徐敏麗 白莉雅 王建英 崔緒奎 張果平
摘 要:開(kāi)展綿羊多羔性狀主效基因的研究,對(duì)于揭示綿羊高繁殖力的分子機(jī)制和利用分子標(biāo)記輔助選擇迅速提高綿羊的繁殖性能有重要意義。GDF9屬于TGFβ超家族成員,它主要由卵母細(xì)胞分泌,對(duì)卵泡的生長(zhǎng)和分化、卵母細(xì)胞的減數(shù)分裂、成熟和胚胎的發(fā)育起重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用。因此,可以將GDF9基因作為綿羊繁殖性狀的候選基因來(lái)研究。本文就GDF9基因、蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)及其表達(dá)、生物學(xué)作用以及對(duì)綿羊繁殖力的影響等方面的研究進(jìn)行總結(jié)回顧,并對(duì)其應(yīng)用前景進(jìn)行展望。
關(guān)鍵詞:綿羊;多羔;GDF9
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):S826:Q754文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)號(hào):A文章編號(hào):1001-4942(2016)05-0148-06
Abstract To reveal the molecular mechanism of high sheep fecundity and improve sheep reproduction performance by marker-assisted selection, it is necessary to carry out the researches on major genes affecting sheep fecundity. As a member of TGFβ super family, GDF9 is secreted by oocyte, and plays an important role in the growth and differentiation of follicle, meiosis and maturation of oocyte, as well as embryo development. Thus GDF9 gene is considered as the candidate gene of sheep fecundity. The researches on gene structure, protein structure, expression, biological function and effects on sheep fecundity of GDF9 were summarized in this article, then its application prospect was anticipated.
Key words Sheep; Fecundity; GDF9
綿羊的繁殖性狀與經(jīng)濟(jì)效益密切相關(guān),繁殖力的高低直接影響生產(chǎn)成本。綿羊產(chǎn)羔數(shù)性狀遺傳力很低,只有0.1左右,如果僅靠簡(jiǎn)單的雜交育種和自然選擇,每個(gè)世代僅可提高約2%的產(chǎn)羔數(shù),效率很低。另外羔羊生長(zhǎng)速度與窩產(chǎn)仔數(shù)有關(guān),加上幾乎所有動(dòng)物的繁殖性狀與生長(zhǎng)速度呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系,因而影響應(yīng)用常規(guī)育種方法進(jìn)行選擇的效果和可操作性。分子標(biāo)記輔助選擇(Marker-assisted selection, MAS)能夠通過(guò)影響選擇時(shí)間、選擇強(qiáng)度以及準(zhǔn)確性而極大地提高這類(lèi)低遺傳力性狀的選擇功效,而找到影響產(chǎn)羔數(shù)的主效基因或與其連鎖的分子遺傳標(biāo)記是實(shí)現(xiàn)分子標(biāo)記輔助選擇的先決條件。開(kāi)展綿羊多羔性狀主效基因的研究,不僅可以從遺傳上闡明綿羊高繁殖力的分子機(jī)制,為通過(guò)分子標(biāo)記輔助選擇全面提高綿羊的繁殖性能提供可能,而且可以通過(guò)基因聚合、轉(zhuǎn)基因等手段為多胎綿羊品種培育提供遺傳材料,這對(duì)我國(guó)乃至全世界養(yǎng)羊業(yè)將具有十分重要的理論意義。
