張經(jīng)廷， 陳青云， 呂麗華， 申海平， 賈秀領(lǐng)*， 梁雙波*

(1 河北省農(nóng)林科學(xué)院糧油作物研究所， 農(nóng)業(yè)部華北地區(qū)作物栽培科學(xué)觀測實(shí)驗(yàn)站， 河北石家莊 050035；2 中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)與生物技術(shù)學(xué)院， 北京 100193)

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冬小麥-夏玉米輪作產(chǎn)量與氮素利用最佳水氮配置

張經(jīng)廷1,2， 陳青云2， 呂麗華1， 申海平1， 賈秀領(lǐng)1*， 梁雙波1*

(1 河北省農(nóng)林科學(xué)院糧油作物研究所， 農(nóng)業(yè)部華北地區(qū)作物栽培科學(xué)觀測實(shí)驗(yàn)站， 河北石家莊 050035；2 中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)與生物技術(shù)學(xué)院， 北京 100193)

冬小麥-夏玉米輪作； 水氮配置； 產(chǎn)量； 吸氮量； 氮肥利用效率

合理的水氮配置對(duì)作物生長發(fā)育和產(chǎn)量形成至關(guān)重要[1-2]。水氮存在明顯的耦合效應(yīng)[3-4]，水分是養(yǎng)分的介質(zhì)，水分適宜可提高氮肥利用率，干旱則限制作物對(duì)氮素的吸收[5-7]。適量施氮可有效調(diào)水，提高水分利用效率[8-10]。根據(jù)水氮對(duì)作物生長發(fā)育效應(yīng)的不同，水氮耦合可分為三種具體類型，即加和效應(yīng)(水氮互不影響)、 協(xié)同效應(yīng)(水氮互相促進(jìn))和拮抗效應(yīng)(水氮互相限制)[11]。作物生長過程中，如果水氮配置不合理不僅不能發(fā)揮水氮耦合協(xié)同效應(yīng)，還會(huì)導(dǎo)致水氮資源的浪費(fèi)[12-13]，產(chǎn)生農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染[14-15]。

1　材料與方法

1.1試驗(yàn)地概況

1.2試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

試驗(yàn)田耕作制度為冬小麥-夏玉米一年兩熟秸稈還田少免耕耕作制度。試驗(yàn)為灌水、 施氮量和品種3因子裂區(qū)試驗(yàn)，灌水為主區(qū)，施氮量為副區(qū)，品種為副副區(qū)，小區(qū)面積為25.92 m2(4.8 m×5.4 m)。

表1　20062014年冬小麥和夏玉米各生長季供水量 (mm)

注(Note): W1—小麥在拔節(jié)期, 玉米為出苗期灌一次水One irrigation in jointing stage of wheat, or in seedling stage of maize; W2—灌兩次水，小麥分別在拔節(jié)期和開花期, 玉米分別在出苗期和大喇叭口期灌水Twice irrigation in jointing and flowering stages of wheat, or in seedling and bumpet stages of maize; W3—灌三次水，玉米分別在出苗期、大喇叭口期和開花期灌水Three irrigations in seedling, bumpet and flowering stages of maize; WL—Limited irrigation for maize; WS—Suitable irrigation for maize.

1.3測定項(xiàng)目與方法

成熟期干物質(zhì)量: 成熟期冬小麥每小區(qū)取2行長1 m的代表性樣段，夏玉米每小區(qū)取5株代表性樣株，取回后分秸稈和籽粒兩部分，105℃烘箱中殺青30 min，75℃烘干至恒質(zhì)量，稱干物重，粉粹過2 mm篩，留樣備用。

產(chǎn)量: 冬小麥采用小區(qū)聯(lián)合收割機(jī)收獲，谷物水分測定儀測定水分，折算為含水量13%的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)量。夏玉米每小區(qū)收獲玉米18 m2，數(shù)果穗數(shù)并稱所有果穗總鮮重，計(jì)算平均鮮單穗重，根據(jù)平均鮮單穗重選取20穗，脫粒，谷物水分測定儀測定水分，折算為含水量14%的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)量。

