張惠鋒 楊慧芬 杜芳 郝亮
[摘要] 目的 探討非腫塊的乳腺導管原位癌(DCIS)的MRI表現(xiàn)與病理分級之間的相關性。 方法 回顧性分析我院2012年9月~2015年9月經手術病理證實的DCIS 67例患者并與MRI影像表現(xiàn)進行對照分析。 結果 在67例DCIS病例中,乳腺導管原位癌的非腫塊樣強化以線樣(34.3%)和局灶(26.8%)強化為主,兩組的病理VanNuys分級以Ⅲ級為主,各占26.8%和17.9%。組內差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。內部強化特征以混雜(38.8%)和均勻(31.3%)強化為主,兩者病理分級分別以Ⅲ級(31.3%)和Ⅱ級(14.9%)為主,組內差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。曲線類型以平臺型21(31.3%)和廓清型(58.2%)為主,病理分級廓清型以Ⅲ級(58.2%)為主,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。 結論 非腫塊樣DCIS MRI的形態(tài)、強化特征和曲線類型與病理分級有密切相關性。
[關鍵詞] 乳腺導管原位癌;磁共振成像;BI-RADS;病理分級
[中圖分類號] R737.9;R445.2 [文獻標識碼] B [文章編號] 1673-9701(2016)06-0084-04
Comparison between magnetic resonance and pathology in ductal carcinoma in situ patients
ZHANG Huifeng1 YANG Huifen2 DU Fang1 HAO Liang1
1.Department of Radiology,Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Hangzhou 310007,China;2.Department of Breast Surgery,Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Hangzhou 310007,China
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the correlation between characteristics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) and pathological classification, ductal carcinoma in situ(DCIS) patients were observed. Methods Sixty seven DCIS patients verified by surgery pathology from September, 2012 to September, 2015 were retrospectively analysed, and were compared to characteristics of MRI image. Results In 67 cases, non-masslike enhancement lesions were observed mainly. 34.3% of linear ductal enhancement and 26.8% focal enhancement occupied among the non-masslike enhancement lesions, respectively. And the corresponding rate of pathological VanNuys classification was 26.8% and 17.9% respectively. Intra group statistical significance was approached. 38.8% of mixed reinforcement and 31.3% of homogeneous enhancement occupied in internal schedule of reinforcement. The Ⅲ pathology grade occupied 31.3% and Ⅱ grade accounted for 14.9%. Intra group statistical significance was approached in Ⅲ pathology grade, meanwhile,no significance was found in Ⅱ pathology grade. Platform 21 type(31.3%) and dissection(58.2%) type mainly showed in the dynamic enhancement curves, with Ⅲ pathology grade(58.2%) majorly found among dissection type. Statistical significance was approached. Conclusion Closely correlation between characteristics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) and pathological classification was approached in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) patients, in non-masslike enhancement lesions, internal schedule of reinforcement.
