陳家順 吳 飛 段葉輝 李建軍 蔣 謙 李 歡黃 ?!√镘姍?quán) 印遇龍 姚 康**
(1.中國科學(xué)院亞熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)研究所,中國科學(xué)院亞熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)過程重點實驗室,湖南省畜禽健康養(yǎng)殖工程技術(shù)中心,農(nóng)業(yè)部中南動物營養(yǎng)與飼料科學(xué)觀測實驗站,長沙410125;2.湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動物科學(xué)技術(shù)學(xué)院,長沙410128)
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*同等貢獻(xiàn)作者
飼糧添加α-酮戊二酸對生長豬氮及鈣、磷代謝的影響
陳家順1,2吳飛1*段葉輝1李建軍1蔣謙1李歡2黃牛2田軍權(quán)1印遇龍1,2姚康1,2**
(1.中國科學(xué)院亞熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)研究所,中國科學(xué)院亞熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)過程重點實驗室,湖南省畜禽健康養(yǎng)殖工程技術(shù)中心,農(nóng)業(yè)部中南動物營養(yǎng)與飼料科學(xué)觀測實驗站,長沙410125;2.湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動物科學(xué)技術(shù)學(xué)院,長沙410128)
摘要:本試驗旨在研究低蛋白質(zhì)飼糧添加α-酮戊二酸(α-ketoglutarate,AKG)對生長豬氮以及鈣、磷代謝的影響。試驗選用初始體重為(34.98±2.18) kg的健康三元雜交(杜×長×大)豬18頭,按體重相近、性別比例相同原則隨機分為3組,每組6個重復(fù),每個重復(fù)1頭。各組AKG的添加水平分別為0(對照組)、1%和2%。先進(jìn)行為期14 d的飼養(yǎng)試驗,觀察生長性能;然后進(jìn)行消化代謝試驗,試驗期為7 d,前5 d為預(yù)試期,后2 d為糞尿收集期(全收糞法)。結(jié)果表明:1)1%AKG添加組有改善35~45 kg生長豬生長性能的趨勢,具體表現(xiàn)為提高平均日增重(P=0.194 2)和平均日采食量(P=0.258 3),降低料重比(P=0.419 7)。2)隨著AKG添加水平提高,尿氮含量有下降趨勢(P=0.143 2),糞氮、總氮含量及總氮排放率極顯著降低(P<0.01),氮表觀消化率和蛋白質(zhì)凈利用率極顯著提高(P<0.01)。與對照組相比,1%與2%AKG添加組尿氮含量分別降低了13.31%和41.88%,糞氮含量分別降低了18.73%和54.69%,總氮排放率分別降低了20.57%和50.00%,氮表觀消化率分別提高了2.60%和6.32%,蛋白質(zhì)凈利用率分別提高了2.68%和6.51%。3)2%AKG添加組鈣食入量、糞鈣和糞磷含量顯著低于對照組(P<0.05),而鈣表觀消化率和磷表觀消化率卻顯著高于對照組(P<0.05);尿鈣和尿磷含量有低于其他各組的趨勢,但各組間差異不顯著(P>0.05)。由此可見,在35~45 kg的生長豬飼糧中添加1%~2%AKG可有效降低機體氮、鈣、磷排放,提高氮及鈣、磷的利用率和日增重。
關(guān)鍵詞:α-酮戊二酸;生長豬;氮代謝;鈣磷代謝
近年來,為節(jié)約蛋白質(zhì)飼料、降低飼料成本、減輕動物應(yīng)激及降低動物排泄物導(dǎo)致的環(huán)境污染等,在低蛋白質(zhì)飼糧中添加合成氨基酸的研究及應(yīng)用逐漸受到重視。Rotz[1]指出降低飼糧蛋白質(zhì)水平,氮排泄量會不同程度地降低,同時通過改變飼糧組成與結(jié)構(gòu)可以使氮排放率減少32%~62%[2]。α-酮戊二酸(α-ketoglutarate,AKG)是谷氨酰胺的重要前體物質(zhì),且和谷氨酰胺相比,在溶液中具有良好穩(wěn)定性和溶解性,不會增加機體額外的氮負(fù)擔(dān),且是無毒的[3]。另外,AKG在谷氨酸脫氫酶或轉(zhuǎn)氨酶的作用下生成谷氨酸,并進(jìn)一步通過谷氨酰胺合成酶可形成谷氨酰胺。AKG擁有和谷氨酰胺相似的生理功能,如促進(jìn)機體腸道發(fā)育。因此,越來越多的研究顯示AKG可以替代谷氨酰胺應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)實踐[4]。大量研究證明AKG在維持總氮平衡、降低氮損失及促進(jìn)蛋白質(zhì)合成中起重要作用。以大鼠為研究對象,Jeevanandam等[5]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在飼糧中每日補充215 μmol/L AKG可顯著降低氮損失,增加氮沉積。