[摘要]潘喬·弗拉迪蓋羅夫是保加利亞最著名的作曲家、指揮家、鋼琴家及音樂教育家。他青年時代在德國接受了系統(tǒng)的專業(yè)音樂教育，并在柏林歌劇院擔任了十余年的指揮，同時創(chuàng)作了大量的作品，并作為鋼琴家活躍于歐洲舞臺。二戰(zhàn)時期拒絕了美國方面提出的優(yōu)厚條件毅然返回祖國，終生致力于保加利亞的音樂教育事業(yè)以及民族音樂的創(chuàng)作與傳播，為保加利亞音樂的發(fā)展奠定了堅實的基礎(chǔ)。

[關(guān)鍵詞]保加利亞音樂；弗拉迪蓋羅夫；創(chuàng)作年代；鋼琴作品

保加利亞是歐洲一個具有悠久文化的國家，音樂文化在其國家歷史的發(fā)展中具有悠久的傳統(tǒng)，其中集作曲家、鋼琴家、指揮家及教育家于一身的潘喬

？偊b 弗拉迪蓋羅夫（1899—1978），是近代以來保加利亞音樂的代表人物，是“保加利亞當代音樂與音樂基礎(chǔ)理論學會”創(chuàng)始人之一。因其對保加利亞音樂事業(yè)的巨大貢獻，曾經(jīng)獲得過三次“格奧爾基·季米特洛夫”獎。他是保加利亞音樂家的重要代表之一，成為保加利亞音樂的象征。

關(guān)于潘喬

？偊b 弗拉迪蓋羅夫的創(chuàng)作和生活，可以分為五個時期。五個時期中，創(chuàng)作作曲占了相當重要的地位。同時也包括他作為鋼琴演奏家的成就，以及長時間在保加利亞索菲亞國立音樂學院擔任鋼琴教師和作曲教師的經(jīng)歷。

一、1913-1920 在德國學習時期

1913—1920年是其在德國學習時期。弗拉迪蓋羅夫在柏林藝術(shù)學院學習鋼琴和作曲，寫了第一號作品《D大調(diào)鋼琴與小提琴奏鳴曲》，并憑借《第一鋼琴協(xié)奏曲》作品6，榮獲了“門德爾松獎”。之后，他憑《Three Impressions for Orchestra》（作品第9號），第二次獲得“門德爾松獎”，并重回柏林藝術(shù)學院繼續(xù)他的學習。

二、1920-1932在德國柏林歌劇院時期

在德國時，In 1920， Pancho Vladigerov started work as a composer and musical director at Deutsches Theatre， Berlin， having been invited by the great German producer Max Reinhardt.在在在弗拉迪蓋羅夫接受著名的制作人馬克思

？偊b 萊恩哈特的邀請，加入德意志歌劇院，擔任作曲和音樂總監(jiān)。他為這個歌劇院寫了9部作品，He also wrote his first piece of incidental music for Bernard Shaw's play .還為蕭伯納的戲劇《凱撒和克婁巴特拉》創(chuàng)作了第一部配樂。In 1921， the Vienna Philharmonic performed his， dedicated to his brother， Lyuben.1921年，維也納愛樂樂團演出了他的《第一小提琴協(xié)奏曲》。In 1922， he signed a contract for publication of his works with the prestigious music publisher Universal Edition.1922年，他與著名的音樂出版商Universal Edition簽署了一份合同，發(fā)表他的作品《瓦達爾小提琴與鋼琴狂想曲》。這部作品充分體現(xiàn)了弗拉迪蓋羅夫This piece became emblematic of Vladigerov's creativity and established itself as the most popular， performed and published composer's work.這部作品充分體現(xiàn)了這部的創(chuàng)造力，是被多次演出和出版的經(jīng)典之作。In 1923， in January， the rhapsody received its premiere in Bulgaria.1923年1月份，此曲在保加利亞進行公演。In 1926， Vladigerov was one of the organisers of the First Bulgarian Musical Festival in Varna.1926年，他成為第一屆保加利亞瓦爾納音樂節(jié)的組織人之一。There he performed his own concerto and made his debut as a conductor.在那里，他作為鋼琴家演奏了自己的協(xié)奏曲，并首次作為指揮家登臺。之后，In 1927， he wrote 之后之后他創(chuàng)作了《保加利亞組曲》，被授予圣亞歷山大的榮譽勛章。was first performed at the Festival of Bulgarian Music in Prague.1928年，在布拉格舉行的保加利亞音樂節(jié)上，管弦樂團首次演奏了《瓦達爾狂想曲》，得到了熱烈的反響，此曲It became very popular to the general public.成為深受大家喜愛的作品，并由In 1929， the first gramophone records of， produced by the recording company Deutsche Grammophon， were released，并 并由著名的DG公司錄制發(fā)行。他的《第二鋼琴協(xié)奏曲》也是完成于這個時期。

