劉劍剛, 張華?, 朱巖, 朱夏夏, 何紅, 劉玉國(guó), 王穎, 馬明軍

(1.遼寧師范大學(xué)城市與環(huán)境學(xué)院, 116029, 遼寧大連; 2. 遼寧老禿頂子國(guó)家級(jí)自然保護(hù)區(qū)管理局, 117218，遼寧桓仁)

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遼東山地冰緣地貌表層土壤粒度特征

劉劍剛1, 張華1?, 朱巖1, 朱夏夏1, 何紅1, 劉玉國(guó)1, 王穎2, 馬明軍2

(1.遼寧師范大學(xué)城市與環(huán)境學(xué)院, 116029, 遼寧大連; 2. 遼寧老禿頂子國(guó)家級(jí)自然保護(hù)區(qū)管理局, 117218，遼寧桓仁)

摘要：為探究遼東山區(qū)冰緣地貌表層土壤的質(zhì)地特征及侵蝕強(qiáng)度，對(duì)48個(gè)典型冰緣地貌的土壤樣品進(jìn)行粒度測(cè)試分析，結(jié)果表明：研究區(qū)土壤級(jí)配良好，且徑級(jí)跨度較大，質(zhì)地以黏土質(zhì)粉砂為主，粉砂其次，偶見(jiàn)砂質(zhì)粉砂。土壤粒度整體較細(xì)(粒度參數(shù)平均粒徑Mz的φ值約6.45)，分選差(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差σI約1.89)，以正偏居多(約占58%)，峰態(tài)多為很窄峰(約占83%)；粒度頻率分布包括單峰(25%)、雙峰(50%)和多峰(25%)；結(jié)合薩胡判據(jù)和南北坡土壤粒度不對(duì)稱(chēng)等特征，初步推測(cè)早期土壤沉積組分來(lái)自近源淺表風(fēng)化和遠(yuǎn)源風(fēng)成沉降，其混合組分經(jīng)冰緣流水搬運(yùn)改造后形成土壤沉積。根據(jù)分維值(約2.28)、級(jí)配比例及敏感組分的提取可知，沉積水動(dòng)力不強(qiáng)，地表植被覆蓋越優(yōu)良，對(duì)流水侵蝕能力的消耗和抑制則越顯著。供試樣品的粒度特征反映流水侵蝕強(qiáng)度不大，植被覆蓋發(fā)揮了重要的水土保持功能。

關(guān)鍵詞：冰緣地貌； 土壤； 粒度； 薩胡判別； 分維值； 環(huán)境敏感組分; 遼東山地

土壤粒度是土壤的重要屬性特征之一，其粒徑大小、級(jí)配組合、分布狀況與沉積介質(zhì)動(dòng)力強(qiáng)弱、土壤抗侵蝕能力關(guān)系密切。良好的土壤質(zhì)地，不僅支撐植被的涵水保土作用，更是穩(wěn)固生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、降低山地災(zāi)害的關(guān)鍵[1-4]。有關(guān)粒度的土壤侵蝕、水土流失、環(huán)境演變等研究已多有報(bào)道。例如：閆玉春等[5]對(duì)白音錫勒牧場(chǎng)土壤的粒度分析，探討了草原土壤的風(fēng)蝕特征；J. Poesen等[6]對(duì)亞歐大范圍的坡面礫石堆積進(jìn)行研究，認(rèn)為礫石分布特征能夠反映坡面土壤的侵蝕狀況；李柏等[7]研究了溝壩地泥石流顆粒，得到上游侵蝕、下游堆積的水土流失模式；湯萃文等[8]根據(jù)土壤粒度特征，并應(yīng)用水土流失方程USLE，估算了土壤侵蝕狀況；許炯心[9]對(duì)長(zhǎng)江上游觀測(cè)站的懸移質(zhì)泥沙粒度研究，得到水土保持措施能夠影響泥沙粒度；孔祥淮等[10]依據(jù)粒度特征提取環(huán)境敏感組分，對(duì)南黃海西部陸架第四紀(jì)沉積環(huán)境進(jìn)行研究，反演了古環(huán)境的沉積過(guò)程；Song X.Y.等[11]、劉淼等[12]、Su Y.Z.等[13]等在不同的土壤過(guò)程研究中，應(yīng)用分形理論，將復(fù)雜的土壤結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行量化、簡(jiǎn)化，實(shí)現(xiàn)了精準(zhǔn)描述土壤的微特征。應(yīng)用粒度分析已在許多土壤學(xué)問(wèn)題的研究中，取得了豐碩成果，但大量的土壤粒度研究多是針對(duì)沙丘、湖泊、河流和溝谷等環(huán)境，對(duì)冰緣地貌的研究成果并不多見(jiàn)。遼東山區(qū)冰緣地貌具有特殊的土壤發(fā)育過(guò)程，同時(shí)，也面臨著水土流失問(wèn)題；然而，目前有關(guān)本區(qū)的研究多涉及生態(tài)服務(wù)、生物多樣性和山地小氣候等方面[14-15]，缺乏對(duì)土壤粒度、侵蝕動(dòng)力等方面的研究。本文通過(guò)對(duì)典型冰緣地貌土壤的粒度分析，探究其分布特征及沉積環(huán)境變化規(guī)律，嘗試解釋粒度特征所反應(yīng)的土壤過(guò)程及侵蝕強(qiáng)度，為本區(qū)相關(guān)研究提供基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)資料，也為水土保持及林業(yè)管護(hù)等工作提供有益參考。