此研究結(jié)果被Piva等[6]進(jìn)一步證實,其發(fā)現(xiàn)無氮飼糧中添加AKG(3和6 g/kg)可使尿氮含量減少18%,且與添加量無關(guān)。以生長鼠為研究對象,Prandini等[7]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)飼糧添加AKG(3~6 g/kg)可顯著降低內(nèi)源性尿氮的損失,且有降低內(nèi)源性糞氮的趨勢。另外,AKG(2 g/kg)可以有效改善手術(shù)后及燒傷病人體內(nèi)的負(fù)氮平衡,促進(jìn)肌肉中蛋白質(zhì)的合成[8]。同時,AKG在機體骨骼發(fā)育和骨礦物質(zhì)沉積等生理過程中有重要作用。鈣和磷是動物必需的礦物質(zhì)元素,是構(gòu)成動物骨骼和牙齒的主要成分,同時參與體內(nèi)代謝的調(diào)節(jié)[9]。Harrison等[10]研究表明,飼糧添加AKG(3 g/kg)顯著增加小羔羊骨小梁密度和皮質(zhì)骨密度。Kowalik等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),飼糧補充AKG(12 g/kg)顯著增加仔豬骨礦物質(zhì)密度。目前AKG對氮代謝的調(diào)控研究大多集中在鼠類和人類,且AKG對鈣磷代謝的調(diào)控研究鮮見報道。我們研究團(tuán)隊曾報道AKG(2 mmol/L)可促進(jìn)豬腸道上皮細(xì)胞中蛋白質(zhì)合成,抑制其蛋白質(zhì)降解[12]。鑒于AKG對腸道細(xì)胞蛋白質(zhì)代謝的調(diào)控,我們推測AKG可調(diào)控豬的氮代謝。此外,在現(xiàn)行推薦的生長育肥豬飼養(yǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下使飼糧粗蛋白質(zhì)水平降低2~4百分點是可行的[13-14]。因此,本試驗以生長豬為研究對象,在玉米-豆粕型飼糧基礎(chǔ)上,將飼糧粗蛋白質(zhì)水平降低4百分點,同時補充限制性氨基酸,研究低蛋白質(zhì)飼糧添加AKG對生長豬氮以及鈣、磷代謝的影響,以期為AKG在豬的生態(tài)養(yǎng)殖中合理應(yīng)用提供理論依據(jù)。
1材料與方法
1.1試驗材料
AKG:純度≥99.0%,由湖北遠(yuǎn)成賽創(chuàng)科技有限公司提供。
1.2試驗飼糧
選用普通玉米作為淀粉來源、豆粕作為蛋白質(zhì)來源,參考NRC(2012)[15]30~60 kg豬營養(yǎng)需要配制各組飼糧,試驗飼糧組成及營養(yǎng)水平見表1。各組AKG添加水平分別為0(對照組)、1%和2%。各種飼料原料粉碎后逐級混勻,制成粉狀飼料,儲存于通風(fēng)干燥處備用。
表1 試驗飼糧組成及營養(yǎng)水平(風(fēng)干基礎(chǔ))Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) %
續(xù)表1項目Items飼糧AKG水平DietaryAKGlevel01%2%營養(yǎng)水平Nutrientlevels2)消化能DE/(MJ/kg)14.2314.2514.21粗蛋白質(zhì)CP15.9916.2415.85賴氨酸Lys1.091.081.06蛋氨酸Met0.350.340.32蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys0.630.590.61蘇氨酸Thr0.700.710.68色氨酸Trp0.190.180.17鈣Ca0.650.720.86總磷TP0.270.230.30粗纖維CF3.063.142.91
1)預(yù)混料為每千克飼糧提供The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 4 000 IU,VD3400 IU,VE 50 IU,VK 1 mg,VB11.5 mg,VB24 mg,VB62 mg,VB120.02 mg,VC 300 mg,煙酸 nicotinic acid 23 mg,D-泛酸D-pantothenic acid 15 mg,生物素 biotin 0.08 mg,葉酸 folic acid 1.3 mg,氯化膽堿 choline chloride (50%) 600 mg,耐高溫植酸酶 high temperature resistant phytase 150 mg,抗氧化劑 antioxidant 800 mg,防霉劑 mildew preventive 500 mg,沸石粉 zeolite powder 7 442 mg,Cu 15 mg,Mn 30 mg,F(xiàn)e 100 mg,Zn 50 mg,I 0.3 mg,Se 0.3 mg。
2)消化能為計算值,其余為實測值。DE was a calculated value, while the others were measured values.
