng)的調(diào)控機(jī)制尚不清楚。在沒(méi)有配體存在的情況下,AhR在乳腺癌、肺癌、胃癌、成人T細(xì)胞白血病、胰腺癌、前列腺癌、泌尿上皮癌、人神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞以及髓母細(xì)胞瘤中表達(dá)水平高于癌旁組織[10,15-24],這與信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)子和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活子(STAT6)以及核因子κB(NF-κB)相關(guān),IL-4以STAT6依賴的方式在鼠或人B細(xì)胞中誘導(dǎo)AhR激活;而在分化的免疫細(xì)胞中,NF-κB的活性涉及到RelA-依賴性AhR的表達(dá),并增強(qiáng)AhR調(diào)控的基因活性,所以STAT6 與NF-κB有促進(jìn)AhR在腫瘤中表達(dá)的可能[25-26]。此時(shí)敲低AhR會(huì)使腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖減少、侵襲和遷移能力降低[27-28],減緩腫瘤發(fā)生進(jìn)程,說(shuō)明AhR具有致癌作用;而Ahr-/-♂小鼠中,非AhR配體-二乙基亞硝胺(diethylnitrosamine,DEN)誘導(dǎo)肝癌的發(fā)生率高于野生型小鼠,因?yàn)楦咚降难趸瘧?yīng)激(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和穩(wěn)定表達(dá)的TGF-β會(huì)促進(jìn)Ahr-/-小鼠發(fā)生腫瘤[29],體現(xiàn)出AhR在腫瘤形成之前的抗腫瘤活性。
正常情況下,AhR作為芳烴類化合物毒性和代謝機(jī)制中的重要蛋白,主要在人的肺、胸腺、腎、肝臟中表達(dá)[30],它的促癌途徑主要有兩種,第一種是在TCDDs、PAHs、HAHs等天然配體化合物作用下,AhR影響增殖相關(guān)基因和免疫系統(tǒng),促進(jìn)腫瘤發(fā)生。如AhR協(xié)同性地誘導(dǎo)炎癥信號(hào)通路中的IL-6[31]或介導(dǎo)類白介素-1(IL-1-like)細(xì)胞因子受體通路[32];AhR激動(dòng)劑犬尿氨酸可抑制能識(shí)別腫瘤抗原的免疫細(xì)胞的聚集,促進(jìn)神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤的發(fā)展;另一種促癌途徑是AhR誘導(dǎo)的異型生物質(zhì)代謝中某些酶可以產(chǎn)生致癌副產(chǎn)物,如影響Wnt/β-連環(huán)蛋白通路對(duì)BaP代謝和基因毒性的抑制作用,所有由激活的AhR誘導(dǎo)的CYP1A1能在BaP-二醇上產(chǎn)生BaP-二醇環(huán)氧化物等致 DNA損傷的高致癌性中間產(chǎn)物[2,33]。
1.2AhR在配體作用下對(duì)腫瘤的影響AhR是配體依賴性受體,與AhR結(jié)合的配體分為內(nèi)源性配體和外源性配體。AhR內(nèi)源性配體包括吲哚類、四吡咯類化合物、花生四烯酸代謝產(chǎn)物等,與AhR的親和力均較弱,不足以激活A(yù)hR[34]。而AhR外源性配體PAHs、HAHs等與AhR有著高親和力作用,激活后AhR在很大程度上導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞周期的紊亂,包括G0/G1期和G2/M期的阻滯、DNA復(fù)制能力減弱和細(xì)胞增殖的抑制,進(jìn)一步影響腫瘤的發(fā)生[35]。AhR在配體作用下可以經(jīng)由兩條通路被配體激活,分別是DRE調(diào)節(jié)的DNA結(jié)合通路即經(jīng)典信號(hào)通路和無(wú)DRE調(diào)節(jié)的蛋白與蛋白相互作用的通路,兩者都可以導(dǎo)致下游CYP1A1等基因表達(dá)水平的變化,影響腫瘤的發(fā)生[35]。TCDDs是與AhR有著高親和力的完全激動(dòng)劑,在胞質(zhì)中,TCDDs與AhR結(jié)合并使之激活,調(diào)節(jié)代謝酶靶基因的表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)自身代謝,尤其可以促進(jìn)機(jī)體對(duì)外源性有毒物質(zhì)的氧化代謝,保護(hù)機(jī)體;但TCDDs自身產(chǎn)生毒性代謝產(chǎn)物與DNA結(jié)合,產(chǎn)生遺傳毒性,誘導(dǎo)腫瘤的發(fā)生。此外,TCDDs激活A(yù)hR,降解蛋白酶體依賴性的ER,抗激素依賴性腫瘤(如乳腺癌、子宮內(nèi)膜癌和前列腺癌等),但同時(shí)促進(jìn)非激素依賴性腫瘤(如腺癌、鱗癌等)的形成[36-37]。由于完全激動(dòng)劑會(huì)表現(xiàn)出DRE依賴的基因毒性,而SahRMs既是AhR激動(dòng)劑又是拮抗劑,作為SahRMs的MCDF通過(guò)抑制ER來(lái)抑制陰性乳腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖,表現(xiàn)出激動(dòng)劑活性,但在有效劑量?jī)?nèi)不會(huì)激活DRE依賴的基因毒性。GNF351是AhR純粹拮抗劑,能夠抑制DRE依賴和非依賴調(diào)控的AhR活性和炎癥相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子誘導(dǎo)的急性期基因(如IL-6等)表達(dá),以抑制腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)[6]。
