張建國(guó),邵擁軍,劉忠法,汪 程,鄒艷紅,李宏斌
(1. 中南大學(xué) 有色金屬成礦預(yù)測(cè)與地質(zhì)環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,長(zhǎng)沙 410083;2. 中南大學(xué) 地球科學(xué)與信息物理學(xué)院,長(zhǎng)沙 410083;3. 有色金屬礦產(chǎn)地質(zhì)調(diào)查中心,北京 100012)
河北平泉下金寶花崗斑巖鋯石U-Pb年代學(xué)、Hf同位素特征及其地質(zhì)意義
張建國(guó)1, 2, 3,邵擁軍1, 2,劉忠法1, 2,汪 程1, 2,鄒艷紅1, 2,李宏斌1, 2
(1. 中南大學(xué) 有色金屬成礦預(yù)測(cè)與地質(zhì)環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,長(zhǎng)沙 410083;
2. 中南大學(xué) 地球科學(xué)與信息物理學(xué)院,長(zhǎng)沙 410083;
3. 有色金屬礦產(chǎn)地質(zhì)調(diào)查中心,北京 100012)
下金寶巖體位于永安-下營(yíng)坊-毛家溝構(gòu)造巖漿巖活動(dòng)帶上,與本區(qū)金、銀、銅等多金屬成礦關(guān)系密切。對(duì)下金寶含礦花崗斑巖的鋯石進(jìn)行LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb年代學(xué)和微量元素地球化學(xué)研究,巖體鋯石U-Pb年代學(xué)表明,鋯石206Pb/238U加權(quán)平均年齡為(158.0±2.5) Ma(1σ,MSWD為0.76,n=16),表明該巖體形成于燕山早期。鋯石 Ti溫度計(jì)計(jì)算結(jié)果顯示,下金寶巖體中鋯石的結(jié)晶溫度除一個(gè)測(cè)點(diǎn)小于 700 ℃外,其余測(cè)點(diǎn)溫度均大于700 ℃,表明鋯石結(jié)晶于形成深度較深、溫度較高的巖漿。鋯石εHf(t)為-10.913~-7.5828,均為負(fù)值,Hf同位素特征表明,下金寶巖體主要起源于下地殼巖石的部分熔融,形成于由擠壓向伸展轉(zhuǎn)換的大地構(gòu)造環(huán)境中。其動(dòng)力學(xué)機(jī)制如下:燕山早期華北地塊發(fā)生巖漿底侵作用,下地殼巖石重熔,并伴有部分地幔物質(zhì)的參與,形成深部巖漿房,在深部壓力作用下,原始巖漿沿深斷裂上升,巖漿在演化過程中發(fā)生結(jié)晶分異作用,導(dǎo)致巖漿出溶流體,形成富水的巖漿熱液,在近地表伴隨溫度和壓力的降低,巖漿冷凝形成本區(qū)含礦斑巖體。
鋯石U-Pb年代學(xué);鋯石Hf同位素;成巖過程;成巖動(dòng)力學(xué);下金寶巖體
下金寶礦床位于華北地臺(tái)北緣多金屬成礦集中區(qū)內(nèi),處于華北地臺(tái)北緣弧形斷裂帶與北北東向斷裂帶交匯部位。華北地臺(tái)北緣金礦床(點(diǎn))星羅密布,作為我國(guó)金的重要產(chǎn)地,前人在成礦作用[1-3]、構(gòu)造特征[4]、成礦規(guī)律[5]等方面做了大量研究工作,積累了豐富的資料,認(rèn)為中生代以來的構(gòu)造-巖漿活動(dòng)與本區(qū)金的成礦作用有密切的聯(lián)系。盡管在大區(qū)域上積累豐富的資料,但對(duì)下金寶礦床的研究較少,主要集中于流體包裹體[6]、成礦作用[7]及礦床成因[8]等方面。區(qū)內(nèi)巖漿巖發(fā)育,并且與成礦關(guān)系密切,但前人對(duì)巖體研究較少,關(guān)于本區(qū)與成礦關(guān)系密切的下金寶巖體的成巖年齡、成巖環(huán)境以及巖體成因,目前鮮見有報(bào)道。本文作者首次通過單顆粒鋯石LA-MC-ICP-MS 鋯石U-Pb定年及原位微區(qū) Hf同位素分析,對(duì)下金寶巖體的物源、形成環(huán)境、侵位時(shí)代及成巖機(jī)制進(jìn)行探討,豐富本區(qū)的研究成果,為本區(qū)成巖成礦環(huán)境、成巖成礦時(shí)代及成礦動(dòng)力學(xué)背景的研究提供新的參考。