秸稈及籽粒全氮含量: 采用半微量凱氏定氮法測定。

1.4相關(guān)公式與數(shù)據(jù)分析

植株地上部吸氮量(kg/hm2)= 籽粒干物質(zhì)量×籽粒含氮量+秸稈干物質(zhì)量×秸稈含氮量

氮素收獲指數(shù)(NHI)= 籽粒氮素積累量/植株地上部吸氮量

氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力(PEPN，kg/kg)=籽粒產(chǎn)量/施氮量

氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)效率 (NAE, kg/kg)=(施氮區(qū)籽粒產(chǎn)量-不施氮區(qū)籽粒產(chǎn)量)/施氮量

氮素生產(chǎn)效率 (NUtE, kg/kg)= 籽粒產(chǎn)量/植株地上部吸氮量

氮肥累計(jì)表觀利用率(AANRE, %)=(一定時(shí)期內(nèi)施氮區(qū)小麥玉米植株地上部吸氮量之和-該時(shí)期不施氮區(qū)小麥玉米植株地上部吸氮量之和)/該時(shí)期的總施氮量×100

數(shù)據(jù)分析使用Microsoft Excel 2007，用SPSS 17.0軟件進(jìn)行單因素方差分析，采用最小顯著差法進(jìn)行處理間的多重比較(P<0.05)。

2　結(jié)果與分析

2.1兩種水分條件下施氮水平對(duì)冬小麥夏玉米產(chǎn)量的影響

限水條件下各施氮水平夏玉米產(chǎn)量的年際變化也比較大，2008年和2012年產(chǎn)量最高，2010年產(chǎn)量最低； 不施氮處理的產(chǎn)量整體上低于施氮處理，施氮量≥120kg/hm2處理間的產(chǎn)量差異在各年度都不明顯。適水條件下各施氮水平夏玉米產(chǎn)量的年際波動(dòng)均比限水條件下小，穩(wěn)產(chǎn)效果比較突出(圖2)。

2.2兩種水分條件下施氮水平對(duì)冬小麥、夏玉米植株吸氮量的影響

2.3冬小麥、 夏玉米產(chǎn)量與吸氮量的關(guān)系

圖1　兩種水分條件下不同施氮水平冬小麥產(chǎn)量Fig.1　Winter wheat yields under different N-fertilizer application rates in two irrigation treatments[注(Note)：W1—在拔節(jié)期灌一次水 One irrigation in jointing stage； W2—分別在拔節(jié)期和開花期灌2次水 Twice irrigation in jointing and flowering stages.方柱上不同字母表示相同水分和施氮條件下，不同年份間小麥產(chǎn)量差異達(dá)5% 顯著水平Different letters above the bars indicate significantly different among wheat yields in different years at the 5% level under the same irrigation and N conditions. ]

2.4兩種水分條件下施氮水平對(duì)冬小麥夏玉米氮素利用的影響

限水和適水條件下夏玉米氮素利用對(duì)施氮水平的響應(yīng)規(guī)律與冬小麥類似。各施氮水平夏玉米的平均植株吸氮量與冬小麥相差不大，但氮素收獲指數(shù)顯著低于冬小麥，可見玉米滯留于秸稈中的氮素比例顯著高于小麥。不同施氮水平夏玉米的氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力、 氮素生產(chǎn)效率都高于冬小麥，但氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)利用效率顯著低于冬小麥(表3)。

圖2　兩種水分條件下施氮水平對(duì)不同年份夏玉米產(chǎn)量的影響Fig.2　Summer maize yields in different years under different irrigation and N-fertilizer rates[注(Note)：WL—限水Limited water；WS—適水Suitable water. 方柱上不同字母表示相同水分和施氮條件下，不同年份間玉米產(chǎn)量差異達(dá)5% 顯著水平Different letters above the bars indicate significantly different among maize yields in different years at the 5% level under the same irrigation and N conditions. ]

