張志岐 王瑞國(guó) 張 維 王培龍 蘇曉鷗(中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與檢測(cè)技術(shù)研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京100081)
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脫氧雪腐鐮刀菌烯醇的代謝特征
張志岐王瑞國(guó)張維王培龍?zhí)K曉鷗?
(中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與檢測(cè)技術(shù)研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京100081)
摘要:脫氧雪腐鐮刀菌烯醇(DON)對(duì)以谷物為基礎(chǔ)的食物和飼料的污染是一個(gè)全球性問(wèn)題,嚴(yán)重危害了人和動(dòng)物的健康。DON在人和動(dòng)物體內(nèi)的代謝特征是開(kāi)展DON暴露評(píng)估、毒性作用機(jī)制和干預(yù)技術(shù)等研究的基礎(chǔ)。近年來(lái)有關(guān)DON的吸收、分布、代謝和排泄等毒物動(dòng)力學(xué)的研究引起了國(guó)內(nèi)外廣泛關(guān)注。本文將DON代謝特征的最新進(jìn)展進(jìn)行了全面的綜述。
關(guān)鍵詞:脫氧雪腐鐮刀菌烯醇;毒物動(dòng)力學(xué);代謝
脫氧雪腐鐮刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)是由禾谷鐮刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)產(chǎn)生的次級(jí)代謝產(chǎn)物[1],在以谷物小麥、大麥、燕麥、玉米等為基礎(chǔ)的食物和飼料中普遍存在,并且谷物中DON的污染程度與降水、花期濕度和儲(chǔ)存條件密切相關(guān)[2]。DON是世界上分布最廣泛、污染最嚴(yán)重的霉菌毒素之一[3-10],DON污染已成為飼料和食品安全的重要問(wèn)題。DON可以影響腸道、免疫系統(tǒng)和神經(jīng)組織細(xì)胞的活性和功能,引起包括嘔吐、厭食、腹痛、腹瀉、頭痛和頭暈等癥狀,導(dǎo)致機(jī)體營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良、免疫功能障礙和生長(zhǎng)抑制,甚至導(dǎo)致休克以致死亡。這不僅嚴(yán)重危害人和動(dòng)物的健康,還給養(yǎng)殖業(yè)帶來(lái)巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失[11-14]。分析谷物及飼料中的DON水平是從源頭控制DON污染的有效途徑,而其代謝產(chǎn)物是DON暴露的有效生物標(biāo)志物[15-16]。生理樣本如血液、尿液和組織器官可以作為DON中毒重要的診斷靶標(biāo),因此有關(guān)DON的毒物動(dòng)力學(xué)研究引起了國(guó)內(nèi)外廣泛關(guān)注。本文將DON代謝特征的最新進(jìn)展進(jìn)行了全面綜述。
DON對(duì)以谷物為基礎(chǔ)的食物和飼料的污染是一個(gè)全球性問(wèn)題。在歐洲針對(duì)飼料樣品中DON污染調(diào)查研究發(fā)現(xiàn),約有57%的飼料樣品存在DON污染,且污染水平為91~5 000 μg/ kg[17]。針對(duì)82個(gè)3種不同基質(zhì)(母豬飼料、小麥和玉米)的飼料樣品調(diào)查研究表明,有67種受到DON污染,污染最高水平約為9 528 μg/ kg[18]。而歐盟設(shè)定谷物中DON的最高限量為1 250 μg/ kg。西班牙、捷克和南非等國(guó)家以谷物為基礎(chǔ)的食品也普遍被DON污染,不同國(guó)家和地區(qū)DON污染情況見(jiàn)表1。此外,食物中的DON可經(jīng)動(dòng)物和人的排泄物通過(guò)排污系統(tǒng)污染水源[19],造成潛在的環(huán)境污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
