Pani Community Center， Rajarhat， Bangladesh， 2014

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：施爾德·斯科爾特建筑事務(wù)所Architects: SchilderScholte architects

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帕尼社區(qū)中心，拉賈哈特，孟加拉

Pani Community Center， Rajarhat， Bangladesh， 2014

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：施爾德·斯科爾特建筑事務(wù)所
Architects: SchilderScholte architects

荷蘭帕尼基金會(huì)委托我們的工作室在孟加拉北部設(shè)計(jì)一座教育性建筑。作為建筑師，我們非常歡迎這種分享知識(shí)的正能量公益項(xiàng)目。這座只使用本地材料、工藝和技術(shù)建成的環(huán)境友好型建筑為社區(qū)帶來(lái)了十分積極的影響。

“我們的目標(biāo)是在這個(gè)穆斯林社區(qū)中為沒(méi)有土地的貧民提供教育，并改善衛(wèi)生和教育水平，降低兒童死亡率，保證經(jīng)濟(jì)獨(dú)立，最終放大基金會(huì)資助帶來(lái)的效益！”

其出發(fā)點(diǎn)是用場(chǎng)地方圓25km內(nèi)的材料來(lái)整合和優(yōu)化本地的技術(shù)。我們與孟加拉的承包商和木匠一起檢查哪些產(chǎn)品是可用的。在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的是本地材料和天氣情況。其中的動(dòng)力在于鼓勵(lì)本地人理解可持續(xù)性的原則和耐久建筑的理念。在施工中幾乎實(shí)現(xiàn)了電能和化石能的零消耗。

我們的策略是讓本地施工過(guò)程的發(fā)展和現(xiàn)代化不致出現(xiàn)工匠的技術(shù)斷層。首先要學(xué)習(xí)本地施工工人所需的技能，以實(shí)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)策劃，并為人們建立信心，在實(shí)踐中融入新的知識(shí)和技能。例如，我們使用了一種非本地的磚砌法，即使不是整體磚墻也能保證穩(wěn)定性，這樣就在保留主要優(yōu)勢(shì)、本地材料和工藝的情況下將成本降至最小。該項(xiàng)目使用的所有建筑技術(shù)都易學(xué)易用，并由承包商進(jìn)行普及，而這就已經(jīng)推動(dòng)了本地施工的現(xiàn)代化。

雖然竹子在這一地區(qū)被視為低檔材料，但我們還是選擇用它建造整個(gè)屋頂。甚至工作室的墻面和門(mén)的部分都覆上了竹子！它也暗示著竹質(zhì)自行車(chē)架也是在這里加工的。

從生物氣候的角度看，建筑的朝向與熱帶屋頂保證了自然對(duì)流通風(fēng)。此外，設(shè)計(jì)中還考慮到利用附近池塘的自然氣流給教室降溫。從側(cè)面懸掛的U形屋頂提供了遮陽(yáng)，既為建筑中最大的洞口擋雨，又給院內(nèi)收集雨水。這里還進(jìn)行了仿生試驗(yàn)！室內(nèi)墻壁的淡藍(lán)色調(diào)能驅(qū)趕蒼蠅。教室窗戶斜面上的黃色調(diào)會(huì)讓特定的昆蟲(chóng)跑開(kāi)。有了這些低技要素就幾乎不再需要?dú)⑾x(chóng)劑和電扇。

這個(gè)社區(qū)中心已然成為小鎮(zhèn)的驕傲，還是人們最喜愛(ài)的自拍點(diǎn)?！酰ㄉ袝x 譯）

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1 帶池塘的西立面/West facade with pond

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2 草圖/Sketch

3 廣場(chǎng)空地/Plaza view

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4 北立面/North facade

Te Dutch Pani Foundation commissioned our ofce to design an educational building in the north of Bangladesh. We as architects embraced this pro bono assignment coming from ideological motives and knowledge sharing. By making use of local materials， craftsmanship and skills exclusively， an environmentally friendly building has been realized that contributes to the community in a significant way.

"Te goal is to train the poor and landless in this Muslim community， improve the hygiene and work on education， reduce child mortality and ensure economic independence eventually making the fnancial support of the foundation superfuous！"

Te starting point was to combine and optimize local techniques and skills with materials to be found within a 25 km radius from the site. Together with the Bengal contractors and carpenters we looked at what products were available. During the design process， attention was mainly focused on local available materials and climatic conditions. Te motivation was to encourage locals to become aware of the basic principles of sustainability and durable building concepts. In effect close to zero electricity or fossil fuels were used during construction.

This strategy was to participate in the evolution and modernization of the local construction processes without a rupture in the "know how" of the artisans. This began with learning the local construction workers necessary skills required for long-term planning and develop confidence to bring into practice new knowledge and skills. We for instance introduced a locally unknown brickwork bond that doesn't require whole-brick walls for stability， thus minimizing the costs and maintaining the main advantage，the use of local materials and craftsmanship. All the building techniques used for this project are very easy to learn and diffused by the main contractor， which has already contributed to the local construction modernization.

Although bamboo is seen as an inferior material in the region， we chose to make the whole roof construction out of it. Even the walls and French doors of the workshop are cladded with it，a reference to the bamboo bicycle frames that are made here.