灌水Irrigation施氮水平Nrate產(chǎn)量Yield(kg/hm2)總吸氮量TotalNuptake(kg/hm2)NHIPFPN(kg/kg)NAE(kg/kg)NUtE(kg/kg)100kg籽粒吸氮量100kggrainNuptake(kg)1水W1N04815.9c106.1d0.78a48.1a2.12cN606651.9b154.6c0.77a110.9a30.6a43.9ab2.29bcN1207115.0a195.6b0.76a59.3b19.2b37.4bc2.71abN1807236.6a201.6ab0.77a40.2c13.4c36.7c2.76aN2407164.7a205.9a0.76a29.9d9.8d35.4c2.85aN3007210.6a204.7a0.76a24.0e8.0d35.7c2.81a平均Aver.6699.1178.10.7752.816.237.82.682水W2N05117.9c117.3d0.78a45.8a2.24bN607057.5b162.4c0.79a117.6a32.3a44.5a2.27bN1208238.5a206.0b0.78a68.7b26.0b40.2ab2.50abN1808341.5a209.4b0.75a46.3c17.9c40.1ab2.51abN2408211.3a211.0b0.75a34.2d12.9cd39.3b2.58aN3008371.6a219.6a0.75a27.9e10.8d38.4b2.62a平均Aver.7556.4187.60.7758.920.040.52.50

注(Note): NHI—氮素收獲指數(shù)N harvest index; PFPN—氮偏生產(chǎn)力Partial fertilizer production efficiency; NAE—氮農(nóng)學(xué)效率 N fertilizer agronomy efficiency; NUtE—氮生產(chǎn)效率 N utilization efficiency. 同列數(shù)值后相同字母表示相同灌水條件各處理在0.05水平上無顯著性差異 Values followed by the same letters within a column are not significantly different among N treatments at the 0.05 probability level under the same irrigation condition.

圖3　兩種水分條件下不同施氮水平對(duì)不同年份冬小麥植株吸氮量Fig.3　N uptake of winter wheat under different N-fertilizer application and irrigation rates [注(Note)：W1—在拔節(jié)期灌一次水 One irrigation in jointing stage；W2—分別在拔節(jié)期和開花期灌兩次水 Twice irrigation in jointing and flowering stages.方柱上不同字母表示相同水分和施氮條件下，不同年份間小麥產(chǎn)量差異達(dá)5%顯著水平Different letters above the bars indicate significantly different among wheat yields in different years at the 5% level under the same irrigation and N conditions. ]

灌水Irrigation施氮水平Nrate產(chǎn)量Yield(kg/hm2)總吸氮量TotalNuptake(kg/hm2)NHIPFPN(kg/kg)NAE(kg/kg)NUtE(kg/kg)100kg籽粒吸氮量(kg)100kggrainNuptake限水WLN07802.9c144.7d0.59a54.8a1.86dN608476.7b170.4c0.59a141.3a11.2a50.7b2.00cN1208819.7a183.2b0.58a73.5b8.5ab49.0bc2.07bcN1808948.5a192.6a0.56a49.7c6.4ab47.1c2.15abN2408837.6a190.6a0.54a36.8d4.3b47.2c2.16abN3008690.0ab192.0a0.56a29.0e3.0b45.9c2.21a平均Aver.8595.9178.90.5766.16.749.12.07適水WSN07663.7c148.0d0.57a52.5a1.93dN608824.4b181.4c0.57a147.1a19.3a49.3b2.05cdN1209298.0a195.6b0.56a77.5b13.6b47.8bc2.11bcN1809278.9a202.5ab0.57a51.5c9.0c46.2cd2.19abN2409288.0a206.3a0.55a38.7d6.8c45.8cd2.23abN3009257.6a210.6a0.57a30.9e5.3c44.6d2.28a平均Aver.8935.1190.70.5769.110.847.72.13

注(Note): NHI—氮素收獲指數(shù)N harvest index; PFPN—氮偏生產(chǎn)力Partial fertilizer production efficiency; NAE—氮農(nóng)學(xué)效率 N fertilizer agronomy efficiency; NUtE—氮生產(chǎn)效率 N utilization efficiency. 同列數(shù)值后標(biāo)以相同字母表示相同灌水條件下各處理在0.05水平上無顯著性差異 Values followed by the same letters within a column are not significantly different among N treatments at the 0.05 probability level under the same irrigation condition.