AhR配體防止腫瘤發(fā)生的途徑有兩種,一是AhR下游靶基因(如CYP1A1、CYP1A2和CYP1B1)的表達(dá)產(chǎn)物Ⅰ相或Ⅱ相外源物質(zhì)代謝酶,可促進(jìn)機(jī)體對(duì)外源性毒物的代謝,從而保護(hù)機(jī)體不受外源物質(zhì)影響[2];二是間接干預(yù)AhR與其他腫瘤相關(guān)信號(hào)通路[如AhR-ER、AhR-絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinases,MAPKs)等[38]]的交互作用,防止腫瘤的發(fā)生。而Phrotress作為AhR配體,在治療腫瘤過(guò)程中表現(xiàn)出依賴于DRE調(diào)控的AhR激動(dòng)劑活性,但與傳統(tǒng)TCDDs等激動(dòng)劑不同的是,它可以在代謝酶的作用下,在核內(nèi)形成DNA加合物,從而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞死亡。
Fig 2 Structures of AhR ligand compounds
因此,在以AhR為靶點(diǎn)進(jìn)行腫瘤治療的研究中,主要是通過(guò)AhR配體與AhR結(jié)合,根據(jù)不同的腫瘤和腫瘤細(xì)胞,利用AhR配體針對(duì)性的調(diào)節(jié)AhR活性和表達(dá)水平,使AhR[39]通過(guò)參與外源性化合物代謝或影響細(xì)胞周期、凋亡等過(guò)程,抑制腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)[8,40]。
越來(lái)越多的研究證明,AhR是乳腺癌、腎癌、肝癌、胰腺癌等多種腫瘤治療的藥物靶點(diǎn)[1,8,41-42],作用機(jī)制主要是AhR激動(dòng)劑、SahRMs或AhR拮抗劑以配體依賴的方式改變AhR活性,AhR與核轉(zhuǎn)位蛋白(AhR nuclear translocator,ARNT)形成異源二聚體,誘導(dǎo)多種CYP酶的轉(zhuǎn)錄,影響腫瘤的代謝和生物活性[1]。
目前,以AhR為藥物靶點(diǎn)進(jìn)行的配體化合物研究主要包括 Phortress、AF、奧美拉唑(omeprazole,OM)、MCDF及NK150460等(Fig 2),其中Phortress、AF已分別進(jìn)入Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期臨床[42-43];針對(duì)OM、MCDF等AhR激動(dòng)劑的研究也在體外的乳腺癌細(xì)胞、胰腺癌細(xì)胞等腫瘤細(xì)胞以及移植瘤動(dòng)物模型中進(jìn)行[27,44-45];而NK150460作為新合成的化合物,能抑制E2依賴性轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,激活A(yù)hR/ARNT依賴性通路并誘導(dǎo)CYP1A1表達(dá),而被它激活的AhR參與ER-α依賴性通路,選擇性地抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)[46]。
Phortress是一種代謝性激活的藥物前體,可導(dǎo)致DNA加合物的形成,并帶來(lái)隨后的藥物毒性[39,47]。在早期篩選過(guò)程中發(fā)現(xiàn),乳腺癌細(xì)胞MCF-7、卵巢癌細(xì)胞IGROV-1是對(duì)Phortress敏感的細(xì)胞株,隨后研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Phortress及其衍生物5F203、GW610等可穿過(guò)細(xì)胞膜進(jìn)入細(xì)胞質(zhì),與從 AhRHSP90復(fù)合物上脫落的AhR結(jié)合,并轉(zhuǎn)位至細(xì)胞核,與核內(nèi)ARNT作用后,結(jié)合到 CYP1A1基因的啟動(dòng)子上,促進(jìn)CYP1A1 mRNA的表達(dá)。在藥物代謝酶類的作用下,胞質(zhì)中的CYP1A1含量增加,與5F203結(jié)合,使其轉(zhuǎn)變成具有生物活性的物質(zhì),并進(jìn)入核內(nèi)與DNA作用,形成DNA加合物,引發(fā)DNA單鏈和雙鏈的斷裂,導(dǎo)致DNA損傷,直至細(xì)胞死亡[48-49];而在不敏感的細(xì)胞株乳腺癌細(xì)胞MDA-MB-435、前列腺癌PC-3等細(xì)胞中,該類化合物不能引起AhR在核內(nèi)、胞質(zhì)中的蛋白表達(dá)量和CYP1A1 mRNA水平的明顯變化,也不能形成DNA加合物、造成DNA損傷,繼而引發(fā)細(xì)胞的死亡[50]。這體現(xiàn)出Phortress等的苯并噻唑類化合物在腫瘤細(xì)胞中具有選擇性抑癌作用,且它們的抗腫瘤活性可能與CYP1A1活性及DNA加合物有關(guān)[51](Fig 3)。
Fig 3 Classical targeting pathway of AhR