In 1930， Pancho Vladigerov wrote his他的

三、1932-1945 重回保加利亞

這個時期的創(chuàng)作逐漸走向鼎盛，進入創(chuàng)作的高產(chǎn)期。1932年，索非亞音樂學院聘請他擔任兼職鋼琴教師，并為大型交響樂團創(chuàng)作了音樂會序曲《地球》He worked as a part-time teacher in piano， composition， and chamber music at the Academy of Music in SofiaIn 1933， his son Alexander was born。成為The young composer was also invited to join the jury at the International Competition for Singers and Instrumentalists in Vienna.He was a co-founder of the Contemporary Music Association and Union of Young Bulgarian Compos“當代音樂協(xié)會”和“保加利亞作曲家聯(lián)盟”的共同創(chuàng)辦人之一。In 1936， on April 20， his only opera Tsar Kaloyan with a libretto by Fani Popova-Mutafova and Nikolay Liliev had its premiere at the Sofia National Opera House.1936年4月20日，他唯一的歌劇《Tsar Kaloyan》在索非亞國家歌劇院進行了首演。In 1937， Tsar Kaloyan received its European premiere at the stages of opera houses in Bratislava and Ljubljana.1937年，他的作品《Tsar Kaloyan》在捷克的布拉迪斯拉發(fā)和斯洛文尼亞共和國的首都盧布爾雅那歌劇院進行了演出。On October 3， 1937， Vladigerov performed as a soloist his Concerto for Piano and Orchestra № 3 in a concert organized on the occasion of the official opening of Bulgaria Concert Hall in Sofia.1937年10月3日，弗拉迪蓋羅夫在索非亞的保加利亞音樂廳正式開幕之日，獨奏了《第三鋼琴協(xié)奏曲》。In 1938， Vladigerov was invited as a member of the Permanent Council for International Cooperation of Composers in Europe， chaired by Richard Straus1938年，弗拉迪蓋羅夫應(yīng)邀成為歐洲國際作曲家聯(lián)盟的永久理事會員，他是此組織中唯一的保加利亞代表（主席為理查

？偊b 施特勞斯）。He was the only Bulgarian representative in this organization until 1942.In 1938， he was a member of juries in international competitions in Brussels and Stuttgart.同年，The same year he wrote his Symphony № 1 for large symphony orchestra， dedicated to the Austrian composer and music theoretician Joseph Marx.童 同年In 1939， the premiere of Vladigerov's Symphony № 1 was performed by the Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra， conducted by Mihajlo Vukdragovi■.貝爾格萊德愛樂樂團首演弗拉迪蓋羅夫的《第一交響曲》。In 1940， Pancho Vladigerov became a full-time teacher in piano， composition and chamber music at the State Academy of Music.1940年，弗拉迪蓋羅夫成為索菲亞國家音樂學院的全職鋼琴教師，保加利亞鋼琴家阿列克西斯·魏森伯格當時就是他的學生。