From a bioclimatic point of view theorientation of the building together with the tropical roof ensures natural cross ventilation. Also the use of nearby ponds for natural draft to cool the classrooms was taken into account in the design. The U-shaped roof is suspended to the sides providing shade， protecting the biggest openings against rain and collecting rainwater into the courtyard. Some bio mimicry elements are put on the test here！ The interior walls are colored in light blue， a hue that flies shun. The splay of the classroom windows are painted yellow， a hue that specifc insects dislike. Tese low tech features have proven to reduce the use of insecticides and electric fans to minimum.

Te community center has become the pride of the town and a favorite selfe spot.

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5 總平面/Site plan

6 蕩秋千的孩子/Child on swing

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7 傍晚的南立面/South facade at evening

8 剖面圖/Sections

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9 教室間的連廊/Landing between classrooms

10 首層平面/Ground foor

11 二層平面/Upper foor

1-商店/Store

2-實(shí)驗(yàn)室/Workshop

3-儲(chǔ)藏室/Storage

4-工作間/Workplace

5-廣場(chǎng)/Plaza

6-庭院/Courtyard

7-教室/Classroom

8-女洗手間/Ladies lavatory

9-男洗手間/Gents lavatory

10-教室/Classroom

11-集合平臺(tái)/Assembly foor

12-走廊/Footbridge

13-教室/Classroom

14-倉(cāng)庫(kù)+水池/Storage + Water tank

15-平臺(tái)/Landing

16-倉(cāng)庫(kù)+水池/Storage + Water tank

17-教室/Classroom

12 屋頂/Roof

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13 遮蔭的空地/Roofed workfoor

14 課堂/Classroom lesson

評(píng)論

朱穎心：這是在經(jīng)濟(jì)不發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)為貧民提供服務(wù)的建筑，其策略為只使用本地材料、工藝和技術(shù)，保證建造過(guò)程的低成本和低消耗，并要求使用時(shí)盡量降低能源需求。建筑地處于亞熱帶氣候，全年濕熱多雨。整個(gè)建筑都采用了向室外半敞開(kāi)、通透的空間，保證了良好的自然通風(fēng)，避免了日曬，為當(dāng)?shù)厝巳禾峁┝诉m應(yīng)濕熱氣候的熱舒適環(huán)境。屋頂提供了遮陽(yáng)和擋雨的功能，屋頂未及的內(nèi)院部分均維持原有的透水地面，以保證雨水的收集。利用仿生技術(shù)的特定墻面顏色驅(qū)趕昆蟲(chóng)也是非常有獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的！

宋曄皓：這個(gè)案例讓我想起了舒馬赫在《小的是美好的》一書(shū)中所提出的“中間技術(shù)”的概念，以及所奠定的適宜技術(shù)理論基礎(chǔ)。所謂中間技術(shù)，通俗地說(shuō)，就是介乎價(jià)值1000英鎊的現(xiàn)代技術(shù)和1英鎊的當(dāng)?shù)丶夹g(shù)之間的100英鎊的技術(shù)，即利用現(xiàn)代工藝，又結(jié)合傳統(tǒng)，可以推廣和應(yīng)用。竹子在當(dāng)?shù)乇灰暈榈蜋n材料，如果出現(xiàn)在以試錯(cuò)為主要方法的地方，不會(huì)沒(méi)有客觀上的原因，例如因?yàn)槭褂脡勖患?，或結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度不夠。如果類似上述的擔(dān)心被建筑師解決，同時(shí)如建筑師所言，提供給地方一個(gè)環(huán)境友好且耐久的建筑，則竹子的應(yīng)用就是一個(gè)創(chuàng)造性設(shè)計(jì)。

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and data

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Design Team: Gerrit Schilder & Hill Scholte

結(jié)構(gòu)工程師/Structural Engineer: Dick van Gemerden

承建商/Contractor: MEI

客戶/Client: 帕尼基金會(huì)/Pani Foundation

建筑面積/Floor Area: 768m2

造價(jià)/Building Cost: €44，000

開(kāi)工時(shí)間/Construction: 2012.11

竣工時(shí)間/Completion: 2014.10

攝影/Photos: SchilderScholte

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15 聚集空間/Gathering place

Comments

ZHU Yingxin: It serves the poor people in economically underdeveloped areas. It adopts the strategies of using only local materials， crafts and technology， ensuring low costs and low consumption during the construction， and requiring to reduce energy demand as much as possible in usage. Te building is located in the place of sub-tropical climate， i.e. hot and rainy all year. Te whole building is a semi-open and transparent space， which ensures good natural ventilation and avoids excessive sunlight， so as to provide an environment with comfortable heat to the local people， who are adapted to hot and humid climate. Te roof functions to keep from sunlight and rain， the inner yard untouched by which maintains the original waterpermeable ground to guarantee rainwater collection. In addition， the application of bio technology to drive insects away with specifc wall colors is also ingenious！

SONG Yehao: This case reminds me the concept of intermediate technology，which paved the theoretical basis for appropriate technology that E. F. Schumacher presented in his Small is Beautiful. Te so-called intermediate technology， popularly speaking， is a choice of the 100-pound-valued technology given the range of choices between modern technologies valued at 1000 pounds and local technologies at one pound； that is， to use both modern technique and tradition technology for promotion and application. Bamboo is regarded by local people as low-grade material. If it appears in the places that take "trial and error" as the main method，there will be objective reasons， perhaps because of poor life of usage， or low structural strength. If the above concerns are resolved by the architect， and as the architect says， an environment-friendly and durable building is set up in the place，the application of bamboo is a creative design.