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        椎體成形術(shù)患者椎體再骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素分析

        2016-07-13 03:49:15李連華王浩桑慶華任繼鑫劉智孫天勝
        關(guān)鍵詞:成形術(shù)畸形椎體

        李連華 王浩 桑慶華 任繼鑫 劉智 孫天勝

        ?

        椎體成形術(shù)患者椎體再骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素分析

        李連華 王浩 桑慶華 任繼鑫 劉智 孫天勝

        【摘要】目的 通過(guò)對(duì)椎體成形術(shù)后的骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折(osteop-orosis vertebral compression fracture,OVCF)患者的縱向回顧性研究,探討發(fā)生再骨折的高危因素。方法 自 2012 年 7 月至 2014 年7 月,我科共應(yīng)用椎體成形術(shù)治療 OVCF 患者 220 例,分別采集患者的性別,年齡,骨密度,認(rèn)知能力評(píng)分,骨水泥量,骨水泥滲漏,椎體后凸畸形,椎體再骨折等資料。應(yīng)用單因素分析模型觀察每種因素與椎體再骨折發(fā)生的相關(guān)性,篩查可疑的相關(guān)因素,接著采用 Logistic 回歸分析明確與椎體再骨折發(fā)生相關(guān)的高危因素。結(jié)果 220 例椎體成形術(shù)的患者,共 334 個(gè)椎體,30 例(30 個(gè)椎體)發(fā)生再骨折,約占 9.0%。再骨折組年齡為(81.2±5.5)歲,非再骨折組年齡為(78±7.2)歲。認(rèn)知功能評(píng)分 MMSE(mini-mental state examination)再骨折組為(23.2±9.03)分,非再骨折組為(27.48±5.27)分。椎體后凸畸形再骨折組為 40%,非再骨折組為16.32%。骨水泥滲漏再骨折組為 16.67%,非再骨折組為 7.37%。Logistic 回歸分析顯示年齡,認(rèn)知功能評(píng)分,椎體術(shù)后后凸畸形,骨水泥滲漏等因素與椎體再骨折相關(guān)。結(jié)論 年齡,認(rèn)知功能評(píng)分,椎體術(shù)后后凸畸形,骨水泥滲漏等因素是 OVCF 椎體成形術(shù)后再骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素,應(yīng)對(duì)危險(xiǎn)人群加強(qiáng)再骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的宣教及防護(hù)。

        【關(guān)鍵詞】椎體成形術(shù);性骨折,壓縮性;脊柱骨折;骨質(zhì)疏松;危險(xiǎn)因素fracturesL

        隨著社會(huì)的老齡化進(jìn)程加速,骨質(zhì)疏松患者越來(lái)越多,骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折目前已成為老年患者的常見(jiàn)病、多發(fā)病。骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折(osteoporosis vertebral compression fracture,OVCF)約占骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折的 45%,導(dǎo)致患者疼痛、活動(dòng)受限,嚴(yán)重時(shí)伴有出現(xiàn)脊柱畸形,影響心肺功能,導(dǎo)致死亡率增高[1]。

        椎體成形術(shù)治療 OVCF 的療效越來(lái)越被人們所認(rèn)可和接受,止痛效果在 90% 以上[2-3]。隨著椎體成形術(shù)的廣泛開(kāi)展,椎體成形術(shù)后的椎體再骨折發(fā)生也越來(lái)越多[4-5]。本研究對(duì) 220 例行椎體成形術(shù)的OVCF 患者的進(jìn)行縱向研究,探討發(fā)生再骨折的高危因素。

        資料與方法

        一、納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

        1. 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)2012 年 7 月至 2014 年 7 月,我科收治的 OVCF 患者;(2)年齡≥55 歲;(3)新鮮 OVCF,疼痛劇烈(VAS≥7 分);(4)骨折經(jīng)嚴(yán)格保守治療 4 周癥狀緩解不滿意;(5)椎體骨折進(jìn)展風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高者;(6)患者強(qiáng)烈要求手術(shù)。

        2. 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)年齡<55 歲;(2)無(wú)癥狀的隱匿性骨折;(3)凝血機(jī)制障礙;(4)骨水泥或造影劑過(guò)敏;(5)局部感染;(6)患者心肺功能差,不能耐受手術(shù)。