[Key words] DCIS;MRI;BI-RADS;Pathology grade
乳腺癌發(fā)病率有逐年上升的趨勢[1],乳腺癌最常見的病理類型為浸潤性乳腺導管癌,它一般由于乳腺導管原位癌(ductal carcinoma in situ,DCIS)未被及早發(fā)現(xiàn),逐步發(fā)展而成[2]。研究表明,病理學上,高級別的DCIS發(fā)展為浸潤性導管癌和局部復發(fā)的危險性顯著高于非高級別[3,4],因此如何早期發(fā)現(xiàn)乳腺導管原位癌以及如何進一步分析MRI表現(xiàn)與病理學分級的相關性成為臨床迫切解決的問題。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
回顧性分析我院2012年9月~2015年9月經術后病理證實的單純性DCIS 67例,所有患者術前均行過乳腺MR動態(tài)增強掃描檢查,患者均為女性,年齡35~75歲,平均(56.37±13.42)歲。臨床均未捫及腫塊,局部皮膚增厚8例,乳頭溢血性液6例,僅表現(xiàn)局部脹痛4例,其余49例均無明顯臨床癥狀。
1.2 設備與檢查方法
磁共振檢查采用Philip Intera 1.5T雙梯度超導磁共振成像系統(tǒng)?;颊吒┡P于專用乳腺八通道相控陣表面線圈上,使雙側乳房自然懸垂于線圈洞穴內。掃描參數(shù):TSE-T1WI ,TR764 ms,TE7.2 ms,層厚3 mm,層間距0.6 mm,F(xiàn)OV340×340 mm,矩陣312×442;TSE-T2WI,TR5100 ms,TE115 ms,層厚3,層間距0.6,F(xiàn)OV340×340 mm,矩陣378×510;Tirm-T2WI TR4500 ms,TE64 ms,層厚3,層間距0.6 mm,F(xiàn)OV340×340 mm,矩陣314×320;DWI采用EPI序列,TR11780 ms,TE75 ms,層厚3 mm,層間距0.6 mm,F(xiàn)OV340×340 mm,矩陣230×175,b值0,500,700,1000 s/mm2;動態(tài)增強掃描采用Flash-3D 脂肪抑制T1WITR5.2 ms,TE1.6 ms,層厚1 mm,層間距0 mm,F(xiàn)OV340×340 mm,矩陣320×342,翻轉角(FA)10°,相位編碼為左右方向,單期掃描時間約為60 s,共掃描6個期像,第一與第二期像掃描間隔30 s,增強采集時間416 s。增強掃描經肘正中靜脈留置靜脈留置針,0.2 mL/kg,經高壓注射器注射釓噴酸葡胺(GD-DTPA),速率0.2 mL/s。
1.3 影像資料分析及病理學分級
磁共振影像分析是由2名專門從事乳腺研究的放射科醫(yī)師,在確定DCIS但不知病理分級的情況下,根據(jù)磁共振成像乳腺影像報告與數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)(BI-RADS)(第5版,2013年)的標準進行影像描述[5]。描述包括,病灶形態(tài)、強化特征、信號強度-時間曲線特征[6]。DCIS形態(tài)為非腫塊樣強化(NME)局灶、線樣、葉段、區(qū)域、多區(qū)域、彌漫[7];內部強化特征為均勻、混雜、集叢狀、簇環(huán)狀;信號強度-時間曲線分為增強早期和延遲期,增強早期為第一個2 min或在曲線趨勢開始改變時的強化模式,分為慢、中等、快速,延遲期為2 min后或在曲線開始變化后的強化模式,分為流入型、平臺型、廓清型[8]。病理分級:根據(jù)細胞核的形態(tài)及有無壞死的VanNuys組織學分級,組織病理學上根據(jù)細胞核的異型程度、管腔內壞死、核分裂象和鈣化將DCIS分為Ⅰ~Ⅲ級別[9]。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學處理
采用SPSS14.0統(tǒng)計學軟件進行分析,計數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結果