下金寶金礦區(qū)位于華北地臺(tái)龍須門中生代次火山巖盆地的東北緣[6],是永安-下營(yíng)坊-毛家溝構(gòu)造巖漿活動(dòng)帶的重要組成部分(見圖1)。礦區(qū)出露地層主要有太古界遷西群拉馬溝組灰綠色斜長(zhǎng)角閃片麻巖;元古界長(zhǎng)城系常州溝組(Chc)、大洪峪組(Chd)和高于莊組(Chg)石英砂巖、泥灰質(zhì)白云巖、白云質(zhì)灰?guī)r;元古界薊縣系霧迷山組(Jxw)及楊莊組(Jxy)碳酸鹽巖。礦區(qū)斷裂構(gòu)造、褶皺構(gòu)造和接觸帶構(gòu)造極為發(fā)育,其中,斷裂構(gòu)造可分為NE-NNE向、E-W向及S-N向3組,褶皺構(gòu)造主要表現(xiàn)為太古界穹窿構(gòu)造,層間滑脫帶發(fā)育,接觸帶構(gòu)造主要發(fā)育與巖體與碳酸鹽地層接觸部位,以上各類型構(gòu)造聯(lián)合控制了本區(qū)巖漿活動(dòng)和礦化的分布。區(qū)內(nèi)巖漿活動(dòng)強(qiáng)烈,巖漿巖發(fā)育,其中礦區(qū)范圍內(nèi)出露最大的巖體為下金寶花崗斑巖體,與金、銀、銅多金屬成礦關(guān)系密切。下金寶巖體及其與碳酸鹽巖的接觸帶控制了礦體的產(chǎn)狀、形態(tài)和規(guī)模。圍繞巖體與礦體,主要發(fā)育硅化、絹云母化、鉀化、鈉化、高嶺石化、矽卡巖化、碳酸鹽化及黃鐵礦化、方鉛-閃鋅礦化、銅鉬礦化等蝕變和礦化,其中硅化、絹云母化與成礦關(guān)系最為密切。
圖 1 河北平泉下金寶礦區(qū)地質(zhì)簡(jiǎn)圖[9](Q—第四系;J2—中侏羅統(tǒng);J1—下侏羅統(tǒng);T1—三疊系;O—奧陶系;QN—青白口系;JX—薊縣系;Chg—長(zhǎng)城系高于莊組;Chch-d—長(zhǎng)城系串嶺組-大洪峪組;Chc—長(zhǎng)城系常州溝組;Ar—太古代片麻巖):1—滑脫構(gòu)造面;2—逆斷層;3—實(shí)測(cè)或推測(cè)斷層;4—巖體;5—地質(zhì)界限;6—不整合界限;7—地層走向線Fig. 1 Geological sketch map of Xiajinbao, Hebei province (Q—Quaternary; J2—Middle jurassic; J1—Lower Jurassic; T1—Lower triassic; O—Ordovician; QN—Qingbaikou system; JX—Jixian system; Chg—Gaoyuzhuang formation of Changcheng system;Chch-d—Chuanling-Dahong formation of Changcheng system; Chc—Changzhou formation of Changcheng system; Ar—Gneiss of archean)[9]: 1—Detachment structure; 2—Reverse fault; 3—Measured or inferred faults; 4—Rock body; 5—Geological boundary; 6 —Unconformity-bounded; 7—Direction of strata lines
本次研究對(duì)象為與成礦關(guān)系密切的下金寶花崗斑巖體,該巖體位于礦區(qū)西部,主要侵位于太古界-侏羅系地層層位中,呈SE-NW向展布,出露面積約0.35 km2。研究樣品采集自下金寶新鮮巖體,巖石呈肉紅色-淺肉紅色,斑狀結(jié)構(gòu),塊狀構(gòu)造。礦物成分主要為鉀長(zhǎng)石、斜長(zhǎng)石、石英和黑云母,少量的絹云母和高嶺石,副礦物主要為鋯石和磷灰石,斑晶主要為石英、鉀長(zhǎng)石和少量的斜長(zhǎng)石組成,基質(zhì)由微-細(xì)粒鉀長(zhǎng)石和石英組成。巖石中鉀長(zhǎng)石含量 35%~40%左右(質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),下同),斑晶呈半自形-自形板狀晶形,可見卡斯巴雙晶,環(huán)帶結(jié)構(gòu)不可見,均發(fā)生不同程度的泥化;斜長(zhǎng)石含量30%左右,斑晶為半自形板狀晶形,發(fā)育聚片雙晶和卡納復(fù)合雙晶,環(huán)帶結(jié)構(gòu)少見,常發(fā)生不同程度的絹云母化和碳酸鹽化;石英占25%~30%,呈他形粒狀充填于其他礦物顆粒之間,粒徑 0.2~2 mm;黑云母部分蝕變?yōu)殁佽F質(zhì)物質(zhì),含量3%左右;其他礦物含量不足2%。
從巖體到圍巖蝕變分帶依次為巖體-石英鉀長(zhǎng)石化帶-石英絹云母化帶-泥化帶-矽卡巖化帶。金礦體的產(chǎn)出主要與石英絹云母化帶密切相關(guān),石英絹云母化帶發(fā)育部位礦體厚大且品位較高。整體來看,礦化沒有超出蝕變帶的范疇,礦化帶的分布與巖體蝕變帶的分布基本一致,礦化與巖體表現(xiàn)出密切的成因聯(lián)系。