DON又名嘔吐毒素,屬單端孢霉烯族類毒素[1],化學(xué)名稱為12,13-環(huán)氧-3,7,15-三羥基單端孢霉-9-烯-8-酮,物理狀態(tài)為無(wú)色針狀結(jié)晶,為極性化合物,易溶于水和極性有機(jī)溶劑(圖1)。由于DON在350℃高溫下化學(xué)性質(zhì)仍穩(wěn)定,不受加工和烹飪過(guò)程影響而遍及整個(gè)食物鏈[2,20]。這類小倍半萜類化合物C12和C13位置上的環(huán)氧基團(tuán)對(duì)于DON的毒性至關(guān)重要,它可能與細(xì)胞中蛋白質(zhì)的氨基、羧基和羥基相互作用,結(jié)合核糖體引起核糖體應(yīng)激并激活各種蛋白激酶而產(chǎn)生毒性[21-28]。
表1 DON污染的地區(qū)分布及污染特征Table 1 DON contamination area distribution and contamination characteristics
圖1 DON的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)Fig.1 The chemical structure of DON
3.1DON的吸收
毒物動(dòng)力學(xué)研究結(jié)果顯示,DON經(jīng)口服后可以穿過(guò)機(jī)體小腸屏障被迅速吸收,進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)并分布至外周各器官[24]。尤其DON還可以穿過(guò)血腦屏障(blood-brain barrier,BBB)分布至中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)[24]。
3.1.1DON穿過(guò)小腸屏障
DON的毒性源于其可以穿過(guò)生物屏障,進(jìn)而影響器官中細(xì)胞的活性和功能。DON攝入后首先穿過(guò)腸道屏障。動(dòng)物和人消化道中寄居細(xì)菌共生微生物,可以保護(hù)宿主免受病原微生物和毒素的侵害[29-30]。小腸對(duì)DON的吸收具有很大的物種差異性,分別為豬(82%)>雞(19%)>綿羊(5.9%~9.9%)>牛(1%)[31-34],這主要與小腸前后寄生菌群的分布有關(guān)[35-37]。
DON進(jìn)入反芻動(dòng)物和禽類小腸之前會(huì)接觸較高濃度的微生物,并且被代謝成脫毒產(chǎn)物去環(huán)氧脫氧雪腐鐮刀菌烯醇(deepoxydeoxynivalenol,DOM-1),由此降低了這些動(dòng)物對(duì)于口服DON的敏感性[38]。
對(duì)于人和單胃動(dòng)物(豬和嚙齒動(dòng)物),因只在小腸結(jié)腸區(qū)具有高分布菌群,只有小部分DON到達(dá)結(jié)腸被細(xì)菌代謝成DOM-1,并且通過(guò)糞便排出體外[39],故很大比例DON可以穿過(guò)小腸上皮細(xì)胞進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)而被迅速吸收。因此,相對(duì)于禽類或反芻動(dòng)物,豬對(duì)DON更為敏感[31]。研究表明豬口服DON后約30 min在血漿中即可檢測(cè)到DON,并在3~4 h內(nèi)達(dá)到吸收峰,因此豬的近端小腸可以快速且高效吸收DON[40-41]。
對(duì)Caco-2細(xì)胞及禽類小腸段研究結(jié)果表明,DON主要通過(guò)被動(dòng)擴(kuò)散和細(xì)胞旁路吸收[42-43]。腸炎、小腸病毒感染、病原微生物以及毒素等都會(huì)降低小腸細(xì)胞間的緊密連接,從而促進(jìn)腸上皮細(xì)胞對(duì)毒素的吸收[44-46]。研究顯示,閹割公豬單次或持續(xù)暴露(4周)污染DON的飼糧,其對(duì)DON的吸收率分別為54%和89%[47]。毒素持續(xù)暴露具有高生物利用率,一方面可能與給藥期間血液中DON的不完全消除有關(guān)[47],另一方面可能由DON影響腸道細(xì)胞緊密結(jié)合蛋白的表達(dá)進(jìn)而引起屏障功能損傷所致[48-50]。而7日齡羅斯肉雞持續(xù)暴露(4周)污染DON飼糧后DON的吸收率反而會(huì)降低[51],這可能與DON持續(xù)暴露使肉雞適應(yīng)毒素刺激,并在形態(tài)和功能層面啟動(dòng)腸道修復(fù)機(jī)能有關(guān)。此外,對(duì)DON的生物利用率還與機(jī)體不同發(fā)育階段對(duì)DON的耐受性有關(guān)[52]。