1.3試驗動物和設(shè)計
選用初始體重為(34.98±2.18) kg的健康三元雜交(杜×長×大)豬18頭,按體重相近、性別比例相同原則隨機分為3組,每組6個重復(fù),每個重復(fù)1頭。各組AKG添加水平分別為0(對照組)、1%和2%。先進(jìn)行為期14 d的飼養(yǎng)試驗,觀察生長性能,然后轉(zhuǎn)入不銹鋼代謝籠進(jìn)行消化代謝試驗,5 d預(yù)試期后利用全收糞法收集糞尿樣品2 d。
1.4飼養(yǎng)管理
本試驗在中國科學(xué)院亞熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)研究所動物實驗樓代謝室內(nèi)進(jìn)行。試驗中豬只均單欄飼養(yǎng)于不銹鋼代謝籠內(nèi),每天08:30和16:30各喂料1次,自由采食和飲水。試驗期間每日準(zhǔn)確記錄每頭豬的實際采食量,觀察豬群的健康情況。室內(nèi)消毒、清掃按常規(guī)程序進(jìn)行,并保持豬舍通風(fēng)、清潔。
1.5糞和尿樣收集
消化代謝試驗期間,每天分別在08:00和16:00收集試驗豬的糞、尿。對每日收集的鮮糞稱重,按每15 g鮮糞加10%稀硫酸10 mL混合均勻(以免氨氮損失)后置于-80 ℃貯存?zhèn)溆?。尿樣用量筒量取總?cè)萘亢?,搖勻取1/5裝入集尿器,每100 mL尿樣加入10%稀硫酸10 mL(以防氨氮揮發(fā)和尿樣腐敗),并置于-80 ℃貯存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1.6測定指標(biāo)及方法
飼養(yǎng)試驗開始第1天早晨對每頭生長豬進(jìn)行空腹稱重,為初始體重,飼養(yǎng)14 d后再次稱重,記錄生長豬的體重,并計算出每組生長豬的平均日增重(ADG);記錄每頭生長豬每天的給料量和剩料量,計算每組生長豬的平均日采食量(ADFI)以及料重比(F/G)。
試驗豬飼糧、糞和尿樣中氮含量利用凱氏定氮法進(jìn)行測定;鈣和磷含量采用電感耦合等離子體質(zhì)譜法測定。各指標(biāo)計算公式如下:
吸收氮=食入氮-糞氮;
沉積氮=食入氮-糞氮-尿氮;
氮表觀消化率=100×吸收氮/食入氮;
氮表觀生物學(xué)價值=100×沉積氮/吸收氮;
蛋白質(zhì)凈利用率=100×沉積氮/食入氮;
總氮排放率=100×(糞氮+尿氮)/食入氮;
鈣表觀消化率=100×(食入鈣-糞鈣)/食入鈣;
磷表觀消化率=100×(食入磷-糞磷)/食入磷。
1.7統(tǒng)計分析
試驗數(shù)據(jù)用Excel 2013進(jìn)行初步處理,用統(tǒng)計分析軟件SPSS 20.0對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行協(xié)方差分析,采用單因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)進(jìn)行差異顯著性檢驗,差異顯著性采用Duncan氏法進(jìn)行多重比較,P<0.05者為差異顯著,試驗數(shù)據(jù)以平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤表示。
2結(jié)果與分析
2.1飼糧添加AKG對生長豬生長性能的影響
由表2可以看出,1%AKG添加組有改善生長豬生長性能的趨勢,具體表現(xiàn)為提高平均日增重(P=0.194 2)和平均日采食量(P=0.258 3),并降低料重比(P=0.419 7)。
2.2飼糧添加AKG對生長豬氮代謝的影響
由表3可以看出,隨著AKG添加水平的提高,尿氮含量有下降的趨勢,糞氮、總氮含量及總氮排放率極顯著降低(P<0.01),氮表觀消化率和蛋白質(zhì)凈利用率極顯著提高(P<0.01)。與對照組相比,1%與2%AKG添加組尿氮含量分別下降了13.31%和41.88%,糞氮含量分別降低了18.73%和54.69%,總氮排放率分別降低了20.57%和50.00%,氮表觀消化率分別提高了2.60%和6.32%,蛋白質(zhì)凈利用率分別提高了2.68%和6.51%。
表2 飼糧添加AKG對生長豬生長性能的影響Table 2 Effects of dietary AKG supplementation on growth performance of growing pigs
同行數(shù)據(jù)肩標(biāo)無字母或相同字母表示差異不顯著(P>0.05),不同小寫字母表示差異顯著(P<0.05),不同大寫字母表示差異極顯著(P<0.01)。下表同。
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below.
表3 飼糧添加AKG對生長豬氮代謝的影響Table 3 Effects of dietary AKG supplementation on nitrogen metabolism of growing pigs
2.3飼糧添加AKG對生長豬鈣、磷代謝的影響