通過樣品中鋯石的陰極發(fā)光圖像,對(duì)樣品中鋯石進(jìn)行仔細(xì)挑選,選擇晶形較好,呈柱狀,無裂隙,無包裹體,振蕩環(huán)帶發(fā)育的16顆鋯石,其中樣品K6中10顆鋯石,樣品Z176中6顆,對(duì)選擇的16顆鋯石進(jìn)行U-Pb同位素定年和Hf同位素的打點(diǎn)測(cè)試,Hf同位素測(cè)試點(diǎn)的位置與 U-Pb同位素定年測(cè)試點(diǎn)的位置相同。
本次研究樣品中鋯石的陰極發(fā)光(CL)照相在JEOL-JXA-8100型電子探針儀上完成,工作時(shí)加速電壓15 kV,束電流2×10-8A,完成單位為北京鋯年領(lǐng)航科技有限公司。
LA-ICP-MS型鋯石U-Pb同位素定年和微量元素測(cè)試在中國(guó)冶金地質(zhì)總局山東局測(cè)試中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室完成。激光剝蝕等離子體質(zhì)譜儀器型號(hào)為Thermo Xeries 2, 配 置Coherent公 司 生 產(chǎn)的COMPexPro CO2F Geolas 193nm ArF準(zhǔn)分子激光剝蝕系統(tǒng),分析過程激光束斑直徑為30 μm,頻率為8 Hz,能量密度8.5 J/cm2,剝蝕時(shí)間110 s,其中前30 s為空白信號(hào),中間55 s為剝蝕時(shí)間,后25 s為吹掃殘留信號(hào)時(shí)間。測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)采用軟件 ICPMSDataCal[10]進(jìn)行處理。
原位微區(qū)鋯石 Hf同位素比值測(cè)試在中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)(武漢)地質(zhì)過程與礦產(chǎn)資源國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室完成,采用儀器為激光剝蝕多接收杯等離子體質(zhì)譜儀(LA-MC-ICP-MS),激光剝蝕系統(tǒng)為 GeoLas 2005 (Lambda Physik公司,德國(guó)),MC-ICP-MS儀器為Neptune Plus(Thermo Fisher Scientific公司,德國(guó))。分析時(shí),使用氦氣作為載氣,采用單點(diǎn)剝蝕模式,激光波長(zhǎng)193 nm,激光束直徑44 μm,激光輸出能量可以調(diào)節(jié),實(shí)際輸出能量密度為5.3 J/cm2。分析數(shù)據(jù)的離線處理(包括對(duì)樣品和空白信號(hào)的選擇、同位素質(zhì)量分餾校正)同樣采用軟件ICPMSDataCal[10]完成。
圖2 鋯石陰極發(fā)光圖像及分析點(diǎn)位置、206Pb/238U年齡值Fig. 2 Cathodoluminescence images, location of U-Pb spot analyses and206Pb/238U ages of zircon in host granite-porphyry
4.1 鋯石成因及微量元素特征
巖漿鋯石一般具有特征的巖漿振蕩環(huán)帶,振蕩環(huán)帶的寬度可能與鋯石結(jié)晶時(shí)巖漿的溫度有關(guān)[11]。從鋯石的陰極發(fā)光圖像可以看出,本區(qū)鋯石均呈自形柱狀,振蕩環(huán)帶和韻律環(huán)帶發(fā)育,具有內(nèi)核,為巖漿結(jié)晶的產(chǎn)物(見圖2),其環(huán)帶寬度較均勻,暗示巖漿中鋯石結(jié)晶時(shí)溫度變化較均勻。鋯石的粒徑為50~350 μm,長(zhǎng)寬比為1:1~4:1,晶面和錐體形態(tài)較完好,沒有后期蝕變現(xiàn)象。
前人大量的研究表明,不同成因的鋯石其Th、U的含量及其比值不同。巖漿鋯石的Th和U的含量高,Th/U 值變化范圍多在 0.1~1.0之間[12-13],一般大于0.5[12];而變質(zhì)鋯石的Th、U的含量低,Th/U的值一般小于0.1[14],多為0.01左右[15]。由鋯石微量元素測(cè)試結(jié)果(見表1)可知,樣品K6的10個(gè)測(cè)點(diǎn)中,Th的含量為84.62×10-6~237.68×10-6,平均值為156.39× 10-6。U的含量為170.96×10-6~363.60×10-6,平均值為266.98×10-6。其中Th/U的值為0.46~0.65,平均值為0.58;樣品Z176的 6個(gè)測(cè)點(diǎn)中,Th的含量為118.46×10-6~197.79×10-6,平均值為165.56×10-6。U 的含量為 218.64×10-6~294.58×10-6,平均值為264.07×10-6。其中Th/U的值為0.54~0.74,平均值為0.62。由此判斷,本區(qū)巖體鋯石為典型的巖漿鋯石。