1研究區(qū)概況

老禿頂子國(guó)家級(jí)自然保護(hù)區(qū)(E 124°41′13″～125°5′15″；N 41°11′11″～41°21′34″)位于遼寧省東部桓仁、新賓兩縣交界處，主峰海拔1 367.3 m，為遼寧最高峰，末次冰期形成了一定規(guī)模的冰緣地貌。區(qū)內(nèi)基巖以花崗巖為主，變質(zhì)巖和混合巖均有出露；土壤類(lèi)型以棕壤、暗棕壤為典型代表，多由花崗巖殘積母質(zhì)發(fā)育而成；境內(nèi)氣候類(lèi)型屬溫帶大陸性季風(fēng)濕潤(rùn)氣候，年平均氣溫6.0 ℃，年降雨量651～1 315 mm，平均相對(duì)濕度72%，無(wú)霜期139 d；地帶性植被為溫性落葉闊葉林，森林覆蓋率達(dá)97%，植物多樣性豐富，且垂直帶譜明顯，屬典型的北溫帶中山山地森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)[16]。

2材料與方法

2.1樣品采集

于2013年6—7月，隨海拔梯度選取48處典型冰緣地貌樣地，囿于上覆土壤沉積厚度普通很薄，無(wú)法做剖面取樣，且顆粒無(wú)明顯粘連，故各取表層土壤0～20 cm不等，并記錄相應(yīng)地形、地貌、植被和土壤等樣地特征參數(shù)，海拔由1∶5萬(wàn)DEM(2008)提取、經(jīng)緯度由易測(cè)寶T2 GIS采集器測(cè)定，詳見(jiàn)表1。

表1　調(diào)查樣地基本情況

表1(續(xù))

2.2實(shí)驗(yàn)方法

粒度測(cè)試使用美國(guó)貝克曼LS13 320激光衍射粒度分析儀(量程0.04～2 000 μm)。土樣經(jīng)自然風(fēng)干、碾碎和去渣，過(guò)2 mm篩，電子秤(精度0.1 mg)稱(chēng)取樣品0.1～0.3 g，倒入燒杯，注入20 mL體積分?jǐn)?shù)為30%的H2O2溶液，靜置48 h(若有氣泡，則繼續(xù)添加，確保充分去除有機(jī)質(zhì))，注入10 mL體積分?jǐn)?shù)為10%的HCl溶液，攪勻后在電熱板上逐漸加熱煮沸，使其充分反應(yīng)、冷卻至常溫后，加入蒸餾水30 mL靜置72 h，除去懸浮液，加入5 mL濃度為0.05 mol/L的六偏磷酸鈉(NaPO3)6溶液以備測(cè)試之用。測(cè)試過(guò)程中，各樣品均采用超聲波震蕩30 s。使用日本Rigaku ZSX Primus Ⅱ型X射線熒光光譜儀獲取土樣化學(xué)元素體積分?jǐn)?shù)，并計(jì)算化學(xué)蝕變指數(shù)CIA。依據(jù)測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)，完成土樣的顆粒組成、級(jí)配比例、頻率分布類(lèi)型、粒度參數(shù)特征、沉積動(dòng)力環(huán)境特征、粒度分形維數(shù)、敏感組分提取等分析。