生長(zhǎng)分化因子9(Growth differentiation factor 9, GDF9)基因是公認(rèn)的綿羊多羔性狀主效基因之一,它的研究工作對(duì)于揭示綿羊繁殖機(jī)理和利用分子標(biāo)記輔助選擇提高羊群的繁殖性能和生產(chǎn)效益有著重要意義。GDF9屬于轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β (Transforming growth factor beta,TGFβ) 超家族成員,它是由卵母細(xì)胞分泌的一種生長(zhǎng)因子,通過(guò)旁分泌方式對(duì)卵泡的生長(zhǎng)和分化起重要調(diào)節(jié)作用[1]。GDF9基因表達(dá)水平和多態(tài)性與綿羊的繁殖力密切相關(guān)。本文就GDF9基因、蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)及其表達(dá)、作用通路、生理功能、基因表達(dá)水平和多態(tài)性對(duì)綿羊繁殖力的影響等方面的研究進(jìn)行總結(jié)回顧,并對(duì)其應(yīng)用前景進(jìn)行展望。
1 GDF9基因、蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)及表達(dá)
綿羊GDF9基因位于5號(hào)染色體上,CDS全長(zhǎng)約2.5 kb,可編碼453個(gè)氨基酸。外顯子1長(zhǎng)397 bp,外顯子2長(zhǎng)965 bp,兩個(gè)外顯子由長(zhǎng)1 125 bp的內(nèi)含子分隔開(kāi)。不同物種間GDF9基因結(jié)構(gòu)非常相似,均含有2個(gè)外顯子和1個(gè)內(nèi)含子,其同源性也較高,綿羊與人、小鼠的GDF9氨基酸序列一致性分別為77%和66%[2],這為研究不同物種GDF9基因提供了有利條件。
GDF9主要在卵巢的卵母細(xì)胞中表達(dá),其在人類(lèi)和各種動(dòng)物體內(nèi)表達(dá)的時(shí)間與定位有所不同,可能與物種間差異有關(guān),如綿羊、牛、負(fù)鼠、倉(cāng)鼠GDF9表達(dá)始于原始卵泡階段,而小鼠、大鼠和人GDF9表達(dá)始于初級(jí)卵泡階段[3]。除原始卵泡階段,GDF9的表達(dá)貫穿于綿羊卵泡發(fā)育的始終,直至排卵后仍有表達(dá),其表達(dá)時(shí)間和方式與其參與卵泡形成的啟動(dòng)和維持功能是吻合的[2],除卵母細(xì)胞外,GDF9在哺乳動(dòng)物卵巢[4]、睪丸[5~7]、垂體、子宮和骨髓[4]中亦有表達(dá)。
GDF9蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)不同于大多數(shù)TGFβ超家族生長(zhǎng)因子,它的羧基末端(C-末端)只有6個(gè)半胱氨酸(Cys),而不是TGFβ超家族保守的7或9個(gè)Cys,其中位于C-末端參與成熟蛋白二硫鍵形成的Cys被絲氨酸(Ser)替換,這表明GDF9單體可能是由非共價(jià)健連接形成的二聚體[8]。
2 GDF9的作用通路及生理功能
和TGFβ超家族其它成員一樣,GDF9也能通過(guò)與單次跨膜的絲/蘇氨酸激酶活性受體Ⅰ(Activin receptor-like kinase 5, ALK5) 、受體Ⅱ(BMP type Ⅱ receptor , BMPRⅡ)結(jié)合激活經(jīng)典的Smad2/3信號(hào)通路來(lái)實(shí)施生物學(xué)應(yīng)答。此外,GDF9還能以不依賴(lài)Smads的方式參與細(xì)胞功能的調(diào)節(jié)[9]。
在卵泡發(fā)育過(guò)程中,除了下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸間的內(nèi)分泌調(diào)節(jié)外,GDF9在調(diào)節(jié)卵泡的生長(zhǎng)分化[10,11]、促進(jìn)顆粒細(xì)胞增殖、抑制顆粒細(xì)胞[12,13]和卵泡膜細(xì)胞[14]分化、誘導(dǎo)卵丘擴(kuò)展[15]、影響卵巢類(lèi)固醇激素[13,16,17]、蛋白酶和細(xì)胞因子[15]的合成、維持穩(wěn)定的發(fā)育卵泡內(nèi)微環(huán)境中起著不可或缺的作用。敲除GDF9的小鼠由于卵泡生成的初級(jí)卵泡階段受阻從而導(dǎo)致雌性不育[16],在大鼠體內(nèi)給予GDF9能促進(jìn)原始卵泡和初級(jí)卵泡發(fā)育成小竇卵泡[10]。