本次測(cè)試的樣品中,測(cè)點(diǎn)K6-07和K6-15 中La的含量低于儀器的檢測(cè)線,故不予統(tǒng)計(jì)。兩個(gè)樣品中剩余的 14個(gè)測(cè)點(diǎn),其稀土總量(∑REE)為 780.32× 10-6~1258.95×10-6,平均值為1067.90×10-6。LREE/HREE的值為0.05~0.09,平均值為0.071,輕稀土表現(xiàn)出明顯的虧損,重稀土表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)烈的富集,并且表現(xiàn)出逐步富集的特征,由于Zr的離子半徑比輕稀土元素離子半徑要小,與重稀土元素離子半徑相當(dāng),因此,鋯石中相對(duì)富集重稀土,而虧損輕稀土元素。配分曲線與巖漿鋯石稀土元素特征基本一致[16]。從上述測(cè)試分析結(jié)果和稀土元素球粒隕石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化圖(見圖3)中可以看出,樣品中Eu呈負(fù)異常,Eu值在0.25~0.36之間,平均值為0.31,這說明形成下金寶巖體的巖漿在演化過程中經(jīng)過了斜長(zhǎng)石的結(jié)晶分離,并且鋯石形成于結(jié)晶分異后的巖漿[15, 17]。Ce值為33.78~82.89,平均值為 59.95,在稀土元素球粒隕石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化圖解(見圖3)中,顯示強(qiáng)正異常。由于鋯石中Ce4+的離子半徑更接近于Zr4+和Hf4+的,而Eu2+離子半徑較大,因此,鋯石中Ce4+更容易以類質(zhì)同像進(jìn)入鋯石晶格[15,18],造成Ce相對(duì)富集和Eu的相對(duì)虧損。
表1 下金寶巖體鋯石微量元素含量分析結(jié)果Table 1 Results of trace element for single-grain zircon of Xiajinbao rock body
圖3 鋯石的稀土元素球粒隕石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化圖Fig. 3 Chondrite normalized REE patterns for zircon in host granite-porphyry of Xiajinbao
4.2 樣品中鋯石U-Pb年代學(xué)結(jié)果
本次研究對(duì)樣品中的16顆巖漿鋯石進(jìn)行U-Pb同位素定年,所有測(cè)試經(jīng)過校正后的結(jié)果見表3。從表3中可以看出下金寶巖體206Pb/238U 年齡區(qū)間為(156.7±3.1)~(173.9±3.7) Ma。本研究用ISOPLOT程序[19]對(duì)下金寶巖體 16顆鋯石進(jìn)行了諧和曲線投影,并對(duì)206Pb/238U年齡進(jìn)行了加權(quán)平均計(jì)算,下金寶巖體鋯石U-Pb年齡均在諧和線上及其附近(見圖4),其加權(quán)平均年齡為(158.0±2.5) Ma(1σ,MSWD為0.76,n=16),由于測(cè)試鋯石均為巖漿鋯石,其加權(quán)平均年齡代表了下金寶花崗斑巖體的結(jié)晶年齡,表明該巖體形成于燕山早期。
4.3 樣品中鋯石Hf同位素特征
巖體鋯石Hf同位素結(jié)果(見表2)顯示,兩件樣品中所有測(cè)試點(diǎn)的176Lu/177Hf比值為 7.74×10-4~1.561×10-3,均小于2×10-3,表現(xiàn)出非常低的比值,表明鋯石在結(jié)晶后基本沒有明顯的放射性成因 Hf的累積[20-21]。依據(jù)單顆粒鋯石年齡計(jì)算得出兩件樣品中16顆鋯石的176Hf/177Hf比值介于0.282372~ 0.282462,平均值為 0.282409;鋯石 εHf(t)介于-10.913~-7.5828之間,均為負(fù)值,表明下金寶巖體主要起源于地殼巖石的部分熔融[22-24]。下金寶巖體fLu/Hf值在-0.97669~-0.95298之間,平均值為-0.96137,小于硅鎂質(zhì)地殼的 fLu/Hf值[25]和硅鋁質(zhì)地殼的fLu/Hf值[26],二階段模式年齡更能反映其源區(qū)物質(zhì)在地殼的平均存留年齡[16]。經(jīng)計(jì)算得到下金寶巖體二階段模式年齡(TDM2)介于1496.638~1673.632 Ma之間。兩件樣品中的εHf(t)和Hf同位素地殼模式年齡均具有較小的變化范圍,暗示巖體的巖漿物質(zhì)來源應(yīng)該具有較為均一的鋯石Hf同位素組成[27]。下金寶巖體的鋯石Hf同位素組成在εHf(t)-t圖(見圖5)上,主要集中于下地殼的演化線上下很小的范圍內(nèi),也反映了下金寶巖體來源于地殼物質(zhì)的部分熔融。巖體中鋯石 Hf同位素的二階段模式年齡(TDM2)接近于區(qū)域上長(zhǎng)城系地層的年齡(約1400~1800 Ma),故認(rèn)為下金寶巖體的巖漿物質(zhì)極有可能來源于這個(gè)地殼源區(qū)。