        二、隨訪與資料收集

        隨訪方式采用對(duì)每位患者在術(shù)后常規(guī)進(jìn)行4次門(mén)診復(fù)查的方式(術(shù)后1、3、6、12個(gè)月),至少隨訪1年,隨訪滿1年后,每半年對(duì)患者進(jìn)行電話隨訪。對(duì)納入的患者分別采集患者的性別,年齡,骨密度,認(rèn)知能力評(píng)分,骨水泥量,骨水泥滲漏,椎體后凸畸形,椎體再骨折等資料。

        認(rèn)知能力采用簡(jiǎn)易智力狀況檢查法(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)評(píng)分從定向力,記憶力,注意力和計(jì)算能力,回憶能力,語(yǔ)言能力5個(gè)方面對(duì)認(rèn)知能力進(jìn)行評(píng)估,最高得分為30分,分?jǐn)?shù)在27~30分為正常,分?jǐn)?shù)<27為認(rèn)知功能障礙[6]。

        三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析

        應(yīng)用SPSS 18.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用卡方檢驗(yàn),單因素模型觀察每種因素差異的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;將單因素中P<0.1列為潛在危險(xiǎn)因素,采用Logistic回歸分析明確與椎體再骨折發(fā)生相關(guān)的高危因素,將P<0.05設(shè)為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

        結(jié)  果

        符合本研究納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)者共220例(334個(gè)椎體),其中男146例,女74例;年齡 65~95歲,平均78.45歲;骨折椎體包括T9~L5,至少隨訪1年。其中30例發(fā)生椎體再骨折,占 13.6%,共30個(gè)椎體,男女比例為11∶19,年齡69~94歲,平均81.37歲,再骨折椎體包括 T11~L2,鄰近椎體骨折與非臨近椎體比例為13∶17。再骨折發(fā)生在第1次術(shù)后隨訪期間1例,第2次術(shù)后隨訪期間9例,第3次術(shù)后隨訪期間8例,第4次術(shù)后隨訪期間4例,發(fā)生在手術(shù)后1年8例(最長(zhǎng)術(shù)后10年)。

        將30例椎體再發(fā)骨折者(再骨折組)與190例無(wú)椎體再發(fā)骨折者(無(wú)再骨折組)進(jìn)行比較。

        單因素回歸分析顯示,椎體再發(fā)骨折組無(wú)椎體再發(fā)骨折組的年齡(P<0.01)、認(rèn)知狀態(tài)(P<0.01)及后凸畸形(P<0.01)與再骨折相關(guān),而性別、骨密度、骨水泥量、骨水泥椎間隙滲漏等因素?zé)o明顯相關(guān)(表1)。進(jìn)一步多因素回歸分析結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),年齡(OR=0.925,P=0.018)、MMSE評(píng)分(OR=1.072,P=0.013)、后凸畸形(OR=0.384,P=0.044)及骨水泥滲漏(OR=0.306,P=0.049)是導(dǎo)致椎體成形術(shù)后再骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素(表2)。

        表1 患者一般資料Tab.1 General information of the 2 groups of patients

        表2 Logistic 回歸分析結(jié)果Tab.2 Results of the Logistic regression analyses

        討  論

        導(dǎo)致椎體成形術(shù)后椎體再骨折發(fā)生的可能因素有很多,較多的文獻(xiàn)關(guān)注高齡[7],鄰近椎體骨折[8],骨水泥劑量[9],骨水泥分布[10],骨水泥椎間隙滲漏[11],骨密度[12],脊椎力線異常[13]等因素。

        2011 年,F(xiàn)ahim 等[14]進(jìn)行的尸體研究發(fā)現(xiàn),椎體成形術(shù)后改變了前柱的應(yīng)力狀態(tài),使得椎體承受應(yīng)力的能力下降 32%,容易發(fā)生再次骨折。但也有學(xué)者的生物力學(xué)研究證實(shí),椎體成形術(shù)后并不對(duì)鄰近椎體的椎板造成過(guò)多的應(yīng)力,因此不會(huì)導(dǎo)致鄰近椎體骨折的發(fā)生[15]。也有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,與保守治療相比較,椎體成形術(shù)并不增加其它椎體骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[16-17]。本研究中發(fā)生的再骨折部位,僅 40% 發(fā)生于鄰近節(jié)段,也間接說(shuō)明椎體成形術(shù)本身不大可能是導(dǎo)致再骨折的因素。