此外，他還進行作曲和室內(nèi)樂創(chuàng)作。1In 1941， A Lexicon of Jews in Music was published in Be941年，《A Lexicon of Jews in Music》在柏林出版。Until 1944， due to World War II， he restricted his contacts on and travel to the Balkans.His works were performed in concert halls in Bucharest， Athens， Belgrade， Ljubljana and Zagreb.他的作品被廣泛演奏在布加勒斯特、雅典、貝爾格萊德、盧布爾雅那和薩格勒布等地。He wrote his Romanian Opuses： Four Romanian Symphonic Dances and Two Romanian Symphonic Sketches .他還創(chuàng)作了具有羅馬尼亞風格的管弦樂作品《四首羅馬尼亞交響舞曲》和《兩首羅馬尼亞交響素描》。

四、1945-1969 創(chuàng)作成熟時期

In 1946， the honorary title National Artist of Bulgaria was conferred on Pancho Vladigerov.1946年，弗拉迪蓋羅夫被授予保加利亞的“國家藝術(shù)家”榮譽稱號。He was rewarded with the Order of Merit （Third Class）.他還獲得了榮譽勛章（第三級）。He wrote A Legend about the Lake ， a ballet in three acts with a libretto by Ivan Genov and Nina Anisimova.他創(chuàng)作了《傳奇的湖泊》，三幕芭蕾舞劇Its premiere was in 1962.。In 1947， he composed Suite № 1 for orchestra from the music to the ballet A Legend about the Lake .1947年，他把創(chuàng)作的《第一組曲》編寫成芭蕾舞《湖的傳說》。In 1948， Vladigerov did his first big concert tour in the Scandinavian countries and Russia.In 1949， he wrote his Symphony № 2 “May” for string orchestra.1949年，他為弦樂團編寫了《第二交響曲“五月”》。 In 1950， on February 11， a concert and celebration of the composer's 50th anniversary were held.1950年2月11日，舉行了一場音樂會來慶祝作曲家的50周年誕辰。為了表彰他為保加利亞音樂文化發(fā)展所做出的巨大貢獻，He was presented with a Dimitrov Award （First Class） for his significant works and contribution to the development of Bulgarian musical culture as well as with the Insignia of Honour of the Sofia City State Council （Second Class）.他被授予“季米特洛夫獎”以及“索非亞市榮譽徽章”。In 1952， Pancho wrote his Jewish poem， dedicated to his grandfather Leon Pasternak.1952年，弗拉迪蓋羅夫創(chuàng)作了《猶太音詩》。隨后，He was reappointed a full-time teacher in composition.他被重新任命為保加利亞索菲亞國立音樂學院全職作曲教師。In 1953， he received the Dimitrov Award for a second time for his Jewish Poem .1953年，《猶太音詩》為他帶來第二次“季米特洛夫獎”。In 1954， he composed the incidental music for Orlin Vassilev's play Happiness ， staged at the Youth Theatre in Sofia.1954年，他為奧爾林

？偊b 瓦西列夫的《Happiness》這出戲編寫了配樂，在索菲亞青年劇院上演。In 1956， he was a member of the jury at the Franz Liszt Competition in Budapest.1956年，他作為評委之一，參加了在布達佩斯舉辦的“弗朗茲

？偊b 李斯特”比賽。In 1957， he was a member of the jury in the piano competition at the International Youth Festival in Moscow.1957年，他作為評委之一，參加了在莫斯科舉行的“國際青年鋼琴比賽”。In 1959， on April 9， Vladigerov's 60th anniversary was celebrated.1959年4月9日，弗拉迪蓋羅夫慶祝60歲生日，He was awarded the Order of the Republic of Bulgaria （First Class） and the Insignia of Honour of Sofia （First Class）.被授予“保加利亞共和國勛章”和“索非亞榮譽徽章”。The same year Vladigerov was invited to join the jury at the Ferruccio Busoni Piano Competition in Bolzano.同年，弗拉迪蓋羅夫應(yīng)邀參加在博爾扎諾舉行的“法魯奇奧