由表4可以看出,2%AKG組尿鈣和尿磷含量有低于其他各組的趨勢,但差異不顯著(P>0.05);其鈣食入量、糞鈣和糞磷含量顯著低于對照組(P<0.05),而鈣表觀消化率和磷表觀消化率顯著高于對照組(P<0.05)。
表4 飼糧添加AKG對生長豬鈣磷代謝的影響Table 4 Effects of dietary AKG supplementation on Ca and P metabolism of growing pigs
3討論
AKG對畜禽的生長性能具有一定的影響,其中研究較多的是其對肉仔雞、仔豬的促生長作用。余親平等[16]研究表明,在2周齡肉仔雞飼糧中添加0.7%AKG可顯著提高其體重及平均日增重。胡泉舟[17]的試驗表明,飼糧中添加1%AKG能提高仔豬的生長性能,平均日增重可提高9%。此外,飼糧中添加1%AKG能顯著緩解脂多糖應(yīng)激對斷奶仔豬生長的抑制作用[18]。本試驗研究結(jié)果與前人基本一致,在生長豬飼糧中添加1%AKG可改善其生長性能。
低蛋白質(zhì)飼糧可降低動物氮的排泄,從而緩解環(huán)境污染所造成的壓力[14,19];而營養(yǎng)成分消化率的提高,尤其是氮沉積增加,是低蛋白質(zhì)飼糧降低豬氮排泄的主要原因[20]。AKG是谷氨酸家族氨基酸的共同碳架,且可以直接并迅速的生成谷氨酸進(jìn)而生成谷氨酰胺。另外,AKG也可以通過谷氨酸生成其他氨基酸,對機體的氨基酸代謝起著十分重要的生理作用[21]。以大鼠為研究對象,Jeevanandam等[5]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在飼糧中每日補充215 μmol/L AKG可顯著降低氮損失,增加氮沉積。此研究結(jié)果被Piva等[6]進(jìn)一步證實,其發(fā)現(xiàn)大鼠無氮飼糧中添加AKG(3和6 g/kg)可使尿氮含量減少18%,且與添加量無關(guān)。而本試驗在低蛋白質(zhì)飼糧的基礎(chǔ)上分別添加1%和2%AKG,尿氮含量分別減少了13.31%和41.88%,尿氮減少量隨著AKG添加水平的提高而增加。本試驗結(jié)果及前人試驗結(jié)果均說明,動物飼糧中添加AKG確能調(diào)控氮代謝,降低氮排放。且本試驗結(jié)果進(jìn)一步說明,糞氮減少量對總氮排放率的減少起著決定性作用。另外,添加3和6 g/kg AKG使得小腸上皮細(xì)胞長度分別增加了25%和49%,添加6 g/kg AKG時血漿中必需氨基酸的含量下降了22.2%[6]。位瑩瑩等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低蛋白飼糧中添加AKG(7.5和15.0 g/kg)有利于促進(jìn)松浦鏡鯉肝臟和胰臟氨基酸代謝,提高蛋白質(zhì)利用率,促進(jìn)蛋白質(zhì)合成。這些研究結(jié)果表明,AKG降低機體氮損失及提高氮利用率的作用機制可能與AKG可有效地促進(jìn)腸道細(xì)胞生長、提高腸道吸收功能,以及促進(jìn)機體蛋白質(zhì)合成與抑制蛋白質(zhì)降解等功能有關(guān),具體機制有待進(jìn)一步研究。本試驗中,低蛋白質(zhì)(15.99%)飼糧中添加AKG顯著降低總氮排放率(其中糞氮貢獻(xiàn)較為顯著),增加凈蛋白質(zhì)利用率和氮表觀生物學(xué)價值,且有提高氮沉積和氮表觀消化率的趨勢,以2%的添加量為最佳。這說明飼糧中補充一定量的AKG使生長豬體內(nèi)蛋白質(zhì)分解降低,合成增加,從而促進(jìn)了含氮物質(zhì)在體內(nèi)的沉積[8,23]。其作用機理是AKG作為谷氨酰胺前體物質(zhì)和谷氨酰胺一樣可為腸上皮細(xì)胞和免疫細(xì)胞供能和補充氮源,同時降低腸道谷氨酰胺的分解,為胃腸道細(xì)胞代謝提供能量,保障腸道屏障功能的完整性和正常的吸收功能[24-25]。
鈣和磷在骨生長和代謝中發(fā)揮重要作用,是動物骨骼生長發(fā)育和維持骨量不可缺少的重要礦物元素[26]。前人研究表明,AKG可通過以下方式調(diào)控骨代謝:1)AKG可合成谷氨酸,谷氨酸可作為神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的一種信號分子,對骨代謝進(jìn)行調(diào)控[27];2)AKG可代謝產(chǎn)生脯氨酸,脯氨酸進(jìn)一步羥化為羥脯氨酸,羥脯氨酸是結(jié)締組織和骨膠原蛋白合成不可缺少的氨基酸,而膠原是骨基質(zhì)的主要成分,這表明其在骨骼系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育方面具有重要作用[4]。Tatara等[28]在新生羊注射AKG(3 g/kg)14 d后發(fā)現(xiàn),其血漿中脯氨酸的濃度和骨礦物質(zhì)密度顯著增加。Andersen等[29]研究表明,在出生21~24 d的仔豬飼糧中添加AKG(0.1 g/kg),其股骨礦物質(zhì)密度顯著增加。