67例DCIS病例非腫塊樣強化中,按照新版BI-ARDS標準進行影像描述中非腫塊樣強化以線樣(34.3%)(封三圖5)和局灶(26.8%)強化為主,兩者的病理VanNuys分級以Ⅲ級為主各占26.8%和17.9%,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。強化特征以混雜強化(38.8%)和均勻強化(31.3%)為主,兩者病理分級分別以Ⅲ級(31.3%)和Ⅱ級(14.9%)為主,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。彌散加權圖像顯示為明顯的彌散受限特征(封三圖6)。曲線類型以平臺型21(31.3%)和廓清型(58.2%)為主(封三圖7、8),病理分級廓清型以Ⅲ級(38.8%)為主,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
表1 67例DCIS的NME和病理學分級相關性[n(%)]
3 討論
乳腺導管原位癌指癌細胞只出現(xiàn)在上皮層內,而未破壞基底膜,或侵入其下的間質或真皮組織.更沒有發(fā)生浸潤和遠處轉移[10]。多發(fā)生于終末導管小葉單位,通常起源于一個導管束,可沿導管進行播散,是乳腺癌較常見的類型之一,也是浸潤性乳腺癌的早期階段[11]。治愈率高,復發(fā)率低。因此早期發(fā)現(xiàn)、早期診斷成為臨床刻不容緩的需求。乳腺X線攝影作為一種乳腺疾病常規(guī)篩查手段,對于DCIS檢出以微鈣化為主要表現(xiàn),然而對于乳腺呈致密型的腺體組織,這種微鈣化顯示率不到10%,限制其在DCIS檢出率[12]。磁共振檢查雖然費用高、時間長是其不足外,但是其無輻射、高清的軟組織分辨率、多角度成像、多參數(shù)成像的優(yōu)勢是其他檢查設備無法替代的。隨著磁共振技術的不斷發(fā)展,超高場磁共振廣泛應用于臨床后,動態(tài)增強技術、彌散加權成像以及軟件的發(fā)展帶來減影技術、動態(tài)曲線的獲取,從而對乳腺的檢查優(yōu)勢越來越明顯,所以磁共振對乳腺病變的輔助診斷已經越來越廣泛地應用于臨床,尤其對于DCIS病例以非腫塊表現(xiàn)為主,磁共振發(fā)揮了乳腺X線攝影無法取代的作用[13]。DCIS患者的病理VanNuys組織學分級是臨床判斷惡性程度及預后的可靠指標,是預示是否復發(fā)和臨床放療化療治療的評判手段之一。高級別的分類具有較高的浸潤趨勢,腫瘤切除術后有較高的復發(fā)率且高級別DCIS術后復發(fā)時間顯著短于非高級別類型[14]。如能在手術前明確診斷,將為臨床個性化治療提供重要的參考依據(jù)。如果術前可以借助影像學手段來無創(chuàng)性提供較為確切的病理分級標準,對臨床醫(yī)師手術方式的選擇提供了不可或缺的指導手段。
磁共振的形態(tài)、強化特征和曲線類型是否與病理分級相關報道并不一致,但多數(shù)的報道均與Rahbar等[15]報道的一致。MRI動態(tài)增強表現(xiàn)與不同核級別相關,高級別DCIS更容易出現(xiàn)惡性病變的強化模式,而非高核級別則很少出現(xiàn)。病理基礎考慮腫瘤血管化程度、血管壁對對比劑的滲透性及腫瘤間質內壓力三方面因素[16]。本研究對病理為Ⅲ級的病變明顯高于Ⅰ級和Ⅱ級的病變,并且形態(tài)集中表現(xiàn)在線樣和局灶,而強化方式也以混雜為主,曲線類型以廓清型為特征??赡苡捎谀[瘤的細胞異形性明顯,細胞沿著導管壁或導管局部異常增生性生長,且腫瘤的細胞致密,間質減少,毛細血管內皮不完整,存在通透性增高,動-靜脈的分流加劇,導致混雜的強化模式和曲線類型呈廓清型表現(xiàn)為主。但是仍不能忽視的問題是DCIS本身就有導管內膜生長,而未突破基底膜的病變,其形態(tài)和強化模式及曲線類型分類在其他類型不占優(yōu)勢,導致其他類型的樣本數(shù)量過小,可能無法得到真實的統(tǒng)計學意義。
擴散加權成像是目前唯一能觀察活體分子微觀運動的成像方法,在乳腺病變鑒別診斷中具有較高價值[17,18]。乳腺的彌散加權圖像及ADC值的測定目前臨床應用比較廣泛,對乳腺良惡性的判斷起到不可低估的作用。有學者證實乳腺癌患者的彌散受限程度即ADC值與其細胞的致密度呈明顯正相關[19-21]。本組DCIS患者的彌散明顯受限,在彌散加權圖像上呈明顯高信號。
綜上所述,DCIS在MRI表現(xiàn)為非腫塊樣強化為主。磁共振的形態(tài)、強化特征和曲線類型與病理分級有差異。MRI在DCIS的組織學分級有優(yōu)勢作用,有著臨床應用價值,但其準確性還要等巨大的樣本量進一步支持。
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(收稿日期:2015-10-08)