圖4 下金寶巖體鋯石U-Pb年齡諧和圖Fig. 4 U-Pb Concordia diagram of zircon of Xiajinbao rock body
表2 下金寶巖體鋯石Hf同位素測(cè)試結(jié)果Table 2 Results of Hf isotope of Xiajinbao rock body
表3 下金寶巖體鋯石U-Pb年代學(xué)結(jié)果Table 3 Results of zircon U-Pb geochronology of Xiajinbao rock body
圖5 下金寶巖體鋯石Hf同位素組成及εHf-t圖解Fig. 5 Zircon Hf isotopic compositions and plots of εHf-t of Xiajinbao intrusion
5.1 鋯石微量元素組成對(duì)成巖過程的制約
利用WATSON等[28]推薦的鋯石Ti溫度計(jì)計(jì)算方程:lg(Ti,10-6)=6.01±0.03-(5080±30)/T(K),計(jì)算巖漿鋯石的結(jié)晶溫度TTiz(見表4),F(xiàn)ERRISS等[29]通過熱力學(xué)計(jì)算認(rèn)為該方程在壓力大于3.5 GPa下不適用,由于本區(qū)下金寶花崗斑巖體為淺成巖,因此,該巖體鋯石在適用范圍內(nèi),計(jì)算出的結(jié)果可以代表鋯石結(jié)晶時(shí)的溫度。根據(jù)Ti含量估算的TTiz和Zr/Hf、Yb/Nd、Nb/Ta、Th /U值分別對(duì)應(yīng)鋯石微區(qū)U-Pb年齡作圖(見圖6),從圖6中可以看出,樣品K6和樣品Z176的TTiz和Zr/Hf、Yb/Nd、Nb/Ta、Th /U值隨著鋯石U-Pb年齡的變小,呈現(xiàn)出不太一樣的變化規(guī)律。樣品 K6隨著鋯石U-Pb年齡的變小,Yb/Nd和TTiz先升高再震蕩降低,但Yb/Nd值的變化幅度較小,Nb/Ta、Th /U總體變化規(guī)律不明顯,Zr/Hf整體呈下降趨勢(shì);樣品Z176隨著鋯石U-Pb年齡的變小,Yb/Nd值整體呈升高趨勢(shì),TTiz和Th /U值整體呈降低趨勢(shì),Zr/Hf早期的變化規(guī)律不明顯,但后期的有急劇降低的趨勢(shì),Nb/Ta值先升高再震蕩降低,其變化幅度很小。鋯石樣品K6和鋯石樣品Z176采自同一巖體的不同部位,但是在這兩件樣品中,鋯石的微量元素卻表現(xiàn)出不盡相同的地球化學(xué)行為。這可能由于花崗質(zhì)巖漿的黏度較大,再加上巖漿結(jié)晶過程中溫度的降低,使得某些元素在巖漿中流動(dòng)性變差,所以在巖漿結(jié)晶過程中不同部位的元素變現(xiàn)出的地球化學(xué)行為是不盡相同。
熔體中含Al 礦物含量的增加可以引起鋯石Zr/Hf值的增大[30-32]。導(dǎo)致Zr/Hf減小的原因可能是在巖漿結(jié)晶的過程中,有貧Al物質(zhì)的加入,或者富含Al礦物的晶出[33]。巖漿演化過程中造巖礦物長(zhǎng)石的結(jié)晶分離會(huì)導(dǎo)致熔體Eu呈現(xiàn)出負(fù)異常,本研究的鋯石中,
Eu均呈現(xiàn)出負(fù)異常,說明鋯石結(jié)晶的同時(shí),也有長(zhǎng)石的結(jié)晶,長(zhǎng)石是富Al的硅酸鹽礦物,長(zhǎng)石的結(jié)晶是導(dǎo)致Zr/Hf比值減小的原因。樣品Z176中的Yb/Nd值的增大,代表鋯石輕稀土減少、重稀土增加,代表上地幔或下地殼物質(zhì)的混入,TTiz具有先上升后下降的趨勢(shì)也說明了更深、溫度更高的上地幔物質(zhì)混入,李應(yīng)栩等[33]也認(rèn)為TTiz的升高應(yīng)與上涌的玄武質(zhì)上地?;蛳碌貧の镔|(zhì)補(bǔ)充進(jìn)巖漿房中有關(guān);Nb/Ta的值的變化幅度均比較小,暗示在巖漿結(jié)晶過程中,導(dǎo)致Yb/Nd的值增大的原因并非是由于圍巖的同化混染,而是與富LREE物質(zhì)的結(jié)晶有關(guān)。MILLER等[34]研究認(rèn)為,Th/U的值對(duì)巖漿富水環(huán)境有一定的指示意義。黃勇 等[35]在研究西藏雄村斑巖銅金礦床斑巖體研究時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),石英閃長(zhǎng)斑巖晚期階段 Th/U比值增大范圍明顯大于角閃石英閃長(zhǎng)玢巖的 Th/U比值增大范圍,認(rèn)為石英閃長(zhǎng)斑巖巖漿更富水,本區(qū)下金寶巖體Th/U比值隨巖漿的演化整體呈增加趨勢(shì),表明下金寶巖體鋯石是在富水的環(huán)境中結(jié)晶的?;◢徺|(zhì)巖漿富水,說明熔體出溶了流體[33],表明巖漿在演化過程中經(jīng)歷了巖漿-流體的演化過程。