3結(jié)果與分析

3.1粒級(jí)級(jí)配與頻率分布

土壤顆粒組成包括粉砂級(jí)(69.64%)、黏土級(jí)(20.74%)和砂級(jí)(9.62%)。其中，黏土級(jí)顆粒體積分?jǐn)?shù)介于10.52%～26.85%，粉砂和砂體積分?jǐn)?shù)各介于56.32%～82.35%、1.40%～30.89%，變幅稍大。對(duì)不均勻系數(shù)(Cu)和曲率系數(shù)(Cs)(詳見(jiàn)文獻(xiàn)[18])的計(jì)算結(jié)果(表2)表明，供試土樣級(jí)配良好，粒徑分布范圍廣且分布不均。由三角圖解(圖1)可知，供試樣品以黏土質(zhì)粉砂為主，其次為粉砂，偶見(jiàn)砂質(zhì)粉砂。

粒度頻率分布存在3種類(lèi)型(圖2)：?jiǎn)畏?25%，φ值集中在4.98～6.73)，均分布在北、東兩坡的石河、石流坡地貌；不對(duì)稱(chēng)雙峰(50%，主峰φ值集中在4.85～6.74，次峰φ值為2～2.5)，其中，粉砂級(jí)占主體，分布最為廣泛；多峰(25%，包括三峰、四峰，主峰不確定，多在粗粒端)，形成于坡度稍緩的山頂附近，且南坡比例高于北坡。緣于向陽(yáng)坡風(fēng)化強(qiáng)度更大，植被覆蓋也相對(duì)稀疏[19]，且坡度較緩(北坡22.4°、南坡11.3°、山頂7.2°)，成壤顆粒在外營(yíng)力搬運(yùn)下，容易混合多種組分；而單峰(和部分雙峰)均在北坡和東坡，則暗示南北坡土壤沉積組分可能存在差異，或物源提供和沉積動(dòng)力有所不同。

表2　樣品粒徑不均勻系數(shù)與曲率系數(shù)

圖1　粒度組成三角圖Fig.1　Ternary diagram of the grain composition

圖2　頻率分布曲線Fig.2　Frequency-distribution curves

3.2粒度參數(shù)與環(huán)境判別

應(yīng)用矩值法計(jì)算粒度參數(shù)平均粒徑(Mz)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差(σI)、偏度(Sk)和峰態(tài)(Kg)[20]。本區(qū)土壤顆粒細(xì)致，平均粒徑φ值為6.45(5.41～6.95)；標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差1.89，分選差；偏度多為正偏，細(xì)粒度端形成長(zhǎng)尾，反映細(xì)顆粒過(guò)剩，且分布更分散；峰態(tài)值介于2.41～4.04，多為很窄峰(占83%)，少數(shù)極窄峰，都不屬常態(tài)峰。由于偏度和峰態(tài)最能反映沉積動(dòng)力的微弱變化，由樣本的偏度特征(58%正偏；6%負(fù)偏；36%趨于0且均屬混合組分)及頻率分布可知，土壤沉積以雙組分混合為顯著，異常峰態(tài)值則暗示沉積顆粒中，包含早期經(jīng)歷過(guò)良好分選后，進(jìn)入本區(qū)的沉積組分[20]。

薩胡環(huán)境判別是判斷沉積作用和沉積環(huán)境的有效方法[21-22]?；诹６葏?shù)逐級(jí)判斷：

Y(風(fēng)成<-2.741 1<海灘)=

Y=-0.831 1(海灘)→Y(海灘<65.365 0<淺海)=

Y=389.856 7(淺海)→Y(河流<-7.419 0<淺海)=

Y=-30.162 6(河流)→Y(濁流<9.843 3<沖積)=

Y=17.625 7(沖積)

結(jié)果表明，土壤沉積環(huán)境為河流沖積。粒度參數(shù)特征也恰好契合了沉積分選差、多為雙峰、多正偏、峰態(tài)不正常，且摻有黏土、粉砂等懸移質(zhì)的河流沉積特征[20]。