AF與Phortress在MCF-7等的雌激素受體陽(yáng)性(ER+)乳腺癌細(xì)胞中有著類似的作用機(jī)制,都是通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)CYP1A1 或CYP1A2的表達(dá),激發(fā)自身代謝活性,引發(fā)細(xì)胞毒DNA損傷及細(xì)胞周期 S期阻滯,從而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞凋亡[34,50,52]。與Phrotress作用機(jī)制不同的是,AF作用于ER(-)α三陰性乳腺癌(triple negative breast cancers,TNBC)細(xì)胞和前列腺癌細(xì)胞時(shí),不存在藥物誘導(dǎo)的乙氧基異吩惡唑脫乙基酶(ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase,EROD)活 性 和CYP1A1、CYP1B1基因表達(dá)增加,且AhR一直存在于核內(nèi),并不影響經(jīng)瞬時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)染的細(xì)胞中DRE啟動(dòng)的熒光素酶活性和CYP1A1啟動(dòng)子序列上蛋白-DNA復(fù)合物的合成[53],且AF能夠引起TNBC細(xì)胞的DNA損傷、S期阻滯以及衰老,但其調(diào)控的生長(zhǎng)抑制不需要內(nèi)源性AhR或者下游AhR靶基因CYP1A1和CYP1B1的表達(dá),即AhR的表達(dá)與否及AhR信號(hào)通路是否正常,AF抑制細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的功能不會(huì)受到影響[54]。
此外,許多AhR活性藥物在體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中抑制癌細(xì)胞的侵襲和增殖[55]。如NK150460和MCDF在乳腺癌細(xì)胞中具有依賴于AhR/ARNT和靶蛋白CYP1A1的抗腫瘤活性,但NK150460是通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)CYP1A1和CYP1B1在mRNA水平的表達(dá),抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)與增殖[46];MCDF能夠激活CYP1A1依賴性的EROD活性,抑制ER(-)乳腺癌細(xì)胞MDA-MB-468的增殖,通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)TGF-α和AhR調(diào)控的microRNA-335(miR-335)的表達(dá)來(lái)分別抑制細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)和侵襲[27];OM將AhR募集到含有DREs的趨化因子受體4(C-XC chemokine receptor type 4,CXCR4)啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域,伴隨著啟動(dòng)子上RNA聚合酶-Ⅱ(PolⅡ)的缺失,通過(guò)抑制CXCR4轉(zhuǎn)錄來(lái)抑制腫瘤侵襲,調(diào)節(jié)體內(nèi)代謝[7,44]。這為以AhR為靶點(diǎn)的其他腫瘤治療提供了參考依據(jù)。
除了研究乳腺癌的AhR靶向治療外,研究者還對(duì)其他的腫瘤進(jìn)行了嘗試。通過(guò)對(duì)人腎癌細(xì)胞株及來(lái)源于患者的腎癌細(xì)胞研究發(fā)現(xiàn),AF能夠?qū)е翧hR誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡[42];OM可以通過(guò)AhR在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平上誘導(dǎo)人腺癌細(xì)胞H441中CYP1A1的表達(dá)[56],并通過(guò)非基因型AhR通路抑制前列腺癌細(xì)胞的侵襲[45];大麻二醇在肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2中誘導(dǎo)通過(guò)AhR通路調(diào)控CYP1A1的表達(dá)[57];3,3'-二吲哚基甲烷激活A(yù)hR信號(hào)通路,從而抑制胃癌的發(fā)展[58]。
目前的研究結(jié)果顯示,AhR的靶向藥物主要集中于對(duì)乳腺癌的研究,同時(shí)也涉及其他腫瘤,但由于AhR配體具有腫瘤和腫瘤細(xì)胞的特異性,這給以AhR為靶點(diǎn)的藥物篩選增加了難度。因此,希望能在全面認(rèn)識(shí)AhR與腫瘤關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上,找出導(dǎo)致配體在腫瘤中表現(xiàn)出特異性的原因,使AhR靶向藥物在治療腫瘤的過(guò)程中體現(xiàn)廣譜性。
腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展與遺傳基因、外在環(huán)境、飲食習(xí)慣等多種因素相關(guān),實(shí)現(xiàn)腫瘤的個(gè)性化治療需要充分了解腫瘤在細(xì)胞生物學(xué)和分子生物學(xué)等方面的作用機(jī)制,使用合適的化合物進(jìn)行靶向治療。多種研究表明,AhR是治療腫瘤的潛在新型藥物靶點(diǎn),但AhR在腫瘤病理中的分子機(jī)制比較復(fù)雜,目前還沒(méi)有完全研究清楚[10]。AhR既可以促癌亦可以抑癌,在治療不同腫瘤中作為 AhR配體的激動(dòng)劑、拮抗劑和SAHRMs并不能都發(fā)揮有效抑癌作用[1]。因此,在不同腫瘤的不同病理階段,深入研究AhR相關(guān)分子機(jī)制將是新的挑戰(zhàn)。許多抗腫瘤藥物作為與AhR有著高親和力的外源性配體,參與AhR經(jīng)典途徑進(jìn)行腫瘤治療,同時(shí)也可通過(guò)AhRER等信號(hào)通路的交互作用發(fā)揮功能,并經(jīng)由AhR調(diào)控的CYP1家族代謝酶降低藥物毒副作用[59]。目前已有很多化合物(如Phrotress、AF等)靶向AhR治療乳腺癌,但對(duì)于不同的乳腺癌細(xì)胞,同種化合物的作用效果不同,為實(shí)現(xiàn)以AhR為藥物靶點(diǎn)的多種腫瘤治療,需要進(jìn)一步的研究AhR在腫瘤中的作用機(jī)制,并在前人的基礎(chǔ)上優(yōu)化藥物結(jié)構(gòu)、開(kāi)發(fā)新型靶向藥物,用不同類別的AhR配體進(jìn)行特異性治療。
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Anti-tumor therapy for targeting aryl hydrocarbon receptor
LIU Ying1,ZHANG Hong-ying2,TANG Tao1,LIU Fei-fei1,WU Wei1,LUO Ying1,ZHANG Ji-hong1
(1.Lab of Molecular Genetics of Aging&Tumor,F(xiàn)aculty of Medicine,Kunming University of Science and Technology,Kunming650500,China;2.Yangkou Branch Hospital of the People’s Hospital of Shouguang,Shouguang Shandong262714,China)
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AhR)is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that mediates the toxicity of xenobiotic ligands like 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins(TCDDs). AhR influences tumor growth,survival,migration and invasion by regulating proliferation,apoptosis and immune metabolism of tumor cells.AhR has two ways to regulate tumor development,and ligands like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs),halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons(HAHs)can induce tumorigenesis.However,some compounds such as benzothiazole and aminoflavone can activate AhR,which suppresses the tumor progression and suggests that AhR may be a novel drug target for antitumor therapy.The paper discussed the role of AhR in tumorigenesis,the mechanism of the drugs targetting AhR and the status of studying AhR as a potential target in anticancer therapy.
aryl hydrocarbon receptor;tumor;ligand;targeted drugs;mechanism;present state
10.3969/j.issn.1001-1978.2016.05.004
A
1001-1978(2016)05-0607-06
R-05;R392.11;R730.22;R730.5
2015-12-08,
2016-01-08
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(No 81260501);云南省應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)研究計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(No 2014FD011)
劉穎(1991-)女,碩士生,研究方向:遺傳學(xué),E-mail:lianqlying@hotmail.com;張繼虹(1972-)女,博士,教授,研究方向:分子藥理學(xué),通訊作者,E-mail:zhjihong2000@126.com bHLH-PAS(bHLH-PER-ARNT-SIM)成員之一,是bHLH-PAS家族中唯一可以被配體激活的受體[1,2]。AhR參與細(xì)胞周期、上皮屏障功能、細(xì)胞遷移和免疫作用等多種細(xì)胞過(guò)程,對(duì)維持細(xì)胞內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)有著重要作用[1,3],其通過(guò)介導(dǎo)天然或人工合成化合物的生物化學(xué)和毒性作用,發(fā)揮致癌或抑癌功能[4-5]。