3.1.2DON穿過(guò)BBB
DON對(duì)腦功能的影響可能通過(guò)外周效應(yīng)發(fā)揮作用,但DON可以迅速穿過(guò)BBB,直接作用于腦細(xì)胞進(jìn)而影響神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的功能[53]。BBB是由內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞構(gòu)成的可選擇屏障,抑制外源分子從血漿進(jìn)入腦脊液。DON穿過(guò)BBB的速度因物種而異,2~60 min不等。靜脈注射DON后豬和綿羊的腦脊液在2.5 min內(nèi)均可以檢測(cè)到DON。綿羊腦脊液中檢測(cè)的DON在5~10 min即達(dá)到峰值,而豬則在30~60 min達(dá)到峰值[53]。DON穿過(guò)小鼠BBB相對(duì)較慢,小鼠腦脊液在5 min可以檢測(cè)到DON[24]。豬血漿中的DON有20%~30%可以進(jìn)入腦脊液,其在腦脊液中的半衰期與血漿中類似(20 h)[53]。小鼠到達(dá)BBB的DON約占血漿濃度的10%[24]。而對(duì)于綿羊,只有5%的DON可以穿過(guò)BBB[53]。但DON是否能穿過(guò)人和其他物種的BBB還有待于進(jìn)一步研究來(lái)揭示。
3.1.3DON進(jìn)入細(xì)胞的機(jī)制
目前,DON進(jìn)入細(xì)胞的可能機(jī)制有2種:一種機(jī)制是DON不直接進(jìn)入細(xì)胞內(nèi),而與細(xì)胞膜上的受體或蛋白相互作用激活各種激酶,進(jìn)而激活下游信號(hào)通路發(fā)揮毒性效應(yīng),但至今還沒(méi)有相關(guān)研究證實(shí);另外一種機(jī)制是DON通過(guò)脂溶性擴(kuò)散或內(nèi)吞作用進(jìn)入細(xì)胞[54],有研究表明DON直接進(jìn)入細(xì)胞后可以結(jié)合核糖體并引發(fā)一系列毒性效應(yīng)[21-27]。DON是否可以與膜上受體結(jié)合發(fā)揮毒性效應(yīng)以及DON進(jìn)入細(xì)胞后還可以與除核糖體之外的其他細(xì)胞器或蛋白結(jié)合仍需進(jìn)一步研究來(lái)闡明。
3.2DON的分布
血液中原藥及其代謝產(chǎn)物的分布和消除速率是毒物動(dòng)力學(xué)的重要參數(shù)。小鼠單次口服給藥后,DON迅速進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)并分布至外周各器官[24]。DON在血漿、肝臟、腎臟、心臟和脾臟中的藥物峰時(shí)間/濃度、分布半衰期(t1/ 2α)和消除半衰期(t1/ 2β)見(jiàn)表2,其中DON在血漿、肝臟和腎臟中的消除動(dòng)力學(xué)均遵循二室模型。DON進(jìn)入腦相對(duì)較慢,且峰值較低(0.7~1.0 μg/ g)(表2)。豬靜脈注射DON或暴露污染DON飼糧后血液中DON及其代謝物的t1/ 2β為3.00~3.96 h(表3)。而豬飼喂天然污染的DON的谷物t1/ 2β相對(duì)較長(zhǎng)。肉雞胃內(nèi)插管給藥DON后血液中游離DON的t1/ 2β約為0.6 h[32]。相反,綿羊瘤胃給藥DON的t1/ 2β則相對(duì)較長(zhǎng),為4.0~5.3 h[31],表明DON在反芻動(dòng)物體內(nèi)消除速率較慢。
表2 小鼠單次口服DON后在血漿及各組織中的分布及消除代謝動(dòng)力學(xué)Table 2 Kinetics of DON distribution and clearance in plasma and other tissues after single oral exposure in mice[24]
3.3DON的代謝
DON的代謝是指DON在消化道被微生物或在機(jī)體的腸黏膜、肝臟、腎臟等器官被降解成多種產(chǎn)物的過(guò)程。目前DON已鑒定的代謝產(chǎn)物相對(duì)較少(圖2),主要包括DOM-1、DON葡萄糖醛酸共軛物(DON-glucuronide,DON-GlcA)、DON磺酸鹽共軛物(DON-sulfonate)以及DON硫酸鹽共軛物(DON-sulfate)。其中DON-GlcA是DON的有效毒性標(biāo)志物。