        圖1 患者,女,81 歲,老年癡呆,因椎體壓縮骨折行 T10、11椎體成形術(shù)后,術(shù)后8個(gè)月L3發(fā)生椎體再骨折,行椎體成形術(shù)后Fig.1 New vertebral compression fracture at L3occurred 8 months after osteoporotic compression fracture of T10and T11. The patient was an 81 years old female who was diagnosed as Alzheimer's disease. She had been performed vertebroplasty becaurse of of osteoporotic compression fractureof. later the and the vertebroplasty was performed again

        本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),認(rèn)知能力下降是導(dǎo)致椎體成形術(shù)后再骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素。認(rèn)知能力下降是指涉及學(xué)習(xí)記憶以及思維判斷有關(guān)的大腦高級(jí)智能加工過(guò)程出現(xiàn)異常,從而引起學(xué)習(xí)、記憶障礙同時(shí)伴有失語(yǔ)、失用、失認(rèn)或失行等改變的病理過(guò)程。認(rèn)知能力下降后,患者對(duì)于在發(fā)生危害自己健康的行為時(shí)不能自我感知,因此容易發(fā)生骨折(圖1)。有學(xué)者研究發(fā)現(xiàn),認(rèn)識(shí)能力下降是髖部骨折發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素之一[18]。

        本研究中得出的高齡,后凸畸形及骨水泥滲漏是導(dǎo)致椎體成形術(shù)后再骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素,高齡患者意味著身體素質(zhì)更加衰弱,而后凸畸形和骨水泥滲漏都改變了椎體的應(yīng)力負(fù)重狀態(tài),導(dǎo)致再骨折的發(fā)生,這與其他學(xué)者的研究結(jié)果相一致[7,11,13]。

        總之,隨著椎體成形術(shù)的不斷廣泛應(yīng)用,發(fā)生再骨折的患者會(huì)越來(lái)越多,對(duì)于高齡,認(rèn)知功能障礙,后凸畸形及骨水泥滲漏的患者,要警惕發(fā)生再骨折的危險(xiǎn),及早做好防護(hù)。另外,還有其它一些重要因素未納入本研究中,這些因素之間的相互聯(lián)系還需在以后多中心的研究中進(jìn)一步探索。

        參 考 文 獻(xiàn)

        [1]Lyritis GP, Mayasis B, Tsakalakos N, et al. The natural history of the osteoporotic vertebral fracture. Clin Rheumatol, 1989,8(Suppl 2):S66-69.

        [2]Alexandru D, So W. Evaluation and management of vertebral compression fractures. Perm J, 2012, 16(4):46-51.

        [3]Li L, Ren J, Liu J, et al. Results of vertebral augmentation treatment for patients of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: A Meta-analysis of eight randomized controlled trials. PLoS One, 2015, 10(9):e0138126.

        [4]Al-Nakshabandi NA. Percutaneous vertebroplasty complications. Ann Saumed, 2011, 31(3):294-297.

        [5]李智斐, 鐘遠(yuǎn)鳴. 椎體成形術(shù)后再骨折相關(guān)因素研究進(jìn)展. 中國(guó)矯形外科雜志, 2013, 21(18):1844-1847.

        [6]Mitchell AJ, Shukla D, Ajumal HA, et al. The Mini-Mental State Examination as a diagnostic and screening test for delirium: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 2014, 36(6):627-633.

        [7]Ma X, Xing D, Ma J, et al. Risk factors for new vertebral compression fractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty:qualitative evidence synthesized from a systematic review. Spine, 2013, 38(12):E713-722.

        [8]Tanigawa N, Komemushi A, Kariya S, et al. Radiological follow-up of new compression fractures following percutaneous vertebroplasty. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 2006, 29(1):92-96.