GDF9還參與綿羊卵母細(xì)胞的減數(shù)分裂、成熟和胚胎發(fā)育的調(diào)控。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GDF9基因轉(zhuǎn)錄從母羊妊娠后56天開(kāi)始出現(xiàn),94天達(dá)最高水平,后逐漸降低。而56~75天胎齡時(shí),卵原細(xì)胞開(kāi)始進(jìn)入第一次減數(shù)分裂前期的細(xì)線(xiàn)期或偶線(xiàn)期,成為初級(jí)卵母細(xì)胞[18]。在綿羊卵母細(xì)胞的發(fā)育過(guò)程中,GDF9最高表達(dá)量出現(xiàn)在GV期卵母細(xì)胞,在隨后的MⅡ期卵母細(xì)胞、2細(xì)胞期、4細(xì)胞期、8細(xì)胞期、16細(xì)胞期、桑椹胚中表達(dá)量逐步下降,囊胚中檢測(cè)不到其表達(dá)[19]。
卵泡的發(fā)育和卵母細(xì)胞的逐步成熟是同步的。GDF9可通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)卵泡的發(fā)育、卵丘擴(kuò)張中關(guān)鍵酶的活性和顆粒細(xì)胞形態(tài)、數(shù)量、排列的變化影響卵母細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和成熟[15]。GDF9缺失可使卵泡中顆粒細(xì)胞Kit配體和抑制素-α的表達(dá)上調(diào),間接影響小鼠卵母細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)和成熟[14]。添加GDF9能夠提高牛[17]和豬[20]的卵母細(xì)胞成熟率。
此外,GDF9還能提高綿羊[21]、牛[17]、豬[20]和小鼠[22]等的胚胎質(zhì)量和發(fā)育能力。重組的人GDF9能夠提高牛的卵母細(xì)胞成熟率、卵裂率和克隆胚胎的囊胚形成率[17]。在豬卵母細(xì)胞體外成熟培養(yǎng)過(guò)程中,添加GDF9能顯著提高其囊胚形成率[20]。在促卵泡素(Follicle- stimulating hormone,F(xiàn)SH)和表皮生長(zhǎng)因子(Epidermal growth factor,EGF)存在下,外源的GDF9能顯著提高小鼠卵母細(xì)胞的囊胚形成率和內(nèi)細(xì)胞團(tuán)(Inner cell mass,ICM)細(xì)胞數(shù)量,15天的成活胚胎數(shù)亦有所提高[22]。
GDF9基因與FSH、骨形態(tài)形成蛋白(Bone morphogenetic protein, BMP15)等激素或生長(zhǎng)因子在動(dòng)物卵泡發(fā)育中起著協(xié)同效應(yīng)。在未分化的顆粒細(xì)胞中,GDF9可降低FSH的生物學(xué)效應(yīng),調(diào)節(jié)顆粒細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng),抑制顆粒細(xì)胞過(guò)早黃素化[12]。GDF9通過(guò)一種內(nèi)在的前列腺素E2配基受體信號(hào)途徑來(lái)改變排卵前被FSH/LH激活的顆粒細(xì)胞的分化狀態(tài),促進(jìn)顆粒細(xì)胞合成孕酮[23]。GDF9和BMP15發(fā)揮的功能因物種而異,它們一起發(fā)揮的作用與獨(dú)自所起的作用不盡相同[24]。Sugiura等[25]認(rèn)為BMP15對(duì)GDF9發(fā)揮作用起放大效應(yīng)。
除卵母細(xì)胞外,GDF9在其它性腺組織和非性腺組織中的表達(dá)暗示其可能具有更廣泛的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)。隨著研究的不斷深入,更多GDF9的新功能將被揭示出來(lái),這將為我們合理有效地利用它服務(wù)于生產(chǎn)提供很大的便利。
3 GDF9基因?qū)d羊繁殖力的影響
3.1 GDF9基因表達(dá)水平對(duì)綿羊繁殖力的影響
綿羊的排卵率對(duì)GDF9的劑量變化很敏感[26]。Crawford 等[27]認(rèn)為裸卵(Denuded oocytes, DO)中GDF9與BMP15基因表達(dá)水平的比值可能可以解釋物種間繁殖率的差異。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高產(chǎn)的湖羊群體中竇狀卵泡的GDF9基因表達(dá)量顯著高于低產(chǎn)的湖羊群體[28],至于何種因子引起GDF9表達(dá)變化進(jìn)而影響湖羊的繁殖力尚不清楚。
3.2 GDF9基因多態(tài)性對(duì)綿羊繁殖力的影響