3.3粒度分維與敏感組分

分維值可配合傳統(tǒng)粒度參數(shù)，共同反映介質(zhì)動(dòng)力和土壤沉積特征[23-25]。本區(qū)土壤分維值約為2.28(2.11～2.39)，且不同條件下分維值各異(表3)。對(duì)比可知，海拔較低、植被覆蓋較好，尤其擁有良好林冠遮蔽的條件，土壤分維值更低，對(duì)應(yīng)水動(dòng)力也較弱，指示良好植被條件對(duì)地表水動(dòng)力具有抑制作用。

表3　不同地貌、坡向和植被類(lèi)型下土壤的分維值

對(duì)不同顆粒與分維值的線性擬合結(jié)果(圖3)表明：黏土組分比例越大，分維值越大；粉砂比例越大分維值則越??；砂粒比例越大，分維值則隨之增大(含礫石)。此緣于粉砂顆粒易于搬運(yùn)，黏土和細(xì)粉砂與更粗顆粒同步沉積時(shí)，會(huì)因粘連效應(yīng)很難再呈懸移狀態(tài)進(jìn)行搬運(yùn)，即使能夠再次啟動(dòng)，所需的勢(shì)能也更大，而砂粒或礫石因自身重力更大，對(duì)搬運(yùn)介質(zhì)動(dòng)能要求也更高。結(jié)合級(jí)配比例，粉砂組分近于70%，指示地表水動(dòng)力不強(qiáng)。

圖3　不同顆粒類(lèi)型與分維值Fig.3　Relationship between different types of grain-size and fractal dimension values

圖4　粒級(jí)-標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差曲線Fig.4　Standard deviation curve of different particle size fraction

敏感組分的表達(dá)基于粒度參數(shù)，能夠反映不同粒級(jí)所對(duì)應(yīng)的介質(zhì)動(dòng)力或沉積環(huán)境變化大小[26]。根據(jù)不同地貌和植被覆蓋提取到3組環(huán)境敏感粒度組分(圖4)：組分Ⅰ(4.66～27.39 μm)最為敏感；組分Ⅱ(30.07～57.77 μm)對(duì)應(yīng)粉砂-細(xì)砂混合組分，敏感度較低；組分Ⅲ(110.98～176.93 μm)顆粒稍粗，對(duì)應(yīng)細(xì)砂。粒度細(xì)(<100 μm)、分選差的組分Ⅰ，更傾向于懸浮搬運(yùn)，指示水流速度慢、擾動(dòng)??；粒度稍大的組分Ⅲ(>100 μm)，則更傾向于躍移搬運(yùn)，指示水動(dòng)力稍強(qiáng)[22]。植被覆蓋更好的條件下，組分Ⅱ、Ⅲ也表現(xiàn)出較高的敏感度，表明此時(shí)該植被條件能夠影響水流動(dòng)能，相反，植被覆蓋較差則對(duì)水動(dòng)力敏感度低，對(duì)水流動(dòng)能的消耗很小，暗示地表植被覆蓋越好，越能減緩水流速度，從而降低流水侵蝕能力。

