山 楠， 杜連鳳， 畢曉慶， 安志裝， 趙麗平， 趙同科*

(1 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院， 北京 100193; 2 北京市農(nóng)林科學(xué)院植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)與資源研究所， 北京 100097)

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用15N肥料標(biāo)記法研究潮土中玉米氮肥的利用率與去向

山 楠1, 2， 杜連鳳2， 畢曉慶2， 安志裝2， 趙麗平2， 趙同科2*

(1 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院， 北京 100193; 2 北京市農(nóng)林科學(xué)院植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)與資源研究所， 北京 100097)

玉米;15N; 氮肥利用率; 盆栽培養(yǎng)

1　材料與方法

1.1試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)概況

1.2試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

1.3樣品測(cè)定方法

玉米收獲后取樣，植株樣烘干后稱重，粉碎后測(cè)定15N同位素含量; 土壤樣品風(fēng)干后磨細(xì)，過(guò)0.15 mm篩，用于測(cè)定15N同位素。玉米植株和土樣15N含量測(cè)定(質(zhì)譜法)在河北省農(nóng)林科學(xué)院遺傳生理研究所用改進(jìn)型ZHT-03質(zhì)譜計(jì)(北京分析儀器廠)測(cè)定，測(cè)量精度0.1%。

1.4數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

氮素利用率主要計(jì)算方法[16]:

土壤全氮中來(lái)自標(biāo)記15N肥料氮的百分?jǐn)?shù)(Ndff， %)=土壤全氮的15N原子百分超/標(biāo)記15N肥料原子百分超×100;

土壤全氮中來(lái)自15N肥料的氮量 (Ndff， g/pot)=土壤全氮含量(g/pot)×土壤全氮中來(lái)自肥料的百分?jǐn)?shù)(%Ndff);

土壤中氮肥殘留率(%)=土壤全氮中來(lái)自15N肥料的氮量(g/pot)/氮肥用量(g/pot)×100;

植株全氮中來(lái)自標(biāo)記15N肥料氮的百分?jǐn)?shù)(Ndff， %)=植株中15N肥料原子百分超/標(biāo)記的15N肥料原子百分超×100;

植株全氮中來(lái)自15N肥料氮量 (Ndff， g/pot)=植物吸收的全氮含量(g/pot)×植物全氮中來(lái)自肥料的百分?jǐn)?shù)(%Ndff);

肥料氮素回收率(%)=植物對(duì)15N肥料吸收的氮量(g/pot)/15N肥料施用量(g/pot)×100;

氮素總損失率(%)=(1-植株對(duì)氮肥回收率-土壤中氮肥殘留率)×100;

肥料氮素?fù)p失量(g/pot)=氮肥用量(g/pot) ×氮素總損失率(%)。

試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用Excel 2003和SPSS 17.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。

2　結(jié)果與分析

2.1玉米對(duì)氮素的吸收利用

表1　不同N肥水平下玉米植株地上部對(duì)肥料15N的吸收

注(Note): Ndff—肥料氮Nitrogen derived from fertilizer; Ndfs—土壤氮Nitrogen derived from soil; 同列不同小寫字母表示處理間差異顯著(P<0.05)Different small letters in the same column mean significant difference at 0.05 level among treatments.

2.2土壤氮素殘留規(guī)律

表2　不同氮肥水平下肥料15N在土壤中殘留

注(Note): Ndff—肥料氮Nitrogen derived from fertilizer; 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同小寫字母表示處理間差異顯著(P<0.05)Values followed by different small letters in the same column are significantly different at 0.05 level among treatments.

2.3氮素?fù)p失狀況

3　討論

3.1玉米對(duì)氮肥的吸收利用特性

注(Note): 同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同小寫字母表示處理間差異顯著(P<0.05)Values followed by different small letters in the same column are significantly different at 0.05 level among treatments.

3.2玉米季的氮肥損失途徑

4　結(jié)論

由此可見(jiàn)，氮素供應(yīng)不足嚴(yán)重影響作物產(chǎn)量和氮肥的利用率。然而氮肥施用過(guò)量，不僅沒(méi)有提高作物植株地上部生物量，反而造成氮肥的嚴(yán)重?fù)p失，降低氮肥利用率。該試驗(yàn)綜合得出，N4處理，施肥量為N 88 mg/kg，作物對(duì)標(biāo)記氮肥的吸收率為67.57%，標(biāo)記氮肥土壤殘留率為21.40%，標(biāo)記氮肥損失率為11.04%，是較為科學(xué)合理的施肥量。

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Nitrogen use efficiency and behavior studied with15N labeled fertilizer in maize in fluvo-aquic soils

SHAN Nan1,2, DU Lian-feng2, BI Xiao-qing2, AN Zhi-zhuang2, ZHAO Li-ping2, ZHAO Tong-ke2*

(1CollegeofResourcesandEnvironmentalSciences,ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Beijing100193,China; 2InstituteofPlantNutritionandResources,BeijingAcademyofAgricultureandForestrySciences,Beijing100097,China)

【Objectives】 In this study, an experiment was conducted for quantitative characteristics of nitrogen (N) fertilizer utilization and the fate of fertilizer N on “N uptake-soil residues-loss” in summer maize in Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry in 2013. 【Methods】 A pot experiment was carried out using15N-label method inside an artificial weather shed. Ten N fertilizer application rates were designed with three replicates: 0, 22, 44, 66, 88, 111, 133, 177, 222 and 266 mg/kg. The characteristics and nitrogen utilization of soil and maize plant were measured.【Results】 With the increase of N fertilizer applied, there was no significant difference in N fertilizer use efficiency, but showed a tendency of rising firstly and then falling. Agronomic efficiency of applied N-fertilizer and apparent N fertilizer recovery efficiency decreased significantly. The recovery ratio of15N was 9.01%-67.57% in maize season and the percentage of residual15N in soil was 21.40%-40.54%. Residual15N rates of different soil layers increased significantly with the increase of N fertilizer applied and decreased notably. Loss rates of15N increased significantly with the increase of N fertilizer applied and total15N loss ratio was 11.04%-50.45%. Compared with N 22, 44 and 66 mg/kg treatments, the soil N accumulation was reduced by 19.14%, 12.38% and 13.13% in N 88 mg/kg treatment, respectively. Moreover, the N loss rate was reduced by 39.41%, 7.88% and 13.88%, respectively. Compared with N 111, 133, 177, 222 and 266 mg/kg treatments, the plant N accumulation was increased by 5.88%-8.00% and the N recovery rate was increased by 9.06%-27.81% in N 88 mg/kg treatment. In the other hand, the soil N accumulation was reduced by 3.36%-17.30%, and the N loss rate during the maize growing period was reduced by 1.65%-13.57%.【Conclusions】 Under the condition of this experiment, proper rate of N applied in maize was recommended at 88 mg/kg, and N use efficiency was the highest with 67.57%, and the percentage of residual N and loss rate of N were the least with 21.40% and 11.04%, presenting less pressure to the environment.

maize;15N-label technique; nitrogen fertilizer utilization; pot experiment

2015-02-16接受日期: 2015-05-15

國(guó)家科技支撐計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2012BAD15B01)資助。

山楠(1988—)， 女， 河北唐山人， 博士研究生， 主要從事農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境方面的研究。 E-mail: sn.47@163.com

Tel: 010-51503584， E-mail: tkzhao@126.com

S143.1+4; S513.62

A

1008-505X(2016)04-0930-07