潘雪松

（遼寧省朝陽水文局，遼寧朝陽122000）

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老哈河流域朝陽境內(nèi)降雨特性分析

潘雪松

（遼寧省朝陽水文局，遼寧朝陽122000）

［摘 要］選取朝陽地區(qū)老哈河流域上4個(gè)常年觀測(cè)的雨量站1983—2014年的降雨資料進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，分析流域降雨的空間分布特點(diǎn)、年內(nèi)年際變化規(guī)律及近年來變化特征，為該地區(qū)的工農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展和水資源的合理開發(fā)利用及防洪抗旱提供數(shù)據(jù)支持。

［關(guān)鍵詞］老哈河；降雨；特性；分析

1　概　況

老哈河是西遼河上游的一個(gè)重要支流，它發(fā)源于河北省平泉縣的七老圖山脈光頭山。由發(fā)源地向東北流，經(jīng)內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)寧城縣天義鎮(zhèn)西北，在四家子穿錦赤鐵路大橋后，向北綿延，經(jīng)過建平縣的8個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)，然后調(diào)頭東北，在內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)赤峰市的大興農(nóng)場(chǎng)海大吐附近與西拉木倫河交匯，形成西遼河。在建平縣哈拉道口鎮(zhèn)流出朝陽轄區(qū)，老哈河在朝陽境內(nèi)的流域面積為3 494 km2，占朝陽市面積的17.8%，朝陽境內(nèi)河長(zhǎng)100 km。100 km2以上的河流有12條，較大的支流有蹦河、海棠河、三家河、黑水河和四漢城河。

老哈河流域?qū)贉貛О霛駶?rùn)季風(fēng)性氣候區(qū)，四季分明，春季少雨多風(fēng)，夏季高溫多雨，秋季天高氣爽，冬季寒冷干燥。多年平均降水量為429.3 mm，年內(nèi)分配極不均勻，主要集中在7—8月，時(shí)空降水量分布不均，多為短歷時(shí)局部暴雨，大暴雨歷時(shí)一般為1～2 d，最短的僅幾個(gè)小時(shí)到十幾個(gè)小時(shí)，形成暴雨的天氣系統(tǒng)主要是華北氣旋、臺(tái)風(fēng)及低壓冷風(fēng)。

建平縣北部因地勢(shì)高，又處于努魯爾虎山脈西北部坡地，年平均氣溫為5.5℃。

2　數(shù)據(jù)的選取及采用的分析方法

在老哈河流域建有沙海、白家洼、白山水庫、小五家、房身、馬廠、燒鍋營(yíng)子等多處雨量站，從常年觀測(cè)的站中選取沙海、白山水庫、房身、燒鍋營(yíng)子4個(gè)站1983—2014年共32年的各月降雨數(shù)據(jù)作為基礎(chǔ)，計(jì)算出每個(gè)站的月平均、年平均及流域多年平均降雨量，然后按流域的上、中、下游對(duì)相同時(shí)段的降雨資料進(jìn)行年內(nèi)、年際及整個(gè)流域降水的變化特征進(jìn)行比較分析。

2.1流域年內(nèi)降雨量分配

根據(jù)各站的實(shí)測(cè)資料，繪制多年平均降水量在各月的分布情況圖（圖1）。

圖1　降雨年內(nèi)分配圖

從圖1中可以得到：該流域多年平均年降雨量為421.2 mm，而5—8月的降雨量就達(dá)到了319.5 mm，占全年降雨量的75.9%；1—4月份的降雨量為30.6 mm，僅占全年降雨量的7.3%；9—12月的降水量為71.1 mm，占全年降雨量的16.8%。降雨主要集中在6—8月，年內(nèi)降雨呈單峰型分布。而3—5月的降雨量是10—12月的2.3倍，這主要是由于朝陽地區(qū)的冬季降雪較少，土壤墑情較差，為保證春耕氣象部門在春季播種時(shí)常常進(jìn)行人工增雨造成的。

2.2上、中、下游降雨特征分析

根據(jù)所選雨量站的地理位置不同把4個(gè)雨量站分為上、中、下游。其中沙海位于上游，白山水庫、房身位于中游，燒鍋營(yíng)子位于下游。根據(jù)實(shí)測(cè)資料繪制流域上中下游降雨量對(duì)照?qǐng)D（圖2）。

圖2　上、中、下游降雨量對(duì)照?qǐng)D

分析圖2可知，由于這些雨量站同處一個(gè)流域，降雨量的變化趨勢(shì)基本一致，多年平均降雨量上游439.5 mm，中游413.5 mm，下游418.7 mm，上中下游差別不大。同時(shí)降雨極大值與較小值都出在上游，說明上游雨量變化的幅度大于中下游，而中游降雨的變化幅度最小。

2.3多年平均降雨量變化分析

計(jì)算出各站多年平均降雨量，繪制降雨量年際分布變化圖（圖3）。

圖3　年平均降雨量分布圖

老哈河流域朝陽境內(nèi)的降雨量周期變化明顯，高峰和低谷突出，但周期的長(zhǎng)短不一，大致5—8年為一個(gè)周期 。流域多年平均降雨量為421.2 mm，最大值出現(xiàn)在1994年，為612.2 mm，最小的值出現(xiàn)在2000年，為284.7 mm。降雨量年際分布具有不均勻性，變化較大，極值比為2.15，2000年以后的變化幅度比2000年以前有所減小。

在降雨量累積距平曲線圖（圖4）中，上升表示雨量增加，下降表示雨量減少。曲線的強(qiáng)度反映水量的豐枯強(qiáng)度。從圖4中可以看出，流域的降雨量總體的變化趨勢(shì)是少-多-少。整個(gè)曲線呈明顯的單峰型，1994年之前降雨量基本上是在逐年增加，只在1988和1989兩年間有所減少，但減少的幅度不大，之后又連續(xù)多年上升，到1994年達(dá)到峰值，為32年中的最大值；峰值過后雨量逐年遞減至今，近22年以來只有4年雨量稍有增加且增量很小。

圖4　降雨量累積距平曲線圖

3　結(jié)語

對(duì)老哈河流域朝陽境內(nèi)的降雨特征進(jìn)行分析，了解該流域降雨量上游大于中下游，而中游雨量變化幅度最小、降雨量變化5～8年為一個(gè)周期、年內(nèi)降雨集中在6—8月間等特點(diǎn)，可以為老哈河流域朝陽地區(qū)的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)，農(nóng)村耕種的農(nóng)事安排、水情預(yù)報(bào)，防汛抗旱及水資源的合理利用分配開發(fā)以及為地下水資源的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)規(guī)劃提供合理、可靠的理論依據(jù)，為朝陽地區(qū)的發(fā)展和科學(xué)管理提供有力的技術(shù)支持。

［參考文獻(xiàn)］

［1］王文.朝陽市近60年降水變化特性分析［J］.吉林水利，2012（4）.

［2］朝陽市水資源［M］.沈陽：遼寧大學(xué)出版社，2008，12.

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［Key words］large opening well；flood；protection；water diversion project；mountain area

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［Key words］earth-rock dam；deformation calculation；finite element；ANSYSsoftware；distortion

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［Key words］wetted perimeter method；Bayinhe river；m inimum ecological water demand；slope equaling 1 method；maximal curvaturemethod

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［Key words］western Jilin province；flood；impact；resourcescomprehensive utilization

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［Key words］weighted Markov chain model；sediment concentration prediction；model applicability analysis；reservoir

［中圖分類號(hào)］TV125；P332.1

［文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼］B

［文章編號(hào)］1002—0624（2016）07—0040—01

［收稿日期］2016-01-23

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