4討論

末次冰期白頭山冰川發(fā)育(距今70 ka)，東北大部分地區(qū)進(jìn)入冰緣環(huán)境，遼東山地地處冰緣區(qū)邊緣，冰緣地貌廣泛發(fā)育[27]。隨著溫度的顯著降低，風(fēng)蝕、流水、凍融和坍塌等冰緣作用加劇，淺表巖體崩解分離，風(fēng)化碎屑遍布坡谷，森林面積顯著萎縮，大量風(fēng)化物被強(qiáng)勁的外營(yíng)力搬運(yùn)至遠(yuǎn)處低地，直至冰后期氣溫回升，植被覆蓋漸好，地貌活動(dòng)趨于穩(wěn)定，土壤沉積才得以保存，此為本區(qū)土壤厚度很薄的原因所在。顆粒細(xì)致、多雙峰，且南、北坡存在差異的粒度分布，暗示早期土壤過(guò)程經(jīng)歷過(guò)風(fēng)成沉降。對(duì)比遼西地區(qū)自南向北，興城、朝陽(yáng)和義縣一線，土壤顆粒由粗變細(xì)[28-30](φ值分別為2.5、3.56～5.70和4～6)，遼東地區(qū)南部七頂山、大蓮泡至北部老禿頂子，也呈現(xiàn)顆粒逐漸變細(xì)的特征[31-32](φ值分別為4.55；5.89；6.45)。通過(guò)對(duì)比南、北兩坡土壤沉積特征參數(shù)(表4)，可知南坡土壤顆粒稍粗，分選稍差，風(fēng)化程度更高(CIA[33]=68.02)，黏土質(zhì)沉積物成熟度也稍高(Al2O3/Na2O=5.82)。指示在大尺度上，存在由西向東、由低緯向高緯的風(fēng)力搬運(yùn)。晚冰期極盛期(距今約18 ka)，曾發(fā)生大范圍海退，海平面下降約140 m，古海岸線向外退出500～600 km[34]，整個(gè)渤海出露成陸，海灘砂受蝕嚴(yán)重，砂粒在強(qiáng)勁的冰緣季風(fēng)吹揚(yáng)下輸入本區(qū)，并沉降在各個(gè)山間谷地，后經(jīng)流水改造搬運(yùn)至他處。另外，供試樣品的CIA平均值為64.29(36.57～70.44)，介于55～70的樣品占93.75%，對(duì)照前人成果，本區(qū)成土母質(zhì)應(yīng)屬于黃土和更新世冰川黏土[35]，故推測(cè)早期土壤組分應(yīng)包括遠(yuǎn)源風(fēng)成沉降(不排除夾雜有內(nèi)陸黃土的可能)和近源淺表巖石的成熟風(fēng)化物。

另一方面，粒度特征及分維值、敏感組分，都反映了弱水動(dòng)力環(huán)境受地表植被覆蓋的影響。結(jié)合粒徑與地表狀況的相關(guān)分析可知(表5)，粒徑大小與風(fēng)化程度關(guān)系密切，說(shuō)明沉積顆粒仍繼承物源的粒度特征，且受沉積后化學(xué)風(fēng)化活動(dòng)的影響；灌木密度雖未與其達(dá)到顯著相關(guān)，但仍保持了較高的負(fù)相關(guān)性，說(shuō)明耐冷濕的低矮植被覆蓋良好，粒度趨于細(xì)致的可能性更大，對(duì)應(yīng)水動(dòng)力可能越弱。

表4　不同坡向土壤沉積的特征值

Note:Mz: mean grain size;σI: standard deviation;Sk: skewness;Kp: kurtosis; CIA: chemical index of alteration.

表5　粒徑與地表狀況的關(guān)系

注：*P= 0.05 時(shí)，顯著相關(guān). Note: * indicates significantly correlated atP= 0.05.

遼東山區(qū)土溫穩(wěn)定、降水豐沛、森林結(jié)構(gòu)比較完整[16,36]，其構(gòu)成的植物群落系統(tǒng)可通過(guò)根系改善土壤質(zhì)地、創(chuàng)造抗沖型土壤結(jié)構(gòu)，依靠木本植物垂直根系的錨固作用、水平根系的支撐作用和草本植物根系的加筋作用以穩(wěn)固土壤。而且，植物體還具備蒸騰排水特性，林冠也具有截流、減速效果，地被物也能夠調(diào)節(jié)濕度、削弱濺蝕和抑制徑流等，都極大的降低了流水侵蝕強(qiáng)度。本區(qū)土壤的粒度特征，反映流水侵蝕并不顯著，有利于土壤累積及植物群落的演替。

5結(jié)論

1)土壤顆粒組分包括粉砂(69.64%)、黏土(20.74%)和砂(9.62%)。不均勻系數(shù)和曲率系數(shù)表明，粒級(jí)級(jí)配良好且跨度大、分布不均。依據(jù)海洋地質(zhì)調(diào)查規(guī)范中的分類(lèi)命名原則，本區(qū)土壤以黏土質(zhì)粉砂為主，粉砂其次，偶見(jiàn)砂質(zhì)粉砂。粒度頻率分布表現(xiàn)為單峰、雙峰(居多)和多峰。