表3 DON在畜禽動(dòng)物中的毒物動(dòng)力學(xué)Table 3 Toxicokinetics of DON in farm animals[55]
3.3.1DOM-1
DOM-1主要在微生物催化下生成[59],是不同物種中較常見(jiàn)的DON的代謝產(chǎn)物(嚙齒動(dòng)物、豬、雞及反芻動(dòng)物)。DON經(jīng)口服后在血液中檢測(cè)的DOM-1并非在小腸腔產(chǎn)生,而是在消化道中經(jīng)細(xì)菌的脫毒效應(yīng)后被小腸吸收[60]。體內(nèi)試驗(yàn)顯示,綿羊和牛瘤胃中微生物也可以將DON轉(zhuǎn)化成DOM-1,且奶牛的轉(zhuǎn)化效率要高[61-63]。此外,人糞便中的微生物也可以催化DON形成DOM-1[64]。雖然深湖細(xì)菌中分離的細(xì)胞色素P450(CYP450)酶可以催化DON形成16-OH-DON,但CYP450酶并不參與DON的代謝[65],因此,目前DON被微生物催化代謝的酶機(jī)制仍未闡明。除微生物外,機(jī)體組織如肝臟可能也進(jìn)行DON的脫氧脫毒代謝。如豬靜脈注射DON也可以檢測(cè)到DOM-1,且DOM-1在豬膽汁中的水平要高于血液[40],但肝臟是否可以進(jìn)行DON脫氧脫毒效應(yīng)還需要研究來(lái)進(jìn)一步闡明。
3.3.2DON-GlcA
DON與葡萄糖醛酸的共軛作用可以增加其水溶性,進(jìn)而更利于其通過(guò)尿液和膽汁排出體外。DON-GlcA是在尿苷二磷酸葡醛酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶(UDP-glucuronosyltransferases,UGTs)的催化下產(chǎn)生的。因DON-GlcA的脂水分配系數(shù)(logD)值較低,其穿過(guò)細(xì)胞膜或結(jié)合核糖體效率較低,因此其毒性低于DON[66]。機(jī)體對(duì)外源性毒素的脫毒作用多發(fā)生在小腸、肝臟和腎臟,而UGTs在肝臟、小腸和腎臟分布廣泛[67]。最新研究表明肝臟微粒體可以代謝DON并將其轉(zhuǎn)化成DON-GlcA,產(chǎn)物主要包括DON-3-GlcA和DON-15-GlcA[68-69]。研究中觀察了人、大鼠、牛、豬和雞的肝臟微粒體中DON的代謝,結(jié)果表明DON C3位點(diǎn)的共軛能力是牛>大鼠>人(圖2)[68]。同時(shí),在大鼠和人的微粒體中均可檢測(cè)到DON-15-GlcA[69]。DON-7-GlcA和DON-8-GlcA是新鑒定的共軛產(chǎn)物[68]。小腸和腎臟微粒體研究結(jié)果并未表明其可以進(jìn)行DON的脫毒代謝。綿羊口服給藥后約75%的DON可以轉(zhuǎn)化成DON-GlcA,而靜脈注射只有21%的生物利用率,這表明很大程度上脫毒產(chǎn)物的產(chǎn)生依賴于小腸上皮細(xì)胞[31]。此外,豬口服給藥DON后血漿中可以檢測(cè)到DON-GlcA,但靜脈注射DON后卻無(wú)法檢測(cè),說(shuō)明此共軛過(guò)程很可能發(fā)生在小腸吸收前[33,47]。然而,腸道細(xì)胞是否能對(duì)DON進(jìn)行脫毒代謝還有待于進(jìn)一步研究。
圖2 DON在人及動(dòng)物體內(nèi)的生物轉(zhuǎn)化Fig.2 Biotransformation of DON in humans and animals[58]
3.3.3其他代謝產(chǎn)物
除了DON-GlcA,DON代謝生成DON-sulfonate和DON-sulfate也是在動(dòng)物體內(nèi)降低毒性的途徑。DON-sulfonate可以降低豬的嘔吐反應(yīng)[70],對(duì)豬外周血單核細(xì)胞以及豬小腸上皮細(xì)胞均無(wú)毒害作用[71]。在雞和大鼠中可以檢測(cè)到DON-10-sulfonate、DON-3-sulfate及DOM-1磺酸鹽共軛物(DOM-1-10-sulfonate)[72]。在綿羊尿中也可以檢測(cè)到DON-3-sulfate[73]。
總之,所有DON共軛物的產(chǎn)生均是其重要的解毒途徑。DON與葡萄糖醛酸共軛并通過(guò)尿液排出是其主要的代謝途徑。而截止目前UGTs具體哪個(gè)酶亞族參與催化形成DON-GlcA還未知。同時(shí),DON代謝存在明顯的物種差異,而這種差異的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制仍需進(jìn)一步研究來(lái)闡明。