對(duì)綿羊GDF9基因多態(tài)性的研究較多,已檢測(cè)到的突變有15個(gè)(表1),有8個(gè)突變位點(diǎn)影響一些綿羊品種的排卵率或產(chǎn)羔數(shù),其中有3個(gè)突變位點(diǎn)(Fec GH、Fec TT、Fec GV)的突變雜合子排卵率高于野生型,而突變純合子是不育的。這可能是通過(guò)影響GDF9成熟蛋白的形成[29]、GDF9形成二聚體的能力[30]以及GDF9與ALK5[31,32]、BMPRⅡ[33]的結(jié)合來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
在有的綿羊品種中,GDF9多態(tài)性與其它多羔性狀基因多態(tài)性同時(shí)存在,已發(fā)現(xiàn)Belclare/Cambridge、Lacaune、小尾寒羊和Garole四個(gè)綿羊品種都同時(shí)存在多羔性狀基因BMPRIB 和GDF9的多態(tài)性[34]。
4 GDF9基因在綿羊業(yè)上的應(yīng)用前景
4.1 超排藥物的替代品
為充分發(fā)揮優(yōu)良母羊的繁殖潛力,畜牧生產(chǎn)上常進(jìn)行超數(shù)排卵處理。對(duì)促性腺激素不依賴(lài)階段的卵泡進(jìn)行超排是影響超排效果好壞的關(guān)鍵。隨著對(duì)GDF9和BMP15作用機(jī)理的認(rèn)識(shí)和體外重組技術(shù)的成熟,可從臨床上對(duì)兩個(gè)發(fā)育階段的卵泡進(jìn)行人為干預(yù),減少促性腺激素的用量,使促排卵方案更加合理[50]。
4.2 在綿羊育種中的應(yīng)用和注意事項(xiàng)
對(duì)影響綿羊繁殖力的GDF9基因突變進(jìn)行分子標(biāo)記輔助選擇,或人為導(dǎo)入GDF9突變均可提高綿羊排卵率和產(chǎn)羔數(shù)。但由于有不少BMP15或GDF9突變純合子是不育的,所以在利用這些突變時(shí)需要對(duì)育種計(jì)劃進(jìn)行仔細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)[51]。
在利用雜合子優(yōu)勢(shì)積累高產(chǎn)基因型提高母羊繁殖力時(shí),對(duì)群體的突變基因頻率需加以適度控制,突變基因的平衡效率在0.11和0.23之間是已報(bào)道的最高的多態(tài)性[52]。
在養(yǎng)羊生產(chǎn)上,利用雜合子優(yōu)勢(shì)進(jìn)行留種時(shí),為防止遺傳漂變,群體不要過(guò)小,否則會(huì)改變等位基因頻率,引起近交衰退[53]。
多胎性狀具有加性效應(yīng),不同多胎主效基因間互作可有增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)。利用基因聚合育種手段同時(shí)將多個(gè)多羔性狀主效基因集中在一個(gè)品種上,其生產(chǎn)水平就越高,對(duì)于人類(lèi)社會(huì)的貢獻(xiàn)就越大。所以在利用GDF9提高綿羊繁殖能力時(shí),可考慮同時(shí)利用或?qū)肫渌喔嵝誀钪餍Щ颉?/p>
雜合子優(yōu)勢(shì)的發(fā)揮還依賴(lài)于環(huán)境條件,在惡劣的環(huán)境條件下,這種優(yōu)勢(shì)體現(xiàn)不出來(lái)。所以在養(yǎng)羊生產(chǎn)中,為充分發(fā)揮其優(yōu)勢(shì),需進(jìn)行良好的飼養(yǎng)管理。另外雜合子的選擇系數(shù)與生產(chǎn)水平有關(guān),在集約化生產(chǎn)中雜合子的選擇系數(shù)為0.068,而在惡劣條件下,野生型選擇系數(shù)為0.008左右[52]。
4.3 未來(lái)研究方向
多羔主效基因的發(fā)現(xiàn)為人們研究畜禽的遺傳育種工作提供了新的思路,引起了國(guó)內(nèi)外科研工作者的研究熱情,綿羊GDF9基因的研究工作取得了不少進(jìn)展。外源性生長(zhǎng)因子的應(yīng)用和高產(chǎn)GDF9基因型的定向誘導(dǎo),可人為干預(yù)綿羊的繁殖力,對(duì)畜牧業(yè)的增產(chǎn)大有裨益,但是還有很多機(jī)制尚需進(jìn)一步闡明。如GDF9通過(guò)Ser/Thr激酶受體激活Smad2/3信號(hào)通路來(lái)調(diào)控靶基因的表達(dá),但是什么信號(hào)調(diào)控GDF9的表達(dá)尚不明確;不同綿羊品種高繁殖力性狀與GDF9基因的不同突變密切相關(guān),這些突變是否引起蛋白空間構(gòu)象變化,它們是否以及如何影響蛋白質(zhì)的翻譯后修飾過(guò)程尚不明了;以及GDF9與BMP15如何發(fā)揮協(xié)同作用產(chǎn)生加性效應(yīng)的尚不可知。今后應(yīng)針對(duì)這些問(wèn)題展開(kāi)進(jìn)一步的研究。
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