圖4　兩種水分條件下施氮水平對(duì)不同年份夏玉米植株吸氮量Fig.4　N uptake of summer maize under different N-fertilizer application and irrigation rates[注(Note)：WL—限水Limited water；WS—適水Suitable water. 方柱上不同字母表示相同水分和施氮條件下，不同年份間玉米產(chǎn)量差異達(dá)5% 顯著水平Different letters above the bars indicate significantly different among maize yields in different years at the 5% level under the same irrigation and N conditions. ]

圖5　冬小麥、 夏玉米產(chǎn)量與植株吸氮量的相關(guān)性分析Fig.5　Correlation between the yields and plant N uptakes of winter wheat and summer maize

2.5兩種水分條件下施氮水平對(duì)冬小麥-夏玉米輪作體系氮肥累計(jì)表觀利用率的影響

圖6　兩種水分條件下施氮水平對(duì)冬小麥-夏玉米輪作體系氮肥累計(jì)表觀利用率的影響Fig.6　Effect of N-fertilizer rates on accumulative apparent N-fertilizer recovery efficiency(AANRE) of wheat-maize rotation system under two water supply conditions[注(Note): 柱上標(biāo)以不同小寫字母表示同一水分條件下在0.05水平上有顯著性差異(P<0.05) Different letters above the bar mean significant differences at the 0.05 probability level under the same irrigation condition.]

3　討論

利用常規(guī)差減法計(jì)算作物氮肥表觀利用率的前提為試驗(yàn)開始前各小區(qū)土壤肥力一致。然而，長期定位試驗(yàn)連續(xù)多年不同施氮處理已導(dǎo)致小區(qū)間土壤肥力水平存在很大差異。因此，利用常規(guī)差減法按年度或作物計(jì)算長期定位試驗(yàn)的氮肥利用率存在一定的不合理性。 累計(jì)氮肥利用率是指一段時(shí)期內(nèi)作物吸收的肥料氮量與該時(shí)期施入土壤中的肥料氮總量的比值，它可以消除小區(qū)肥力和年際間的差異以及肥料的后效，在小麥-玉米輪作體系多年定位試驗(yàn)中得到廣泛應(yīng)用[29-30]。本研究8年定位試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，冬小麥-夏玉米輪作體系氮肥累計(jì)表觀利用率隨施氮量的增加顯著下降，兩種水分條件下N60+60處理作物氮肥累計(jì)表觀利用率都高達(dá)50%以上，而N300+300處理則下降為20%左右。

本研究8年的定位試驗(yàn)中，施氮120 kg/hm2時(shí)冬小麥和夏玉米產(chǎn)量、 吸氮量都達(dá)到最高水平，氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力、 農(nóng)學(xué)效率、 累積表觀利用率以及氮素生產(chǎn)效率也比較高，進(jìn)一步增加施氮量產(chǎn)量和吸氮量不再顯著增加，反映氮肥利用效率的各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)也都顯著降低。兩種水分條件下施氮120 kg/hm2作物籽粒氮素?cái)y出量8年平均值冬小麥為154.7 kg/hm2，夏玉米為107.9 kg/hm2，也就是說不考慮氮肥損失及環(huán)境供氮，冬小麥氮素?cái)y出量大于施氮量，土壤氮素虧缺； 夏玉米氮素?cái)y出量小于施氮量，土壤氮素盈余。巨曉棠等[31]利用15N同位素示蹤肥料氮在冬小麥季去向的研究結(jié)果也表明，施氮120 kg/hm2時(shí)冬小麥吸收的氮素中來自土壤的量大于肥料氮?dú)埩粲谕寥乐械牧?，?duì)土壤氮肥力是一個(gè)耗竭過程。而冬小麥-夏玉米輪作體系中，冬小麥根系發(fā)達(dá)可有效利用前茬玉米季殘留的肥料氮[32-33]，因此，該輪作體系進(jìn)行水氮配置時(shí)，應(yīng)把兩季作為一個(gè)整體，不僅要考慮作物產(chǎn)量、 吸氮量和氮素利用，同時(shí)也要兼顧對(duì)土壤氮素平衡和肥力的影響。該輪作體系中不同水氮條件下土壤肥力的長期變化趨勢需要進(jìn)一步研究。

4　結(jié)論

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Wang S H, Cao W X, Ding Y F,etal. Interactions of water management and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen absorption and utilization in rice[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2004, 37(4): 497-501.