3.4DON的排泄
DON主要以DON、DOM-1、DON-GlcA以及DOM-1-GlcA的形式通過(guò)尿液排出。有研究顯示,人攝入的DON約91%以DON-GlcA的形式排出體外,并且以DON-15-GlcA為主[74-75]。豬攝入的DON約68%以DON和DON-GlcA的形式通過(guò)尿排出,約20%以DOM-1和DON的形式通過(guò)糞便排出[40,47]。DON/ DOM-1以及DON-GlcA/ DOM-1-GlcA的排泄一方面可能通過(guò)血液在腎小球的過(guò)濾作用,另一方面可能通過(guò)由小腸、腎臟和肝臟上皮細(xì)胞中分布的P-糖蛋白排出[54]。DON及其代謝物的排泄速度較快,豬和綿羊攝取DON后,血漿中約1/2的DON在6 h后被排出[31,40]。DON在動(dòng)物中的高排泄率表明其原型及代謝物與血漿白蛋白結(jié)合率較低。而近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)DON可以和人血漿白蛋白相互作用[76],表明DON在人中具有較長(zhǎng)的血漿半衰期,增加了DON對(duì)人潛在的危害。
3.5DON及其代謝產(chǎn)物的殘留
檢測(cè)動(dòng)物源性食品如肌肉、肝臟、腎臟、牛奶和雞蛋中DON的殘留可以為消費(fèi)者提供風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的依據(jù)。研究表明,DON以原型和DOM-1形式在豬可食用組織腎臟中的殘留量最高,其他組織的殘留量順序分別為肝臟>肌肉>脾臟>脂肪(表4)。DON在腎臟的高殘留量可能與尿液濃縮有關(guān),且與DON在豬體內(nèi)主要以尿的形式排出是一致的。奶牛飼喂DON水平為8.21 mg/ kg(干物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ))的飼糧后,牛奶中DON及DOM-1的轉(zhuǎn)化率分別為0.000 1~0.000 2和0.000 4~0.002 4[63]。蛋雞飼糧中DON濃度為11.9 mg/ kg時(shí),蛋黃和蛋清中DON和DOM-1殘留均低于檢測(cè)限(分別為2.5和1.0 μg/ kg)[77]。因此,DON在牛奶和雞蛋中的殘留很低。
表4 DON及其代謝產(chǎn)物DOM-1在豬可食用組織中的殘留Table 4 Residues of DON and its metabolite DOM-1 in edible tissues of pigs[55]
DON對(duì)以谷物為基礎(chǔ)的食物和飼料中的污染是一個(gè)全球性問(wèn)題。DON因其不易降解的穩(wěn)定特性而遍及整個(gè)食物鏈。DON污染作為飼料和食品安全的重要問(wèn)題,嚴(yán)重危害了人和動(dòng)物的健康。DON的吸收、分布、代謝以及在動(dòng)物源性食品的殘留分布等研究可以為人類、畜禽健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估提供理論基礎(chǔ)。DON的毒物動(dòng)力學(xué)研究顯示其可以被快速吸收進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)分布至外周各器官,并能穿過(guò)BBB。DON吸收進(jìn)入機(jī)體后可以代謝成脫毒產(chǎn)物降低其毒性。DON與葡萄糖醛酸共軛并通過(guò)尿液排出是其主要的代謝途徑。盡管DON在不同物種的毒物代謝動(dòng)力學(xué)的研究已取得部分進(jìn)展,但DON的代謝途徑及其在臨床診斷和畜禽安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估中的應(yīng)用還有待深入研究。如DON在反芻動(dòng)物和單胃動(dòng)物的代謝途徑和代謝產(chǎn)物的物種差異性非常明顯,造成這種差異的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制目前尚不清楚。與同屬單端孢霉烯族類毒素的T2毒素相比,DON的代謝產(chǎn)物鑒定的相對(duì)較少。DON是否還存在其他代謝物也需要進(jìn)一步研究來(lái)揭示。