        [9]余鵬, 夏群, 皮紅林, 等. 經(jīng)皮椎體成形術(shù)后相鄰椎體再骨折的相關(guān)因素. 中華創(chuàng)傷雜志, 2013, 29(11):1063-1067.

        [10]Liu WG, He SC, Deng G, et al. Risk factors for new vertebral fractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty in patients with osteoporosis: a prospective study. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2012,23(9):1143-1149.

        [11]Nieuwenhuijse MJ, Putter H, van Erkel AR, et al. New vertebral fractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty for painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: a clustered analysis and the relevance of intradiskal cement leakage. Radiology, 2013, 266(3):862-870.

        [12]Sun G, Tang H, Li M, et al. Analysis of risk factors of subsequent fractures after vertebroplasty. Eur Spine J, 2014, 23(6):1339-1345.

        [13]Lee WS, Sung KH, Jeong HT, et al. Risk factors of developing new symptomatic vertebral compression fractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty in osteoporotic patients. Eur Spine J, 2006, 15(12):1777-1183.

        [14]Fahim DK, Sun K, Tawackoli W, et al. Premature adjacent vertebral fracture after vertebroplasty: a biomechanical study. Neurosurgery, 2011, 69(3):733-744.

        [15]Aquarius R, van der Zijden AM, Homminga J, et al. Does bone cement in percutaneous vertebroplasty act as a stress riser?Spine, 2013, 38(24):2092-2097.

        [16]Chosa K, Naito A, Awai K. Newly developed compression fractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty: comparison with conservative treatment. Jpn J Radiol, 2011, 29(5):335-341.

        [17]Zou J, Mei X, Zhu X, et al. The long-term incidence of subsequent vertebral body fracture after vertebral augmentation therapy: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Pain Physician,2012, 15(4):E515-522.

        [18]Tseng WJ, Hung LW, Shieh JS, et al. Hip fracture risk assessment: artificial neural network outperforms conditional logistic regression in an age- and sex-matched case control study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2013, 14:207.

        (本文編輯:李貴存)

        . 綜述 Review .

        DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2016.06.006中圖分類號(hào):R683.2, R687.3

        作者單位:100700 北京,陸軍總醫(yī)院骨科

        收稿日期:(2016-02-14)

        Risk factors of subsequent fractures after vertebroplasty in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression


        LI Lian-hua, WANG Hao, SANG Qing-hua, REN Ji-xin, LIU Zhi, SUN Tian-sheng.

        Chinese People's ibration Army Institute of Orthopedics, Beijing Military Command General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, PRC

        【Abstract 】Objective To explore the risk factors that may affect the development of subsequent fractures after vertebroplasty in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Methods A retrospective study was conducted to review 220 patients who underwent vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures from July 2012 to July 2014. Clinical data including age, gender, bone mineral density(BMD)T-score, cognitive ability scores, the amount of injected bone cement, cement leakage, vertebral kyphosis deformity and subsequent fractures were recorded. Univariate analysis was performed to screen the suspicious factors and Logistic regression analysis were used to assess the relations between the suspicious factors and the incidence of subsequent fractures. Results Thirty of the 220 patients(9.0%)experienced subsequent fractures. Average age was(81.2 ± 5.5)in patients with subsequent fractures and(78 ± 7.2)in patients without subsequent fractures. Average mini-mental state examination(MMSE)score was(23.2 ± 9.03)in patients with subsequent fractures and(27.48 ± 5.27)in patients without subsequent fractures. The percentage of vertebral kyphosis deformity was 40% in patients with subsequent fractures and 16.32% in patients without subsequent fractures. The percentage of cement leakage was 16.67% in patients with subsequent fractures and 7.37% in patients without subsequent fractures. Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors infuencing subsequent fractures were age, MMSE score, vertebral kyphosis deformity and bone density and cement leakage. Conclusions Age, MMSE score, vertebral kyphosis deformity and bone cement leakage were the independent risk factors associated with subsequent fractures after vertebroplasty in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. For people with these risk factors more efforts should be made to protect subsequent fracture.

        【Key words】Vertebroplasty; Fractures, compression; Spinal fractures; Osteoporosis; Risk factors

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