2)應(yīng)用矩值法求得粒度參數(shù)：平均粒徑φ值為6.45，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差為1.89，偏度多為正偏，峰態(tài)以很窄峰為主，反映沉積顆粒整體細(xì)致、分選差、細(xì)粒過(guò)剩、沉積組分主要為雙組分混合?；谒昧６葏?shù)完成薩胡環(huán)境判別，并提取環(huán)境敏感組分，結(jié)果顯示沉積環(huán)境屬河流沖積，敏感粒度組分3類(lèi)：4.66～27.39 μm(最敏感)、30.07～57.77 μm、110.98 ～176.93 μm。

3)供試樣品分維值介于2.11～2.39(平均值2.28)，結(jié)合級(jí)配比例共同指示水動(dòng)力不強(qiáng)。不同植被條件下，分維值與敏感粒度組分同樣反映了地表植被覆蓋狀況越好，對(duì)流水侵蝕能力的消耗和抑制越顯著。

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(責(zé)任編輯：程云郭雪芳)

Grain size characteristics of overlying soil onperiglacial landforms in mountainous region of eastern Liaoning

Liu Jiangang1, Zhang Hua1, Zhu Yan1, Zhu Xiaxia1, He Hong1, Liu Yuguo1, Wang Ying2, Ma Mingjun2

(1.School of Urban and Environmental, Liaoning Normal University, 116029, Dalian, Liaoning, China 2. Administration of Laotudingzi National Nature Reserve, 117218, Huanren, Liaoning, China)

Abstract:[Background] As typical and representative periglacial landforms in the Mt. Laotudingzi in the center of Nature Reserve in eastern Liaoning, the characteristics of the surface ground and the changes in the natural environment are concerned by the geographers. More researches associated with it were done. However, the specific research on the mechanical analysis of soil here has been rarely published. [Methods] In order to fill the blank of the research on this area and provide the reference data for the soil and water conservation specialist or forestry specialist, based on the investigation and fieldwork, the undisturbed soil samples were returned and pretreated, the grain size characteristics of the overlying soil in 48 sample plots were analyzed. [Results] The most of the soil particles were fine (average on about φ value is 6.45), and the soil texture was mainly dominated by clayey silt. Additionally, the soil texture also had other presentation by consisting of silt or sandy silt that was rarely discovered. The soil of the study area was mainly positive skew distribution (about 58%), and the sorting feature of grain size was “Not good” (σI about 1.89), as for leptokurtosis, most of the soil samples were showed by “Very narrow” (83%). The frequency curves of sediment-size distribution of 48 samples presented in 3 forms by test data showing: unimodal (25%), bimodal (50%) and multimodal (25%). The sedimentary environment was categorized as fluvial according to the calculation by Sahu discriminant. Considering the grain-size characteristic parameter, sediment-size frequency distribution and the asymmetrical sedimentary features in southern and northern slope, it was preliminarily inferred that the incipient sediment source should be including the weathered material of local rock fragments formed by frost weathering and the sand long-distance deposit by wind from the area of Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea in late glacial; and the multi-component removed and deposited by periglacial stream during a long process, and settled on the surface ground. The fractal dimension of grain size was between 2.11 to 2.39 and average on about 2.28, taking the ratio of clay and fine silt into consideration, it could be deduced that the water dynamics here was not strong. [Conclusions] And the fractal dimension, together with the environmentally sensitive grain size component, reflected that the better the land surface vegetation covered, the more significant the depletion and suppression of water erosion were. The characteristic of grain size here indicated that the intensity of water erosion was low and vegetation coverage played the vital role in the the water and soil conversation.

Keywords:periglacial landform; soil; grain size; Sahu discriminant; fractal dimension; environmentally sensitive grain size component; Mt. Laotudingzi

收稿日期：2015-05-21修回日期： 2016-01-12

第一作者簡(jiǎn)介：劉劍剛(1986—)，男，博士研究生。主要研究方向：區(qū)域生態(tài)與環(huán)境。E-mail:ljgemail@126.com ?通信 張華(1965—)，女，教授，博士生導(dǎo)師。主要研究方向：植物地理和生態(tài)恢復(fù). E-mail：zhanghua0323@sina.com

中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)：P931.4

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼：A

文章編號(hào)：1672-3007(2016)01-0036-10

DOI:10.16843/j.sswc.2016.01.005

項(xiàng)目名稱(chēng)： 國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金“遼東山地老禿頂子冰緣地貌植物群落穩(wěn)定性研究”(41271064)