將轉(zhuǎn)錄組學(xué)、蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)與代謝組學(xué)技術(shù)有機(jī)結(jié)合,建立基于生理學(xué)分析為基礎(chǔ)的畜禽健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的臨床診斷工具,分析DON的暴露濃度、在動(dòng)物機(jī)體生理標(biāo)本殘留濃度以及對(duì)應(yīng)的臨床癥狀的關(guān)聯(lián)性還面臨著巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。
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(責(zé)任編輯田艷明)
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Metabolic Characteristics of Deoxynivalenol
ZHANG Zhiqi WANG Ruiguo ZHANG Wei WANG Peilong SU Xiaoou?
(Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products,Chniese Academy of Agricultural Science,Key Laboratory of Agrifood Safety and Quality,Ministry of Agriculture,Beijing 100081,China)
Abstract:Deoxynivalenol(DON)contamination of food and feed based on grain is a global problem,and it causes serious damage to human and animal health. Metabolic characteristics of DON in humans and animals are the foundation of the DON exposure assessment,toxicology mechanism and intervention technique research. In recent years,the absorption,distribution,metabolism and excretion of DON have caused wide public concern. This paper reviewed the latest research progress of the metabolic characteristics of DON.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2016,28(3):641-651]
Key words:deoxynivalenol;toxicokinetics;metabolism
Corresponding author?,professor,E-mail:suxiaoou@caas.cn
通信作者:?蘇曉鷗,研究員,博士生導(dǎo)師,E-mail:suxiaoou@caas.cn
作者簡(jiǎn)介:張志岐(1983—),女,山東德州人,博士后,主要從事飼料安全與質(zhì)量控制方向的研究。E-mail:zzq19830619@163.com
基金項(xiàng)目:“十二五”農(nóng)村領(lǐng)域國(guó)家科技計(jì)劃(2011BAD26B0450);公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專項(xiàng)經(jīng)費(fèi)(20120388-01)
收稿日期:2015-09-15
doi:10.3969/ j.issn.1006-267x.2016.03.002
中圖分類號(hào):S811.2
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
文章編號(hào):1006-267X(2016)03-0641-11
動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)報(bào)2016年3期