這些研究驗證了AKG對骨代謝的調(diào)控作用,進(jìn)一步說明AKG對骨骼礦物質(zhì)沉積有積極的影響[10]。然而,AKG如何調(diào)控骨骼礦物質(zhì)沉積的機制目前國內(nèi)外鮮少報道。另外,胡琴等[30]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低蛋白質(zhì)(12.59%)飼糧對育肥豬鈣磷表觀消化率和排泄量均無顯著影響,且尹慧紅等[31]也發(fā)現(xiàn),低蛋白質(zhì)(14.13%)飼糧并不影響生長豬的鈣磷表觀消化率。而本試驗在低蛋白質(zhì)飼糧的基礎(chǔ)上添加AKG發(fā)現(xiàn),生長豬低蛋白質(zhì)(15.99%)飼糧中添加2%AKG能夠顯著降低糞中鈣磷含量,增加鈣磷表觀消化率,與前人研究不一致。其原因可能是前人在做消化代謝試驗過程中,糞尿并未完全分離,造成結(jié)果有失偏頗;另外,前人試驗只探討了低蛋白質(zhì)飼糧的作用效果,我們推測低蛋白質(zhì)飼糧可能并不足以改善鈣磷代謝,而本試驗在低蛋白質(zhì)飼糧的基礎(chǔ)上添加了AKG,其可以增加動物機體鈣磷的沉積[32-33],從而減少糞尿中鈣磷的排泄。由此可見,AKG可有效地改善鈣磷代謝,但其是否能促進(jìn)骨質(zhì)發(fā)育有待進(jìn)一步研究。
4結(jié)論
結(jié)合生長試驗以及氮、鈣、磷消化代謝試驗,對于35~45 kg體重的生長豬,其飼糧中添加1%~2%AKG可有效降低機體氮、鈣、磷排放,提高氮及鈣、磷的利用率和日增重。
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*Contributed equally
**Corresponding author, professor, E-mail: yaokang@isa.ac.cn
(責(zé)任編輯田艷明)
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2016.07.021
收稿日期:2016-01-18
基金項目:國家973項目專題(2013CB127306);國家自然科學(xué)基金面上項目(31472107);湖南省“湖湘青年科技創(chuàng)新人才”項目(2015RS4053);中科院“百人計劃”項目
作者簡介:陳家順(1988—),男,安徽亳州人,博士研究生,從事單胃動物營養(yǎng)與飼料研究。E-mail: 730273902@qq.com **通信作者:姚康,研究員,博士生導(dǎo)師,E-mail: yaokang@isa.ac.cn
中圖分類號:S816.7;S828
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A
文章編號:1006-267X(2016)07-2154-08
Effects of Dietary α-Ketoglutarate Supplementation on Nitrogen and Calcium & Phosphorus Metabolism of Growing Pigs
CHEN Jiashun1,2WU Fei1*DUAN Yehui1LI Jianjun1JIANG Qian1LI Huan2HUANG Niu2TIAN Junquan1YIN Yulong1,2YAO Kang1,2**
(1. Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South Central,Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Livestock and Poultry, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region,Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China;2. College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University,Changsha 410128, China)
Abstract:This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of α-ketoglutarate (AKG) supplementation in low protein diet on nitrogen and calcium (Ca) & phosphorus (P) metabolism of growing pigs. Eighteen healthy crossbred (Duroc×Landrace×Largewhite) pigs with an average body weight of (34.98±2.18) kg were randomly allocated to 3 groups evenly with 6 replicates in each group