表4 下金寶巖體鋯石結(jié)晶溫度的計(jì)算結(jié)果Table 4 Calculation results of crystallization temperature of zircon in host Xiajinbao intrusion
圖6 下金寶巖體鋯石TTiz與鋯石U-Pb年齡關(guān)系及微量元素比值和與鋯石U-Pb年齡關(guān)系圖Fig. 6 TTizvs U-Pb age diagrams(a)and trace element ratio versus U-Pb age diagrams (b)~(e) of zircon of Xiajinbao rock body
綜上所述,鋯石的微量元素特征顯示,下金寶花崗斑巖體是下地殼物質(zhì)重熔的產(chǎn)物,在巖漿形成的過程中可能有少量上地幔物質(zhì)的混入,巖漿在演化過程中經(jīng)歷了結(jié)晶分異作用,上地殼物質(zhì)的同化混染作用不明顯,并且存在巖漿-流體的演化過程,在近地表伴隨溫度和壓力的降低,巖漿冷凝形成巖體,流體冷卻成礦物質(zhì)沉淀,形成本區(qū)含礦斑巖體。
5.2 鋯石U-Pb、Hf同位素對(duì)成巖動(dòng)力學(xué)的制約
翁文灝于75年前認(rèn)識(shí)和提出了燕山運(yùn)動(dòng),并把燕山運(yùn)動(dòng)分為A幕(175~160 Ma)、B幕(156~139 Ma)和中間幕(165~156 Ma)[36]。劉洪濤等[37]認(rèn)為在160 Ma以前的中生代早-中期,華北克拉通北緣地區(qū)的地殼仍處于加厚和隆升過程之中,而沒有發(fā)生明顯的地殼減薄,相當(dāng)于燕山造山作用的早期,這和燕山運(yùn)動(dòng)的A幕在時(shí)間上有很好的對(duì)應(yīng)。馬君[38]通過對(duì)區(qū)域上馬蘭峪隆起核部的高鍶花崗巖(都山巖體(220 Ma)、肖營(yíng)子巖體(179.5 Ma)、高家店巖體(195 Ma)、賈家山巖體(199 Ma)、低鍶花崗巖(如青山口巖體(199.1±2 Ma)、茅山巖體(170 Ma)、王坪石巖體(163±1.3 Ma)等)和強(qiáng)過鋁質(zhì)花崗巖(以麻地巖體(166.3 Ma)為代表)的研究認(rèn)為,在220~160 Ma期間,該地區(qū)正處在地殼強(qiáng)烈加厚的時(shí)期。馬蘭峪隆起核部的中酸性侵入巖均形成于強(qiáng)烈加厚地殼的底部,馬蘭峪隆起核部的高鍶花崗巖和低鍶花崗巖雖然形成的條件有所差別,但仍均屬于加厚地殼的產(chǎn)物。本研究的下金寶巖體的鋯石U-Pb年齡為158 Ma,比上述區(qū)域上巖體的結(jié)晶時(shí)間稍晚,時(shí)間正處于劉洪濤等[37]提出的華北克拉通北緣地區(qū)中生代重大構(gòu)造轉(zhuǎn)折發(fā)生的時(shí)間區(qū)間內(nèi)(160~150 Ma),大地構(gòu)造環(huán)境處于由擠壓環(huán)境向伸展環(huán)境演化階段,這個(gè)時(shí)間段相當(dāng)于燕山運(yùn)動(dòng)的中間幕[36]。馬強(qiáng)等[39]對(duì)區(qū)域上(北京西山、內(nèi)蒙古寧城道、冀北承德,遼寧北票、凌源等地)出露的藍(lán)旗組(髫髻山組)火山巖的年齡進(jìn)行了統(tǒng)計(jì),認(rèn)為區(qū)域上藍(lán)旗組(髫髻山組)的形成時(shí)代介于 166~153Ma之間,主要集中于159~157Ma之間,統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果與本研究的下金寶巖體的鋯石U-Pb年齡(158.0±2.5 Ma)接近。邱家鑲等[40]、李伍平等[41-44]、彭艷東等[45]、馬強(qiáng)等[39]研究認(rèn)為區(qū)域上藍(lán)旗組(髫髻山組)火山巖是陸內(nèi)巖石圈擠壓造山作用的產(chǎn)物,巖石發(fā)生熔融的原因可能與地幔巖漿的底侵作用有關(guān)。楊蔚[46]認(rèn)為在166~148 Ma間,遼西地區(qū)發(fā)生規(guī)模較大的玄武巖底侵作用,來自上地慢熔融產(chǎn)生的基性巖漿(玄武質(zhì)熔體)侵入到下地殼,并導(dǎo)致下地殼巖石部分熔融。