？偊b 布索尼”鋼琴比賽。In 1962， the opera Tsar Kaloyan ， remade by the author， was staged once more time at the Russe National Opera.1962年，歌劇《Tsar Kaloyan》重新制作，在Russe國家歌劇院再一次上演。In 1963， he wrote his Concerto for Piano and Orchestra № 5 ， dedicated to his wife Elka.1963年，他譜寫了《第五鋼琴協(xié)奏曲》。The Sofia National Opera performed the ballet A Legend about the Lake in Barcelona.索非亞國家歌劇院芭蕾舞團在巴塞羅那演出了他的舞劇《湖的傳說》。In 1967， the honorary title Hero of Soviet Labour and the Order of Georgi Dimitrov were conferred on him.1967年，他獲得“蘇聯(lián)勞動英雄”的榮譽稱號以及“季米特洛夫勛章”。In 1968， Vladigerov completed his Second Violin Concerto ， dedicated to Dina Schneiderman.1968年，弗拉迪蓋羅夫完成了他的《第二小提琴協(xié)奏曲》，因He received the prestigious Gottfried von Herder Prize of the University of Vienna for special contribution to the development of East European arts and cultural heritage.他為東歐藝術(shù)和文化發(fā)展所做出的特殊貢獻，被授予維也納大學的“Gottfried won Herder獎”。

In 1969， his 70th anniversary was celebrated in Sofia， Shumen and Russe.

五、1970-1978 晚年In 1972， Pancho Vladigerov wrote .時期

1973年，弗拉迪蓋羅夫憑借《Lyulin Impressions》In 1973， the Prize of Sofia was bestowed upon him for his Lyulin Impressions .榮獲“索非亞獎”。In 1974， for a third time he was awarded the Order of Georgi Dimitrov for his 75th anniversar1974年，75歲生日時，第三次被授予“季米特洛夫勛章”。On May 27， his anniversary was officially celebrated by a concert of the Bulgarian National Radio Symphony Orchestra， conducted by Alexander VladigerovThe anniversary was celebrated again in Shumen and Russe， Vienna and Moscow.舒門和Russe、維也納和莫斯科也都舉行了慶祝活動。他被授予“索非亞榮譽市民”“舒門The titles Honorary Citizen of Sofia， Honorary Citizen of Shumen， and Honorary Citizen of Gabrovo were conferred on him.榮譽市民”和“加布羅沃榮譽市民”的稱號。In 1975， Tsar Kaloyan was staged at the Sofia National Opera House.1975年，《Tsar Kaloyan》在索非亞國家歌劇院上演。From 1976 to 1977， Vladigerov devoted all his time to working on transcriptions of his pieces for two pianos， motivated by his interest in such a type of composing and inspired by the Julia and Constantine Ganevi Piano Duo.從1976年到1977年，弗拉迪蓋羅夫把所有時間都投入到改編雙鋼琴曲。他完成了14部手稿他完成了13。From 1972 to 1978， Vladigerov wrote six short piano opuses with their own programme titles， which he dedicated to his favourite students and interpreters.從1972年到1978年，他寫了6個短作品。《Three The last cycle Three Bagatelles ， op.最后Bagatelles》（作品70號）是他1978年7月14日完成的，這是他創(chuàng)作生涯中最后一部作品。

弗拉迪蓋羅夫的鋼琴作品創(chuàng)作數(shù)量繁多，體裁廣泛，貫穿其創(chuàng)作的各個時期。所創(chuàng)作的鋼琴音樂作品中，將保加利亞民族音樂調(diào)性、和聲、節(jié)奏及交響性等創(chuàng)作元素融入了現(xiàn)代作曲技法，使其作品在藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作水平及思想內(nèi)容和民族性的表現(xiàn)等方面達到了極高的成就，也為保加利亞音樂的發(fā)展奠定了堅實的基礎(chǔ)。

[參考文獻]

[1] 克雷斯臺夫.保加利亞音樂[M].姚念賡，譯.上海：新音樂出版社，1954.

[2] 王耀華.外國民族音樂[M].上海：上海音樂出版社，2008.

[收稿日期]2016—06—23

[作者簡介]劉崇曉（1983— ），男，山東青島人，碩士，武漢音樂學院講師。（武漢 430060）

（責任編輯：邢曉萌）