and 1 pig in each replicate. AKG supplemental level was 0 (control group), 1% and 2%, respectively. All pigs were firstly fed for 14 d, and growth performance was measured, followed by digestion and metabolism test. The experiment lasted for 7 d, the former 5 d was pre-trail period, and the latter 2 d was excreta collection period by means of collection full excrements analysis method. The results showed as follows: 1) growth performance of growing pigs with the weight of 35 to 45 kg tended to improve in 1% AKG supplementation group, embodied as increasing the average daily gain (P=0.194 2) and the average daily feed intake (P=0.258 3), while decreasing the feed to gain ratio (P=0.419 7). 2) With the increase of dietary AKG supplemental levels, the urine nitrogen content tended to decrease (P=0.143 2), the contents of fecal nitrogen and total nitrogen as well as total nitrogen emission rate were extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01), while the nitrogen apparent digestibility and net protein utilization were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01). Compared to the control group, urine nitrogen content was decreased by 13.31% and 41.88%, fecal nitrogen content was decreased by 18.73% and 54.69%, total nitrogen emission rate was decreased by 20.57% and 50.00%, nitrogen apparent digestibility was increased by 2.60% and 6.32%, and net protein utilization was increased by 2.68% and 6.51% in 1% and 2% AKG supplementation groups, respectively. 3) Compared to the control group, the 2% AKG supplementation group significantly decreased the Ca intake, contents of fecal Ca and P (P<0.05), while increased apparent digestibilities of Ca and P (P<0.05), and tended to decrease the contents of urine Ca and P compared to the other groups, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). Thus, dietary 1% to 2% AKG supplementation can effectively reduce the body’s nitrogen, Ca and P emissions, improve utilization of nitrogen and Ca & P and daily gain of growing pigs with the weight of 35 to 45 kg.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2016, 28(7):2154-2161]
Key words:α-ketoglutarate; growing pigs; nitrogen metabolism; Ca & P metabolism