而且本研究結(jié)果也顯示,巖漿結(jié)晶過程中沒有地殼物質(zhì)的混入,TTiz的震蕩性升高應(yīng)該與脈動(dòng)性上涌的玄武質(zhì)上地幔物質(zhì)的底侵有關(guān),那么有理由相信當(dāng)時(shí)區(qū)域上的大地構(gòu)造環(huán)境正處于造山運(yùn)動(dòng)擠壓環(huán)境向伸展環(huán)境轉(zhuǎn)變過程中。對(duì)于花崗質(zhì)巖石來說,其來源主要是古老或新生的地殼巖石的部分熔融,且主要起源于(正?;蚣雍竦模┑貧さ闹邢虏浚?7]。引起地殼深部的巖石發(fā)生熔融的原因有以下3點(diǎn):1)溫度的升高;2) 揮發(fā)分的加入;3) 壓力的降低[48]。而花崗質(zhì)的巖漿通常都是水不飽和的[49],那么引起深部地殼的熔融的原因除了溫度升高外,應(yīng)該有降壓作用的參與。本研究的下金寶巖體形成于擠壓環(huán)境向伸展環(huán)境轉(zhuǎn)換的大地構(gòu)造環(huán)境中,這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)換過程是一個(gè)巖石圈深部降壓的過程,引起下地殼物質(zhì)發(fā)生部分熔融的原因是巖石圈深部降壓,下地殼物質(zhì)在 160 Ma以前的擠壓環(huán)境下初步加熱的基礎(chǔ)上,又經(jīng)歷了來自地幔巖漿的底侵作用和由擠壓—伸展環(huán)境過渡時(shí)期的減壓作用,在二者共同作用下,下地殼巖石部分熔融形成本區(qū)原始巖漿。
1) 下金寶花崗斑巖體鋯石具明顯的環(huán)帶結(jié)構(gòu)和韻律結(jié)構(gòu),Th/U為 0.46~0.74,為典型的巖漿鋯石,Ce正異常和Eu負(fù)異常明顯;鋯石U-Pb加權(quán)平均年齡為158.0±2.5 Ma(1σ,MSWD為0.81,n=16),形成于燕山早期。
2) 鋯石εHf(t)介于-10.913~-7.5828之間,均為負(fù)值,表明下金寶巖體主要起源于地殼巖石的部分熔融;Hf同位素的二階段模式年齡(TDM2)接近于區(qū)域上長(zhǎng)城系地層的年齡(約1400~1800 Ma),因此,形成下金寶巖體的物源極有可能來源于這個(gè)地殼源區(qū)。
3) 下金寶金礦花崗斑巖中鋯石的微量元素和 Hf同位素研究結(jié)果顯示,花崗斑巖形成于由擠壓環(huán)境向伸展環(huán)境轉(zhuǎn)換的大地構(gòu)造環(huán)境中,巖漿起源于長(zhǎng)城系的下地殼物質(zhì)的熔融。由于燕山期華北地塊的巖漿底侵作用,下地殼巖石重熔,在巖漿形成的過程中有少量上地幔物質(zhì)的混入,巖漿在演化過程中,由于發(fā)生結(jié)晶分異作用,導(dǎo)致巖漿出溶流體,形成巖漿和流體的巖漿熱液,在近地表伴隨溫度和壓力的降低,巖漿冷凝形成巖體,流體冷卻成礦物質(zhì)沉淀,形成本區(qū)含礦斑巖體。
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(編輯 王 超)
Zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotope characteristics of Xiaojinbao granite-porphyry body, Hebei Province,and its geological significance
ZHANG Jian-guo1, 2, 3, SHAO Yong-jun1, 2, LIU Zhong-fa1, 2,WANG Chen1, 2, ZOU Yan-hong1, 2, LI Hong-bin1, 2
(1. Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitor,Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China;
2. School of Geoscience and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China;
3. China Non-ferrous Metals Resource Geological Survey, Beijing 100012, China)