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Optimum combination of irrigation and nitrogen for high yield and nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat and summer maize rotation system

ZHANG Jing-ting1, 2, CHEN Qing-yun2, Lü Li-hua1, SHEN Hai-ping1, JIA Xiu-ling1*, LIANG Shuang-bo1*

(1InstituteofCerealandOilCrops,HebeiAcademyofAgricultureandForestrySciences/ScientificObservingandExperimentalStationofCropCultivationinNorthChina,MinistryofAgriculture,Shijiazhuang050035，China; 2CollegeofAgronomyandBiotechnology,ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Beijing100193,China)

【Objectives】 Inappropriate management of irrigation and fertilization is common in the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in the piedmont plain of Taihang Mountain. Overuse of fertilizers and irrigation result in severe waste of water resources and agricultural non-point source pollution. Study on the appropriate water and nitrogen combination for high yields and N-fertilizer utilization will be necessary for profitable and sustainable agricultural production in winter wheat and summer maize rotation system in the region. 【Methods】 A two-factor complete split plot field experiment was conducted for 8 successive years. The main plots were irrigation volumes: one irrigation in jointing stage (W1) and twice in jointing and flowering stages (W2) for wheat, limited water (WL) and suitable water (WS) for maize. Subplots were consist of six N rates: 0(N0), 60(N60), 120(N120), 180(N180), 240(N240) and 300(N300) kg/hm2. The yields and plant N uptakes of wheat and maize were measured. 【Results】 The annual yields and N uptakes of wheat and maize varied significantly in all treatments. The annual differences of the yields and N uptakes were smaller in W2and WS treatments than in W1and WL ones for all the six N rates. Whatever the irrigation treatments, the yields and N uptakes in N0and N60treatments generally were significantly lower than in the other ones. In the yield levels of 7.0-9.5 t/hm2for winter wheat and 8.5-11.0 t/hm2for summer maize, the grain yields were significantly and positively correlated with the N uptakes. 8-years’ average of yields and N uptakes in both wheat and maize were increased significantly with increased N rates, but no significant increase in yields when N rate exceeded 120 kg/hm2for yields nor in N uptake when N rate exceeded 180 kg/hm2. For the same N rate, the crop yields and N uptakes in W2or WS were higher than in W1and WL. Under the two irrigation conditions, the partial factor productivities from N-fertilizer (PFPN), N-fertilizer agronomic efficiency (NAE) and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE) were reduced obviously with the increase of N fertilizer rate. In the same N rate, all the three indices in W2and WS were higher than in W1and WL. The accumulative apparent N-fertilizer recovery efficiencies (AANRE) in the wheat-maize rotation system were also decreased obviously with the increase of N rates. Under the condition of W1+WL, the AANREs were decreased from 51.8% in N60+60to 22.3% in N300+300, and from 57.4% to 24.6% for W2+WS. For the same N rate, the AANRE under W2+WS was higher than that under W1+WL. 【Conclusions】 The peak yields and N uptakes are obtained with twice irrigation plus N rate of 120 kg/hm2for wheat and suitable irrigation plus N 120 kg/hm2for maize, and the partial production efficiency, agronomy efficiency and the cumulative agronomy efficiency of N fertilizer are all maintained at higher level. Therefore, under the annual grain yield target of 16-19 t/hm2, the optimal combination of water and nitrogen for winter wheat and summer maize is twice irrigation plus N 120 kg/hm2in the piedmont plain of Taihang Mountain over a certain period of time.

wheat-summer maize rotation; water and nitrogen combination; yield; plant N uptake;nitrogen use efficiency

2015-06-20接受日期: 2015-08-21

國家糧食豐產(chǎn)科技工程(2013BAD07B05, 2011BAD16B08)； 公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專項(xiàng)項(xiàng)目( 201303133)資助。

張經(jīng)廷(1984—)，男，山東菏澤人，博士后，主要從事作物栽培生理與土壤養(yǎng)分資源管理研究。E-mail: jingting58@126.com

Tel: 0311-87670620, E-mail: jiaxiuling2013@163.com; E-mail: L2208@163.com

S344.1; S143.1

A

1008-505X(2016)04-0886-11