Xiajinbao granite-porphyry body is located in Yong'an-Xiayingfang-Maojinggou tectono -magmatite zone,which is closely related to Au, Ag and Cu polymetallic metallogenic. Zircon U-Pb geochronology and trance element geochemistry of the ore-bearing granite porphyry in the Xiaojinbao was studied first time. The weighted average of206Pb/238U age of (158.0±2.5) Ma (1σ, MSWD is 0.76, n=16), the result shows that Xiajinbao granite-porphyry body forms in early Yanshanian. Using zircon Ti thermometer, the forming temperature of zircon was calculated and all of them more than 700 ℃ except one point, it shows that zircon crystallized in deep and high temperature magma. The εHf(t)values of zircon ranging from -10.9130 to -7.5828, and all of them are less than 0. The characteristics of Hf isotope show that Xiajinbao granite-porphyry body originates from the partial melting of lower crust, and the formation environment is conversion environment from compression to extension. The geodynamic mechanisms of Xiajinbao granite-porphyry body formation were proposed based on the zircon U-Pb geochronology and trace element. The lower crust remelted under the magma under plating of the North China block in early Yanshanian, at the same time, involving in part of mantle material. Primary magma increases along the deep fault based on the deep pressure, showing a crystallization differentiation. The exsolution fluid from magma forms the water-rich magmatic hydrothermal. The ore-bearing granite porphyry is a product form by condensation of magmatic hydrothermal under the lower temperature and pressure of near-surface.
zircon U-Pb geochronology; zircon Hf isotope; diagenesis; diagenetic geodynamic; Xiajinbao rock body
Project (41472302) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project supported by Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring (Central South University), Ministry of Education, China
date: 2015-04-19; Accepted data: 2015-07-02
LIU Zhong-fa; Tel: +86-13574886497;E-mail:liuzf61521@csu.edu.cn
1004-0609(2016)-01-0137-12
P588.13;P597.3
A
國(guó)家自然基金資助項(xiàng)目(41472302);中南大學(xué)有色金屬成礦預(yù)測(cè)與地質(zhì)環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室發(fā)展基金資助項(xiàng)目(2008)
2015-04-19;
2015-07-02
劉忠法,講師,博士;電話:13574886497;E-mail:liuzf61521@csu.edu.cn